Spinning jenny
 |
Model of the spinning jenny in a museum in Wuppertal, Germany |
The
spinning jenny is a multi-spool
spinning wheel. It was invented circa
1764 by
James Hargreaves in
Stanhill, near
Blackburn,
Lancashire in the north west of
England (although
Thomas Highs is another candidate identified as the inventor). The device dramatically reduced the amount of work needed to produce yarn, with a single worker able to work eight or more spools at once.
The basic idea was developed as a machine with eight spindles at one end, spun from a larger than normal wheel at the other. A set of eight s were attached to a beam that could roll from the spindle end to the wheel end on a horizontal frame, and the operator could roll it back and forth over the yarn to draw it out to the proper thickness. A clamp-like device in the roving beam allowed the operator to then release all the threads at once, to be collected on spools.
The
flying shuttle had increased yarn demand by the weavers by doubling their productivity, and now the spinning jenny could supply that demand by increasing the spinners' productivity even more. The machines were often operated by children, who could more easily move about them. The machine produced coarse yarn that lacked strength, but it was still suitable for filling out the weft of fabric, using stronger yarn for the warp. Later developments improved the quality of the yarn, and increased the number of spindles to eighty or more.
James Hargreaves was born in
Oswaldtwistle, near Blackburn, in
1720. He received no formal education and was never taught how to read or write. He moved to Stanhill looking for work and raised a family there, working as a
spinner and
carpenter.
Blackburn was known for the production of Blackburn greys, a type of fabric that combined
linen warp and
cotton weft. At the time cotton production could not keep up with demand, and Hargreaves spent some time considering how to improve the process. The most common story told about the invention of the device is that his daughter, Jenny, knocked over one of their own spinning wheels. The device kept working as normal, with the spindle now pointed upright. Hargreaves realized there was no particular reason the spindles had to be horizontal, as they always had been, and he could place them vertically in a row.
The name is variously said to derive from the tale above (although Hargreaves did not have a daughter called Jenny); from the daughter of Thomas Highs (another craftsman, who is the possible true inventor of the spinning jenny); or from a corruption of
engine (see also
cotton gin).
Hargreaves kept the machine secret for some time, but produced a number for his own growing industry. The price of yarn fell, angering the large spinning community in Blackburn. Eventually they broke into his house and smashed his machines, forcing him to flee to
Nottingham in
1767. There he set up shop producing jennies in secret for one Mr. Shipley, with the assistance of a joiner named James.
Eventually Hargreaves applied for a patent on the jenny in July
1770. By this time a number of spinners in Lancashire were already using copies of the machine, and Hargreaves sent notice that he was taking legal action against them. The manufacturers met, and offered Hargreaves £3000. He at first demanded £7000, and at last stood out for £4000, but the case eventually fell apart when it was learned he had already sold several in the past.
The partnership with Shipley carried on "with moderate success" until Hargreaves' death on
22 April 1778. That year
Samuel Crompton invented the
spinning mule, combining the spinning jenny with
Richard Arkwright's
spinning frame and again dramatically increasing yarn production.
*
Textile manufacturing terminology*
Timeline of clothing and textiles technology*
Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution*
Essay from http://www.cottontown.org on Hargreaves and the spinning jenny.
*
Essay from http://www.cottonttimes.co.uk on Highs and the spinning jenny.
