Slang
This article is about the verbal expression. For the Def Leppard album of the same name, see Slang (album).Slang is the use of highly informal words and expressions that are not considered standard in the speaker's
dialect or
language. It is very often specific to a particular context or group.
Slang necessarily involves deviation from standard language, and tends to be very popular among
adolescents. To one degree or another, however, it is used in all sectors of society. Although slang does not necessarily involve
neologisms (some slang expressions, such as
quid, are very old), it often involves the creation of new linguistic forms or the creative adaptation of old ones. It can even involve the creation of a secret language understood only by those within a particular group (an antilanguage). As such, slang frequently forms a kind of
sociolect aimed at excluding certain people from the conversation. Slang words tend to function initially as a means of
encryption, so that the non-initiate cannot understand the conversation. The use of slang is a means of recognizing members of the same group, and to differentiate that group from society at large. In addition to this, slang can be used and created purely for humorous or expressive effect.
Slang terms are frequently particular to a certain
subculture, such as
musicians,
skateboarders, and members of a minority. All the same, slang expressions can spread outside their original arena and become commonly understood; recent examples include "wicked" and "cool". While some such words eventually lose their status as slang, others continue to be considered as such by most speakers. In spite of this, the process tends to lead to their replacement by other, less well-recognised, expressions by their original users.
Slang is to be distinguished from
jargon, the technical vocabulary of a particular profession, as the association of informality is not present. Moreover, jargon may not be intended to exclude non-group members from the conversation, but rather deals with technical peculiarities of a given field which require a specialized vocabulary.
Four now widely accepted characteristics of slang were identified in the paper "Is Slang a Word for Linguists?" 53
American Speech 5, 14-15 (1978), by Bethany K. Dumas and Jonathan Lighter. Slang usually shares at least two of the following traits.
*It is markedly lower in prestige than Standard English.
*It tends to first appear in the language of groups with low status, meaning they may have little power or little responsibility.
*It is often taboo and unlikely to be used by people of high status.
*It tends to displace conventional terms, either as a shorthand or as a defense against perceptions associated with the conventional term.
One use of slang is simply to circumvent social
taboos. Mainstream language tends to shy away from explicitly evoking certain realities and slang, like other informal forms of language, can permit one to talk about these realities. For this reason, slang vocabularies are particularly rich in certain domains, such as
sexuality,
violence,
crime, and
drugs.
There is not just one slang, but very many varieties — or dialects — of it. Different social groups in different times have developed their own slang. The importance of encryption and identity varies between these instances. For slang to maintain its power as a means of encryption, it must constantly renew its process of expression, so that those not part of the group will remain unable to understand it. The existence of slang dictionaries, of course, cancels the effectiveness of certain words. Numerous slang terms pass into informal mainstream speech, and thence sometimes into mainstream formal speech.
Originally, certain slang was associated with the criminal underworld; it therefore carried very vulgar connotations, and was strictly rejected by speakers of "proper" language. Other groups, especially those on the margins of mainstream society, developed their own slangs.
Historical examples of slang are the
thieves' cant used by beggars and the underworld generally in previous centuries: a number of
cant dictionaries were published, many based on that published by
Thomas Harman.
Another famous example, still in use, is
Cockney rhyming slang in which, in the simplest case, a given word or phrase is replaced by another word or phrase that rhymes with it. Often the rhyming replacement is abbreviated further, making the expressions even more obscure. A new rhyme may then be introduced for the abbreviation and the process continues. Examples of rhyming slang are
apples and pears for
stairs and
trouble (and strife) for
wife. An example of truncation and replacement of rhyming slang is
bottle and glass for
arse (
ass). This was reduced to
bottle, for which the new rhyme
Aristotle was found;
Aristotle was then reduced to
Aris for which
plaster of Paris became the rhyme. This was then reduced to
plaster.
Backwards slang, or
Backslang, is a form of slang where words are reversed. English backward slang tends to reverse words letter by letter while French backward slang tends to reverse words by
syllables.
Verlan is a French slang that uses backward words, similar in its methods to the back slang.
Louchebem is French butcher's slang, similar to
Pig Latin.
Vesre is the
Río de la Plata's region version of a backwards language which reverses syllables; it is closely associated with
lunfardo.
The usage of slang very often involves the creation of novel meanings for existing words. It is very common for such novel meanings to diverge significantly from the standard meaning. In fact, one common process is for a slang word to take on exactly the opposite meaning of the standard definition. This process has given rise to the positive meaning of the word 'bad' such as in the
Michael Jackson song of the same title.
Leet Speak (
Leet or "1337") is a language that is popular in online video games.
Nadsat is a form of slang used in the book
A Clockwork Orange, which borrows words from Russian and from various types of English slang.
Polari is an interesting example of slang that drew on various sources, including Cockney and Italian. Polari was used in London fish markets and the
gay subculture in Britain in the
1950s and
1960s, becoming more widely known from its use by two camp characters,
Julian and Sandy, in
Round the Horne, a popular radio show.
* Stephanie Smith,
Household Words: Bloomers, sucker, bombshell, scab, nigger, cyber (2006) on changing usage of these slang words
*
Aussie Slang*
Australian military slang*
Australian rhyming slang*
Australian rules football slang*
Bargoens (Dutch slang)
*
Baseball slang*
Betting odds slang*
Boston slang*
British slang*
Bypassing*
Canadian slang*
CB slang*
Christianese*
Cockney rhyming slang*
Computer hacker slang*
Drug slang*
Engrish*
Euphemism*
Gangster slang
*
Germanía*
Grypsera*
Grunge speak*
Goffal slang
*
Helsinki slang*
Hip hop slang*
Indonesian slang*
Internet slang*
Irish slang*
Leet — computer
cracker (or malicious "hacker") slang
*
List of ethnic slurs*
List of Internet slang*
List of Internet slang phrases*
List of Internet slang specific to thread-based communication*
List of Irish slang*
List of Madras Tamil slang words*
List of online-gaming slang*
List of sexual slurs*
List of slang names for poker hands*
List of slang terms for police officers*
List of slang used in hip hop music*
List of South African slang words*
List of stock market slang terms*
London slang*
Lunfardo*
Mahjong slang*
Mandarin slang*
Medical slang*
Military slang*
Philadelphia Slang*
Polari*
Professional wrestling slang*
Royal Marines slang*
Sexual slang*
Skateboarding Slang*
Slang dictionary*
Slang words using one letter*
Trinidadian slang*
U.S. Navy slang*
New English-language slang*
British slang*
Internet Slang translator and website validator*
Singaporean slang*
Disability rhyming slang*
A canting dictionary - an English example from 1736.
*
More on Polari*
Urban Dictionary The best resource for American slang.
*
British Slang, American Slang, Australian Slang (Includes results filtering for family use.)
*
American slang from the 1950s*
Irish slang The complexities of Irish Slang
*
Finnish slang*
Hungarian slang (Dictionaries, books, papers etc. on Hungarian slang)
*
Dictionary of Polish slang*
Dictionary of Algerian slang*
English Slang Wiki (Warning: Possibly offensive and sexual words on this site.)
*
The Assumption of Slang A humorous attempt by a linguist to manufacture slang terms within the field of linguistics to make lingusitics "cool".
*
Trucker Slang for US Cities Mapped on Platial.
*
Backslang (Warning: Possibly offensive and sexual words on this site.)
