Table of Chinese monarchs

Below is a table of Chinese monarchs.

From the Shang Dynasty to the Qin Dynasty, rulers usually held the title King (Chinese: 王 Wáng). With the division of China into separate Warring States, this title had become so common that the unifier of China, the first Qin Emperor Qin Shi Huang created a new title for himself, that of Emperor (皇帝 Huángdì). This title of Emperor of China continued to be used for the remainder of China's Imperial history, right down to the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1912.

Chinese monarchs were known by many different names, and how they should be identified is often confusing. Sometimes the same emperor is commonly known by two or three separate names, or the same name is used by emperors of different dynasties. The tables below do not necessarily include all of an emperor's names - for example, posthumous names could run to more than twenty characters and were rarely used in historical writing - but where possible the most commonly used name or naming convention has been indicated.

These tables may not necessarily represent the most recently updated information on Chinese monarchs; please check the page for the relevant dynasty for possible additional information.

Xia Dynasty

Ca. 2070 BC - 1600 BC¹

Reign name²		Notes	Name by which most commonly known
Y�"	Also known as: Dà Y�", 大禹	Yu
Qǐ	Son of Y�": beginning of hereditary succession	Qi
Tài Kāng		Tai Kang
Zhòng Kāng		Zhong Kang
Xiāng		Xiang
Shào Kāng		Shao Kang
Zhù		Zhu
Huái		Huai
Máng		Mang
Xie		Xie
Bù Jiàng		Bu Jiang
Jiōng		Jiong
Jǐn		Jin
K�'ng Jiǎ		Kong Jia
Gāo		Gao
Fā		Fa
Jié	Also known as: Lǚ G�"i, 履癸	Jie
1 The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide.
2 The reign name is sometimes preceded by the name of the dynasty, Xià (夏), for example Xià Y�" (夏禹).

Shang Dynasty

Ca. 1600 BC - 1046 BC¹

Personal name	Reign name²	Temple name³	Reign years1	Name by which most commonly known
	Tang 湯		1600 BC - 1300 BC	Tang
	Wai Bing 外丙			Wai Bing
	Zhong Ren 仲壬			Zhong Ren
	Tai Jia 太�"�			Tai Jia
	Wo Ding 沃丁			Wo Ding
	Tai Geng 太庚			Tai Geng
	Xiao Jia 小�"�			Xiao Jia
	Yong Ji 雍己			Yong Ji
	Tai Wu 太戊			Tai Wu
	Zhong Ding 仲丁			Zhong Ding
	Wai Ren 外壬			Wai Ren
	He Dan Jia 河亶�"�			He Dan Jia
	Zu Yi 祖乙			Zu Yi
	Zu Xin 祖辛			Zu Xin
	Wo Jia 沃�"�			Wo Jia
	Zu Ding 祖丁			Zu Ding
	Nan Geng 南庚			Nan Geng
	Yang Jia 陽�"�			Yang Jia
	Pan Geng 盤庚		1300 BC - 1251 BC	Pan Geng4
	Xiao Xin 小辛			Xiao Xin
	Xiao Yi 小乙			Xiao Yi
	Wu Ding 武丁		1250 BC - 1192 BC	Wu Ding
	Zu Geng 祖庚		1191 BC - 1148 BC	Zu Geng
	Zu Jia 祖�"�			Zu Jia
	Lin Xin 廩辛			Lin Xin
	Geng Ding 庚丁	Kang Ding 康丁		Kang Ding
	Wu Yi 武乙		1147 BC - 1113 BC	Wu Yi
	Wen Ding5文丁		1112 BC - 1102 BC	Wen Ding
	Di Yi 帝乙		1101 BC - 1076 BC	Di Yi
Zi Zhou 子紂	Di Xin 帝辛		1075 BC - 1046 BC	Di Xin
1 The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide.
2 The reign name is sometimes preceded by the name of the dynasty, Shang (商), for example Shang Tang (商湯).
3 The name used in the oracle bone inscription records of ancestral sacrifice.
4 The period of the Shang dynasty starting from Pan Geng is also frequently referred to as the Yin (殷) dynasty. because he changed capital to Yin.
5 Also known as Tai Ding (太丁).

Zhou Dynasty

Mid 11th century BC - 256 BC, traditionally divided into:
*the Western Zhou dynasty, ca. 1046 BC¹ - 771 BC
*the Eastern Zhou dynasty, 770 BC - 256 BC, in turn divided into:
**the Spring and Autumn period, 770 BC - 476 BC
**the Warring States period, 475 BC - 221 BC

Personal name	Posthumous name	Reign years1	Name by which most commonly known
Ji Fa 姬發	Wuwang 武王	1046 BC-1043 BC1	Zhou Wuwang (King Wu of Zhou)
Ji Song 姬誦	Chengwang 成王	1042 BC-1021 BC1	Zhou Chengwang (King Cheng of Zhou)
Ji Zhao 姬釗	Kangwang 康王	1020 BC-996 BC1	Zhou Kangwang (King Kang of Zhou)
Ji Xia 姬瑕	Zhaowang 昭王	995 BC-977 BC1	Zhou Zhaowang (King Zhao of Zhou)
Ji Man 姬滿	Muwang 穆王	976 BC-922 BC1	Zhou Muwang (King Mu of Zhou)
Ji Yihu 姬繄扈	Gongwang 共王	922 BC-900 BC1	Zhou Gongwang (King Gong of Zhou)
Ji Jian 姬囏	Yiwang 懿王	899 BC-892 BC1	Zhou Yiwang (King Yi of Zhou)
Ji Pifang 姬辟方	Xiaowang 孝王	891 BC-886 BC1	Zhou Xiaowang (King Xiao of Zhou)
Ji Xie 姬燮	Yiwang 夷王	885 BC-878 BC1	Zhou Yiwang (King Yi of Zhou)
Ji Hu 姬胡	Liwang 厲王	877 BC-841 BC1	Zhou Liwang (King Li of Zhou)
	Gonghe (regency) 共�'�	841 BC-828 BC	Gonghe
Ji Jing 姬靜	Xuanwang 宣王	827 BC-782 BC	Zhou Xuanwang (King Xuan of Zhou)
Ji Gongsheng 姬宮湦	Youwang 幽王	781 BC-771 BC	Zhou Youwang (King You of Zhou)
Ji Yijiu 姬宜臼	Pingwang 平王	770 BC-720 BC	Zhou Pingwang (King Ping of Zhou)
Ji Lin 姬林	Huanwang �"王	719 BC-697 BC	Zhou Huanwang (King Huan of Zhou)
Ji Tuo 姬佗	Zhuangwang 莊王	696 BC-682 BC	Zhou Zhuangwang (King Zhuang of Zhou)
Ji Huqi 姬胡齊	Xiwang 釐王	681 BC-677 BC	Zhou Xiwang (King Xi of Zhou)
Ji Lang 姬閬	Huiwang 惠王	676 BC-652 BC	Zhou Huiwang (King Hui of Zhou)
Ji Zheng 姬鄭	Xiangwang 襄王	651 BC-619 BC	Zhou Xiangwang (King Xiang of Zhou)
Ji Renchen 姬壬臣	Qingwang 頃王	618 BC-613 BC	Zhou Qingwang (King Qing of Zhou)
Ji Ban 姬班	Kuangwang 匡王	612 BC-607 BC	Zhou Kuangwang (King Kuang of Zhou)
Ji Yu 姬瑜	Dingwang 定王	606 BC-586 BC	Zhou Dingwang (King Ding of Zhou)
Ji Yi 姬夷	Jianwang 簡王	585 BC-572 BC	Zhou Jianwang (King Jian of Zhou)
Ji Xiexin 姬泄心	Lingwang 靈王	571 BC-545 BC	Zhou Lingwang (King Ling of Zhou)
Ji Gui 姬貴	Jingwang 景王	544 BC-521 BC	Zhou Jingwang (King Jing of Zhou)
Ji Meng 姬猛	Daowang 悼王	520 BC	Zhou Daowang (King Dao of Zhou)
Ji Gai 姬丐	Jingwang 敬王	519 BC-476 BC	Zhou Jingwang (King Jing of Zhou)
Ji Ren 姬仁	Yuanwang 元王	475 BC-469 BC	Zhou Yuanwang (King Yuan of Zhou)
Ji Jie 姬介	Zhendingwang 貞定王	468 BC-442 BC	Zhou Zhendingwang (King Zhending of Zhou)
Ji Quji 姬去疾	Aiwang �"�王	441 BC	Zhou Aiwang (King Ai of Zhou)
Ji Shu 姬�"	Siwang 思王	441 BC	Zhou Siwang (King Si of Zhou)
Ji Wei 姬嵬	Kaowang 考王	440 BC-426 BC	Zhou Kaowang (King Kao of Zhou)
Ji Wu 姬午	Weiliewang 威烈王	425 BC-402 BC	Zhou Weiliewang (King Weilie of Zhou)
Ji Jiao 姬驕	Anwang 安王	401 BC-376 BC	Zhou Anwang (King An of Zhou)
Ji Xi 姬喜	Liewang 烈王	375 BC-369 BC	Zhou Liewang (King Lie of Zhou)
Ji Bian 姬扁	Xianwang 顯王	368 BC-321 BC	Zhou Xianwang (King Xian of Zhou)
Ji Ding 姬定	Shenjingwang 慎靚王	320 BC-315 BC	Zhou Shenjingwang (King Shenjing of Zhou)
Ji Yan 姬延	Nanwang 赧王	314 BC-256 BC	Zhou Nanwang (King Nan of Zhou)
	Huiwang 惠王	255 BC-249 BC	Zhou Huiwang² (King Hui of Zhou)
1 The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC, the beginning of the Gonghe regency. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide.
2 Nobles of the Ji family proclaimed King Hui as King Nan's successor after their capital, Luoyang, fell to Qin forces in 256 BC. However Zhou resistance did not last long in the face of the Qin advance and so King Nan is widely considered to have been the last emperor of the Zhou dynasty.

Qin Dynasty

Sovereigns of Qin Dynasty 221 B.C.-207 B.C.

Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號)	Personal Names	Period of Reigns
Convention: "Qin" + posthumous name
Note: King Zhaoxiang of Qin (秦昭襄王, Qín Zhāoxiāng Wáng) had already been ruling Qin for 51 years when Qin annihilated Zhou Dynasty; however the other six warring states were still independent regimes. Historiographers thus used the next year (the 52nd year of Qin Zhaoshang Wang) as the official continuation from Zhou Dynasty therefore so should we. Qin Shi Huang was the first Chinese sovereign proclaiming himself "Emperor".
昭襄王 Zhāoxiāng Wáng	嬴則 Yíng Zé or 嬴稷 Yíng Jì	255 B.C.-250 B.C.
孝文王 Xiào Wénwáng	嬴柱 Yíng Zhù	250 B.C.
莊襄王 Zhuāngxiāng Wáng	嬴子楚 Yíng Zǐch�"	249 B.C.-247 B.C.
始皇帝 Shǐ Huángdì	嬴�"� Yíng Zhèng	246 B.C.-210 B.C.
二世皇帝 Èr Shì Huángdì	嬴胡亥 Yíng Húhài	209 B.C.-207 B.C.
Ziying can be referred to using either his personal name or Qín Wáng Ziyīng (秦王子嬰)
Did not exist	嬴子嬰 Yíng Ziyīng	207 B.C.

Han Dynasty

Three Kingdoms Period

Three Kingdoms Sovereigns

Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號)	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Wei or Cao Wei 220-265 AD
Convention: "Wei" + posthumous name, sometimes except Cao Pi who was referred using personal names.
Wen Di (文帝 wen2 di4)	曹丕 cao2 pi1	220-226	Huangchu (黃初 huang2 chu1) 220-226
Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4)	曹叡 cao2 rui4	226-239	Taihe (太�'� tai4 he2) 227-233 Qinglong (�'龍 qing1 long2) 233-237 Jingchu (景初 jing3 chu1) 237-239
Qi Wang (齊王 qi2 wang2)	曹芳 cao2 fang1	239-254	Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 240-249 Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 249-254
Gao Gui Xiang Gong (高貴鄉公 gao1 gui4 xiang1 gong1)	曹髦 cao2 mao2	254-260	Zhengyuan (正元 zheng4 yuan2) 254-256 Ganlu (�"�露 gan1 lu4) 256-260
Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4)	曹奐 cao2 huan4	260-265	Jingyuan (景元 jing3 yuan2) 260-264 Xianxi (�'�熙 xian2 xi1) 264-265
Shu or Shu Han 221 - 263
Convention: use personal name
Zhao Lie Di (昭烈帝 zhao1 lie4 di4)	劉備 (liu2 bei4)	221-223	Zhangwu (章武 zhang1 wu3) 221-223
Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	劉禪 (liu2 xhan2)	223-263	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 223-237 Yanxi (延熙 yan2 xi1) 238-257 Jingyao (景耀 jing3 yao4) 258-263 Yanxing (炎興 yan2 xing1) 263
Wu 222-280
Convention: use personal name
Da Di (大帝 da4 di4)	孫權 sun1 quan2	222-252	Huangwu (黃武 huang2 wu3) 222-229 Huanglong (黃龍 huang2 long2) 229-231 Jiahe (嘉禾 jia1 he2) 232-238 Chiwu (赤烏 chi4 wu1) 238-251 Taiyuan (太元 tai4 yuan2) 251-252 Shenfeng (神鳳 shen2 feng4) 252
Kuai ji wang (會稽王 kuai4 ji1 wang2)	孫亮 sun1 liang4	252-258	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 252-253 Wufeng (�"鳳 wu3 feng4) 254-256 Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 256-258
Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4)	Sun Xiu 孫休 sun1 xiu1	258-264	Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 258-264
Wu Cheng Hou (烏程侯 wu1 cheng2 hou2)	Sun Hao 孫�" sun1 hao4	264-280	Yuanxing (元興 yuan2 xing1) 264-265 Ganlu (�"�露 gan1 lu4) 265-266 Baoding (寶鼎 bao3 ding3) 266-269 Jianheng (建衡 jian4 heng2) 269-271 Fenghuang (鳳凰 feng4 huang2) 272-274 Tiance (天冊 tian1 ce4) 275-276 Tianxi (天�'� tian1 xi3) 276 Tianji (天紀 tian1 ji4) 277-280

Jin Dynasty

Jin Dynasty (265-420) Sovereigns

Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號)	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: "Jin" + posthumous name
Xi (Western) Jin Dynasty 265-317
Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4)	Sima Yan 司馬炎 si1 ma3 yan2	265-290	Taishi (泰始 tai4 shi3) 265-274 Xianning (�'�寧 xian2 ning2)275-280 Taikang (太康 tai4 kang1) 280-289 Taixi (太熙 tai4 xi1) 290
Hui Di (惠帝 hui4 di4)	司馬衷 si1 ma3 zhong1	290-306	Yongxi (永熙 yong3 xi1) 290 Yongping (永平 yong3 ping) 291 Yuankang (元康 yuan2 kang1) 291-299 Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 300-301 Yongning (永寧 yong3 ning2) 301-302 Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 302-303 Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 304 Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 304 Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 304 Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 304-306 Guangxi (光熙 guang1 xi1) 306
Huai Di (懷帝 huai2 di4)	司馬熾 si1 ma3 chi4	307-311	Yongjia (永嘉 yong3 jia1) 307-313
Min Di(愍帝 min3 di4)	司馬鄴 si1 ma3 ye4	313-317	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 313-317
Dong (Eastern) Jin Dynasty 317 AD - 420 AD
Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4)	司馬睿 si1 ma3 rui4	317-322	Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 317-318 Daxing (大興 da4 xing1) 318-321 Yongchang (永昌 yong3 chang3) 321-322
Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4)	司馬紹 si1 ma3 shao4	322-325	Yongchang (永昌 yong3 chang3) 322-323 Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 323-325
Cheng Di (成帝 cheng2 di4)	司馬衍 si1 ma3 yan3	325-342	Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 325 Xianhe (�'��'� xian2 he2) 326-334 Xiankang (�'�康 xian2 kang1) 335-342
Kang Di (康帝 kang1 di4)	司馬岳 si1 ma3 yue4	342-344	Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 343-344
Mu Di (穆帝 mu4 di4)	司馬聃 si1 ma3 dan1	345-361	Yonghe (永�'� yong3 he2) 345-356 Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 357-361
Ai Di (�"�帝 ai1 di4)	司馬丕 si1 ma3 pi1	361-365	Longhe (隆�'� long2 he2) 362-363 Xingning (興寧 xing1 ning2) 363-365
Fei Di (海西公 hai3 xi1 gong1)	司馬奕 si1 ma3 yi4	365-371	Taihe (太�'� tai4 he2) 365-371
Jian Wen Di (簡文帝 jian3 wen2 di4)	司馬昱 si1 ma3 yu4	371-372	Xianan (�'�安 xian2 an1) 371-372
Xiao Wu Di (孝武帝 xiao4 wu3 di4)	司馬曜 si1 ma3 yao4	372-396	Ningkang (寧康 ning2 kang1) 373-375 Taiyuan (太元 tai4 yuan2) 376-396
An Di (安帝 an1 di4)	司馬德宗 si1 ma3 de2 zong1	396-418	Longan (隆安 long2 an1) 397-401 Yuanxing (元興 yuan2 xing1) 402-404 Yixi (義熙 yi4 xi1) 405-418
Gong Di (恭帝 gong1 di4)	司馬德文 si1 ma3 de2 wen2	419-420	Yuanxi (元熙 yuan2 xi1) 419-420

Sixteen Kingdoms Period

Sovereigns in the Period of Sixteen Kingdoms

Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4)	Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: use personal name
Han Zhao Empire 304-329 AD (addressed separately in traditional texts as Han Empire and Former Zhao Empire)
Han Empire 304-318
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)	Guang Wen Di (光文帝 guang1 wen2 di4)	劉淵 liu2 yuan1	304-310	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 304-308 Yongfeng (永鳳 yong3 feng4) 308-309 Herui (河瑞 he2 rui4) 309-310
Did not exist	Liang Wang (梁王 liang2 wang2)	劉�'� liu2 he2	7 days in 310	Did not exist
Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1)	Zhao Wu Di (昭武帝 zhao1 wu3 di4)	劉聰 liu2 cong1	310-318	Guangxing (光興 guang1 xing1) 310-311 Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 311-315 Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 315-316 Linjia (麟嘉 lin2 jia1) 316-318
Did not exist	Yin Di (隱帝 yin3 di4)	劉粲 liu2 can4	a month and days in 318	Hanchang (漢昌 han4 chang1) 318
Qian (Former) Zhao Empire 318-329
Did not exist	Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	劉曜 liu2 yao4	318-329	Guangchu (光初 guang1 chu1) 318-329
Hou (Later) Zhao Empire 319 - 351
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)	Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4)	石�' shi2 le4	319-333	Zhaowang (趙王 zhao4 wang2) 319-328 Taihe (太�'� tai4 he2) 328-330 Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 330-333
Did not exist	Hai Yang Wang (海陽王 hai3 yang2 wang2)	石弘 shi2 hong2	333-334	Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 333 Yanxi (延熙 yan2 xi1) 334
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4)	石虎 shi2 hu3	334-349	Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 334-349 Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 349
Did not exist	Qiao Wang (譙王 qiao2 wang2)	石世 shi2 shi4	73 days in 349	Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 73 days in 349
Did not exist	Pang Cheng Wang (彭城王 pang2 cheng2 wang2)	石遵 shi2 zun1	183 days in 349	Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 183 days in 349
Did not exist	Yi Yang Wang (義陽王 yi4 yang2 wang2)	石�' shi2 jian4	103 days within 349-350	Qinglong (�'龍 qing1 long2) 103 days within 349-350
Did not exist	Xin Xing Wang (新興王 xin1 xing1 wang2)	石祗 shi2 zhi1	350-351	Yongning (永寧 yong3 ning2) 349-350
Cheng Han Empire 303-347 AD (addressed separately in traditional texts as Cheng Empire and Han Empire)
Cheng Empire 303-338
Shi Zu (始祖 shi3 zu3) or Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3)	Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4)	李特 li3 te4	303	Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) or Jingchu (景初 jing3 chu1) 303
Did not exist	Qin Wen Wang (秦文王 qin2 wen2 wang2)	李流 li3 liu2	several months in 303	Did not exist
Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1)	Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4)	李雄 li3 xiong2	303-334	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 303-305 Yanping (晏平 yan4 ping2) 305-311 Yuheng (玉衡 yu4 heng2) 311-334
Did not exist	Ai Di (�"�帝 ai1 si4)	李班 li3 ban1	7 months in 334	Yuheng (玉衡 yu4 heng2) 7 months in 334
Did not exist	You Gong (幽公 you1 gong1)	李期 li3 qi1	334-338	Yuheng (玉恆 yu4 heng2) 334-338
Han Empire 338-347
Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1)	Zhao Wen Di (昭文帝 zhao1 wen2 di4)	李壽 li3 shou4	338-343	Hanxing (漢興 han4 xing1) 338-343
Did not exist	Gui Yi Hou (歸義侯 gui1 yi4 hou2)	李勢 li3 shi4	343-347	Taihe (太�'� tai4 he2) 343-346 Jianing (嘉寧 jia1 ning2) 346-347
Qian (Former) Yan Empire 337-370
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Wen Ming Di (文明帝 wen2 ming2 di4)	慕容皝 mu4 rong2 huang3	337-348	Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 337-348
Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1)	Jing Zhao Di (景昭帝 jing3 zhao1 di4)	慕容俊 mu4 rong2 jun4	348-360	Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 348-353 Yuanxi (元�'� yuan2 xi3) 353-357 Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 357 Guangshou (光壽 gunag1 shou4) 357-360
Did not exist	You Di (幽帝 you1 di4)	慕容暐 mu4 rong2 wei3	360-370	Jianxi (建熙 jian4 xi1) 360-365 Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 365-370
Hou (Later) Yan Empire 384-407
Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3)	Wu Cheng Di (武成帝 wu3 cheng2 di4)	慕容垂 mu4 rong2 chui2	384-396	Yanyuan (燕王 yan4 wang2) 384-385 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 386-396
Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1)	Hui Min Di (惠愍帝 hui4 min3 di4)	慕容寶 mu4 rong2 bao3	396-398	Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 396-398
Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1)	Zhao Wu Di (昭武帝 zhao1 wu3 di4)	慕容盛 mu4 rong2 sheng4	398-401	Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 398 Changluo (長樂 chang2 le4) 399-401
Did not exist	Zhao Wen Di (昭文帝 zhao1 wen2 di4)	慕容熙 mu4 rong2 xi1	401-407	Guangshi (光始 guang1 shi3) 401-406 Jianshi (建始 jian4 shi3) 407
Nan (Southern) Yan Empire 398-410
Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1)	Xian Wu Di (獻武帝 xian4 wu3 di4)	慕容德 mu4 rong2 de2	398-405	Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 398-400 Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 400-405
Did not exist	Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	慕容超 mu4 rong2 chao1	405-410	Taishang (太上 tai4 shang4) 405-410
Bei (Northern) Yan Empire 407-436
Did not exist	Hui Yi Di (惠懿帝 hui4 yi4 di4)	高雲 gao1 yun2	407-409	Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 407-409
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Wen Cheng Di (文成帝 wen2 cheng2 di4)	馮跋 feng2 ba2	409-430	Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 409-430
Did not exist	Zhao Cheng Di (昭成帝 zhao1 cheng2 di4)	馮弘 feng2 hong2	430-436	Daxing (大興 da4 xing1) 430-436
Qian (Former) Liang Kingdom 320-376
Did not exist	Cheng Gong (成公 cheng2 gong1)	張茂 zhang1 mao4	320-324	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 320-324
Did not exist	Zhong Cheng Gong (忠成公 zhong1 cheng2 gong1)	張駿 zhang1 jun4	324-346	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 324-346
Did not exist	Huan Gong (�"公 huan2 gong1)	張重華 zhang1 chong2 hua2	346-353	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 346-353
Did not exist	Ai Gong (�"�公 ai1 gong1)	張曜靈 zhang1 yao4 ling2	3 months (the ninth to the twelfth month) in 353	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 353
Did not exist	Wei Wang (威王 wei1 wang2)	張祚 zhang1 zuo4	353-355	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 353-354 Heping (�'�平 he2 ping2) 354-355
Did not exist	Jing Dao Gong (敬悼公 jing4 dao4 gong1) or Chong Gong (沖公 chong1 gong1)	張玄靖 zhang1 xuan2 jing4	355-363	Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 355-361 Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 361-363
Did not exist	Dao Gong (悼公 dao4 gong1)	張天錫 zhang1 tian1 xi2	364-376	Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 364-376
Hou (Later) Liang Kingdom 386 AD - 403 AD
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Yi Wu Wang (懿武王 yi4 wu3 wang2)	呂光 uu3 guang1	386-399	Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 386-389 Lunjia (麟嘉 lun2 jia1) 389-396 Longfei (龍飛 long2 fei1) 396-399
Did not exist	Yin Wang (隱王 yin3 wang2)	呂紹 luu3 shao4	399	Longfei (龍飛 long2 fei1) 399
Did not exist	Ling Wang (靈王 ling2 wang2)	呂纂 luu3 zuan3	399-401	Xianning (�'�寧 xian2 ning2) 399-401
Did not exist	Shang Shu Gong (尚書公 shang4 shu1 gong1) or Jiankang Gong (建康公 jian4 kang1 gong1)	呂隆 luu3 long2	401-403	Shending (神鼎 shen2 ding3) 401-403
Nan (Southern) Liang Kingdom 397 AD - 414 AD
Lie Zu (烈祖 lie4 zu3)	Wu Wang (武王 wu3 wang2)	禿髮烏孤 tu1 fa3 wu1 gu1	397-399	Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 397-399
Did not exist	Kang Wang (康王 kang1 wang2)	禿髮利鹿孤 tu1 fa3 li4 lu4 gu1	399-402	Jianhe (建�'� jian4 he2) 399-402
Did not exist	Jing Wang (景王 jing3 wang2) or Jing Wang (敬王 jing4 wang2)	禿髮傉檀 tu1 fa3 li4 ru4 tan2	402-414	Hongchang (弘昌 hong2 chang1) 402-404 Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 409-414
Bei (Northern) Liang Kingdom 397-439 (as Kings of Gao Chang 442-460)
Did not exist	Did not exist	段業 duan4 ye4	397-401	Shen Xi (神�'� shen2 xi3) 397-399 Tian Xi (天�'� tian1 xi3) 399-401
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Wu Xuan Wang (武宣王 wu3 xuan1 wang2)	沮渠�'�遜 ju3 qu2 meng2 xun4	401-433	Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 401-412 Xuanshi (玄始 xuan2 shi3) 412-428 Chengxuan (承玄 cheng2 xuan2) 428-430 Yihe (義�'� yi4 he2) 430-433
Did not exist	Ai Wang (�"�王 ai1 wang2)	沮渠牧犍 ju3 qu2 mu4 jian1	433-439	Yonghe (永�'� yong3 he2) 433-439
Did not exist	Did not exist	沮渠無諱 ju3 qu2 wu2 hui4	442-444	Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 442-443 Qianshou (乾壽 qian2 shou4) 443-444
Did not exist	Did not exist	沮渠安周 ju3 qu2 an1 zhou1	444-460	Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 444-460
Xi (Western) Liang Kingdom 400-421
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Wu Zhao Wang (武昭王 wu3 zhao1 wang2)	李暠 li3 gao3	400-417	Gengzi (庚子 geng1 zi5) 400-405 Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) 406-416
Did not exist	Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	李歆 li3 xin1	417-420	Jiaxing (嘉興 jia1 xing1) 417-420
Did not exist	Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	李恂 li3 xun2	420-421	Yongjian (永建 yong3 jian4) 420-421
Qian Former Qin Empire 351 AD - 394 AD
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)	Jing Ming Di (景明帝 jing3 ming2 di4)	苻健 fu2 jian4	351-355	Huangshi (皇始 huang2 shi3) 351-355
Did not exist	Li Wang (厲王 li4 wang2)	苻�"� fu2 sheng1	355-357	Shouguang (壽光 shou4 guang1) 355-357
Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3)	Xuan Zhao Di (宣昭帝 xuan1 zhao1 di4)	苻堅 fu2 jian1	357-385	Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 357-359 Ganlu (�"�露 gan1 lu4) 359-364 Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 365-385
Did not exist	Ai Ping Di (�"�平帝 ai1 ping2 di4)	苻丕 fu2 pi1	385-386	Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 385-386
Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1)	Gao Di (高帝 gao1 di4)	苻登 fu2 deng1	386-394	Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 385-394
Did not exist	Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	苻崇 fu2 chong2	several months in 394	Yanchu (延初 yan2 chu1) 394
Hou (Later) Qin Empire 384 AD - 417 AD
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Wu Zhao Di (武昭帝 wu3 zhao1 di4)	姚萇 yao2 chang2	384-393	Bai Que (白雀 bai2 que4) 384-386 Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) 386-393
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)	Wen Huan Di (文�"帝 wen2 huan2 di4)	姚興 yao2 xing1	394-416	Huangchu (皇初 huang2 chu1) 394-399 Hongshi (弘始 hong2 shi3) 399-416
Did not exist	Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	姚�" yao2 hong2	416-417	Yonghe (永�'� yong3 he2) 416-417
Xi (Western) Qin Kingdom 385-400,409-431
Lie Zu (烈祖 lie4 zu3)	Xuan Lie Wang (宣烈王 xuan1 lie4 wang2)	乞伏國仁 qi3 fu2 guo2 ren2	385-388	Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 385-388
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3)	Wu Yuan Wang (武元王 wu3 yuan2 wang2)	乞伏乾歸 qi3 fu2 gan1 gui1	388-400,409-412	Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 388-400 Gengshi (更始 geng4 shi3) 409-412
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3)	Wen Zhao Wang (文昭王 wen2 zhao1 wang2)	乞伏熾磐 qi3 fu2 chi4 pan2	412-428	Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 412-419 Jianhong (建弘 jian4 hong2) 420-428
Did not exist	Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3)	乞伏暮末 qi3 fu2 mu4 mo4	428-431	Yonghong (永弘 yong3 hong2) 428-431
Xia Empire 407-431
Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3)	Wu Lie Di (武烈帝 wu3 lie4 di4)	赫連勃勃 he4 lian2 bo2 bo2	407-425	Longsheng (龍升 long2 sheng1) 407-413 Fengxiang (鳳�" feng4 xiang2) 413-418 Changwu (昌武 chang1 wu3) 418-419 Zhenxing (真興 chen1 xing1) 419-425
Did not exist	Qin Wang (秦王 qin2 wang2)	赫連昌 he4 lian2 chang1	425-428	Chengguang (承光 cheng2 guang1) 425-428
Did not exist	Ping Yuan Wang (平原王 ping2 yuan2 wang2)	赫連定 he4 lian2 ding4	428-431	Shengguang (勝光 sheng4 guang1) 425-428

Sovereignties established by Wu Hu

Sovereignties established by Chinese and Wu Hu but traditionally not counted in the Sixteen Kingdoms

Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號)	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: use personal name
Ran Wei Kingdom 350-352 (addressed as Wei Kingdom in traditional texts)
Wu Dao Tian Wang (武�"天王 wu3 dao4 tian1 wang2)	冉�" ran3 min3	350-352	Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 350-352
Xi (Western) Yan Empire 384-394
Wei Di (威帝 wei1 di4)	慕容�" mu4 rong2 hong2	384	Yanxing (燕興 yan4 xing1) 384
Did not exist	慕容沖 mu4 rong2 chong1	384-386	Yanxing (燕興 yan4 xing1) 384-385 Gengshi (更始 geng4 shi3) 385-386
Did not exist	段隨 duan4 sui2	386	Changping (昌平 chang1 ping2) 386
Did not exist	慕容韜 mu4 rong2 tao1	386	Jianming (建明 jian4 ming2) 386
Did not exist	慕容瑤 mu4 rong2 yao2	386	Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 386
Did not exist	慕容忠 mu4 rong2 zhong1	386	Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 386
Did not exist	慕容永 mu4 rong2 yong3	386-394	Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 386-394
Shu Kingdom 405-413
Cheng Du Wang (成都王 cheng2 du1 wang2)	譙縱 qiao2 zong4	405-413	Did not exist
Chieftains of Tiefu Tribe ( mid-3rd century-391 )
Did not exist	劉去卑 liu2 qu4 bei1	mid 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	劉誥升爰 liu2 gao4 sheng1 yuan2	mid 3rd century - late 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	劉虎 liu2 hu3	early 4th century (309?) - 341	Did not exist
Did not exist	劉務�' liu2 wu4 heng2	341-356	Did not exist
Did not exist	劉閼陋頭 liu2 e4 lou4 tou2	356-358	Did not exist
Did not exist	劉悉勿祈 liu2 xi1 wu4 qi2	358-359	Did not exist
Did not exist	劉衛辰 liu2 wei4 chen2	359-391	Did not exist
Chieftains of Yuwen Tribe ( late-3rd century-345 )
Did not exist	宇文莫槐 yu3 wen2 mo4 huai2	late 3rd century-293	Did not exist
Did not exist	宇文普回 yu3 wen2 pu3 hui2 or Yuwen Pu Bo|宇文普�'� yu3 wen2 pu3 bo1	293-late 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	宇文丘不勤 yu3 wen2 qiu1 bu4 qin2	late 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	宇文莫圭 yu3 wen2 mo4 gui1	late 3rd century (299?)- early 4th century (302?)	Did not exist
Did not exist	宇文悉獨官 yu3 wen2 xi1 du2 guan1	early 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	宇文乞得歸 yu3 wen2 qi3 de5 gui1	early 3rd century - 333	Did not exist
Did not exist	宇文逸豆歸 yu3 wen2 yi4 dou4 gui1	333-345	Did not exist
Dukes of Liaoxi 303-338
Did not exist	段務勿塵 duan4 wu4 wu4 chen2	303-310 or 311	Did not exist
Did not exist	段疾陸眷 duan4 ji2 lu4 juan4	310 or 311 - 318	Did not exist
Did not exist	段涉復辰 duan4 she4 fu4 chen2	318	Did not exist
Did not exist	段匹磾 duan4 pi3 di1	318-321	Did not exist
Did not exist	段末柸 duan4 mo4 pei1	318-325	Did not exist
Did not exist	段牙 duan4 ya2	325	Did not exist
Did not exist	段遼 duan4 liao2	326-338	Did not exist
Chieftains, Dukes and Kings of Chouchi, Wuxing and Yinping (late 2nd century- mid 6th century (555?) )
First Phase of Chouchi (late 2nd century-371)
Did not exist	楊騰 yang2 teng2	late 2nd century- early 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊�' yang2 ju1	early 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊千萬 yang2 qian1 wan4	early 3rd century - mid 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊飛龍 yang2 fei1 long2	mid 3rd century - late 3rd century	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊茂搜 yang2 mao4 sou1	late 3rd century - 317	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊難敵 yang2 nan2 di2	317-334	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊毅 yang2 yi4	334-337	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊初 yang2 chu1	337-355	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊國 yang2 guo2	355-356	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊俊 yang2 jun4	356-360	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊世 yang2 shi4	360-370	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊篡 yang2 cuan4	370-371	Did not exist
Second Phase of Chouchi 385-473
武王 wu3 wang2	楊定 yang2 ding4	385-394	Did not exist
惠文王 hui4 wen2 wang2	楊盛 yang2 sheng4	394-425	Did not exist
孝昭王 xiao4 zhao1 wang2	楊玄 yang2 xuan2	425-429	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊保宗 yang2 bao3 zong1	429 and 443	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊難當 yang2 nan2 dang1	429-441	Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 436-440
Did not exist	楊保熾 yang2 bao3 chi4	442-443	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊文德 yang2 wen2 de2	443-454	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊元�'� yang2 yuan2 he2	455-466	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊僧嗣 yang2 seng1 si4	466-473	Did not exist
Kings of Wuxing 473-506 and 534-555
Did not exist	楊文度 yang2 wen2 du4	473-477	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊文弘 yang2 wen2 hong2	477-482	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊後起 yang2 hou4 qi3	482-486	Did not exist
An Wang (安王 an1 wang2)	楊集始 yang2 ji2 shi3	482-503	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊紹先 yang2 shao4 xian1	503-506, 534-535	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊智慧 yang2 zhi4 hui4	535-545	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊辟邪 yang2 bi4 xie2	545-553	Did not exist
Note: Yang Zhi Hui and Yang Bi Xie could be the same person
Kings of Yinping 477- mid 6th century
Did not exist	楊廣香 yang2 guang3 xiang1	477-483?	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊炯 yang2 jiong3	483-495	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊崇祖 yang2 chong2 zu3	495-before 502	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊孟孫 yang2 meng4 sun1	before 502-511	Did not exist
Did not exist	楊定 yang2 ding4	511- ?	Did not exist
Chieftains of Tuoba Tribe 219-377 (as Kings of Dai 305?-377)
As a well known fact, Tuoba Family was the ruling family of Northern Wei Dynasty, founded by Tuoba Gui. Hence Table of Northern Wei Dynasty will start with him, not as a continuation of this table.
Note: All chieftains were revered as emperors in Weishu and Beishi which they never were. They were denoted here as 王(wang2) which was inherited by all successors of Tuoba Yi Lu.
神元王 shen2 yuan2 wang2	�"�"力微 tou4 ba2 li4 wei2	219-277	Did not exist
Note: His temple name was Shi Zu|始祖 shi2 zu3. Another column was not created since only he was the only chieftain before Tuoba Gui revered with a temple name
章王 zhang1 wang2	�"�"悉鹿 tou4 ba2 xi1 lu4	277-286	Did not exist
平王 ping2 wang2	�"�"綽 tou4 ba2 chuo4	286-293	Did not exist
思王 si1 wang2	�"�"弗 tou4 ba2 fu2	293-294	Did not exist
昭王 zhao1 wang2	�"�"祿官 tou4 ba2 lu4 guan1	294-307	Did not exist
穆王 mu4 wang2	�"�"猗 (㐌 - 拖 without 手) tou4 ba2 yi1 yi2	295-305	Did not exist
穆王 mu4 wang2	�"�"猗盧 tou4 ba2 yi1 lu2	295-316	Did not exist
Did not exist	�"�"普根 tou4 ba2 pu3 gen1	316	Did not exist
Did not exist	�"�"? tou4 ba2 ?	316	Did not exist
平文王 ping2 wen2 wang2	�"�"鬱律 tou4 ba2 yu4 luu4	316-321	Did not exist
惠王 hui4 wang2	�"�"賀傉 tou4 ba2 he4 ru4	321-325	Did not exist
煬王 yang2 wang2	�"�"紇那 tou4 ba2 he2 na3	325-329 and 335-337	Did not exist
烈王 lie4 wang2	�"�"翳槐 tou4 ba2 yi4 huai2	329-335 and 337-338	Did not exist
昭成王 zhao1 cheng2 wang2	�"�"什翼健 tou4 ba2 shi2 yi4 jian4	338-377	Jianguo (建國 jian4 guo2) 338-377

Northern and Southern Dynasties

Sovereigns in the Northern and Southern Dynasties Period

Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號)	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Northern dynasty
Bei Northern Wei Dynasty 386-535
Convention: Bei (Northern) Wei + posthumous name
As a well known fact Tuoba family changed their family name to 元(yuan2) during the reign of Xiao Wen Di in 496 so we will also change from there.
�"武帝 dao4 wu3 di4	�"�"珪 tou4 ba2 gui1	386-409	Dengguo (登國 deng1 guo2) 386-396 Huangshi (皇始 huang2 shi3) 396-398 Tianxing (天興 tian1 xing1) 398-404 Tianci (天賜 tian1 ci4) 404-409
明元帝 ming2 yuan2 di4	�"�"嗣 tou4 ba2 si4	409-423	Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 409-413 Shenrui (神瑞 shen2 rui4) 414-416 Taichang (泰常 tai4 chang2) 416-423
太武帝 tai4 wu3 di4	�"�"燾 tou4 ba2 tao2	424-452	Shiguang (始光 shi3 guang1) 424-428 Shenjia (神麚 shen2 jia1) 428-431 Yanhe (延�'� yan2 he2) 432-434 Taiyan (太延 tai4 yan2) 435-440 Taipingzhenjun (太平真君 tai4 ping2 zhen1 jun1) 440-451 Zhengping (正平 zheng4 ping2) 451-452
南安王 nan2 an1 wang2	�"�"余 tou4 ba2 yu2	452	Yongping (永平 yong3 ping2) or Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 452
文成帝 wen2 cheng2 di4	�"�"濬 tou4 ba2 jun4	452-465	Xingan (興安 xing1 an1) 452-454 Xingguang (興光 xing1 guang1) 454-455 Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 455-459 Heping (�'�平 he2 ping2) 460-465
獻文帝 xian4 wen2 di4	�"�"弘 tou4 ba2 hong2	466-471	Tianan (天安 tian1 an1) 466-467 Huangxing (皇興 huang2 xing1) 467-471
孝文帝 xiao4 wen2 di4	元宏 yuan2 hong2	471-499	Yanxing (延興 yan2 xing1) 471-476 Chengming (承明 cheng2 ming2) 476 Taihe (太�'� tai4 he2) 477-499
宣武帝 xuan1 wu3 di4	元恪 yuan2 ke4	500-515	Jingming (景明 jing3 ming2) 500-503 Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 504-508 Yongping (永平 yong3 ping2) 508-512 Yanchang (延昌 yan2 chang1) 512-515
孝明帝 xiao4 ming2 di4	元詡 yuan2 xu3	516-528	Xiping (熙平 xi1 ping2) 516-518 Shengui (神龜 shen2 gui1) 518-520 Zhengguang (正光 zheng4 guang1) 520-525 Xiaochang (孝昌 xiao4 chang1) 525-527 Wutai (武泰 wu3 tai4) 528
孝莊帝 xiao4 zhuang1 di4	元子�"� yuan2 zi5 you1	528-530	Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 528 Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 528-530
長廣王 chang2 guang3 wang2 or Jing Di|敬帝 jing4 di4	元曄 yuan2 ye4	530-531	Jianming (建明 jian4 ming2) 530-531
節�"帝 jie2 min3 di4	元恭 yuan2 gong1	531-532	Putai (普泰 pu3 tai4) 531-532
安定王 an1 ding4 wang2 or Chu Di|出帝 chu1 di4	元朗 yuan2 lang3	531-532	Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 531-532
孝武帝 xiao1 wu3 di4	元脩 yuan2 xiu1	532-535	Taichang (太昌 tai4 chang1) 532 Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 532 Yongxi (永熙 yong3 xi1) 532-535
Dong (Eastern) Wei Dynasty 534-550
Convention: Dong (Eastern) Wei + posthumous name
孝靜帝 xiao1 jing4 di4	元善見 yuan2 shan4 jian4	534-550	Tianping (天平 tian1 ping2) 534-537 Yuanxiang (元象 yuan2 xiang4) 538-539 Xinghe (興�'� xing1 he2) 539-542 Wuding (武定 wu3 ding4) 543-550
Bei (Northern) Qi Dynasty 550-577
Convention: Bei (Northern) Qi + posthumous name
文宣帝 wen2 xuan1 di4	高洋 gao1 yang2	550-559	Tianbao (天保 tain1 bao3) 550-559
廢帝 fei4 di4	高殷 gao1 yin1	560	Qianming (乾明 qian1 ming2) 560
孝昭帝 xiao1 zhao1 di4	高�" gao1 yan3	560-561	Huangjian (皇建 huang2 jian4) 560-561
武成帝 wu3 cheng2 di4	高湛 gao1 zhan4	561-565	Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 561-562 Heqing (河清 he2 qing1) 562-565
後主 hou4 zhu3	高緯 gao1 wei3	565-577	Tiantong (天統 tian1 tong3) 565-569 Wuping (武平 wu3 ping2) 570-576 Longhua (隆化 long2 hua3 576
幼主 you4 zhu3	高恆 gao1 heng2	577	Chengguang (承光 cheng2 guang1) 577
范陽王 fan4 yang2 wang2	高紹義 gao1 shao4 yi4	577-579?	Did not exist
Xi (Western) Wei Dynasty 535-556
Convention: Xi (Western) Wei + posthumous name
文帝 wen2 di4	元寶炬 yuan2 bao3 ju4	535-551	Datong (大統 da4 tong3) 535-551
廢帝 fei4 di4	元欽 yuan2 qin1	552-554	Did not exist
恭帝 gong1 di4	元�" yuan2 kuo4	554-556	Did not exist
Bei (Northern) Zhou Dynasty 557-581
Convention: Bei (Northern) Zhou + posthumous name
孝�"帝 xiao1 min3 di4	宇文覺 yu3 wen2 jue2	557	Did not exist
明帝 ming2 di4 or Xiao Ming Di|孝明帝 xiao4 ming2 di4	宇文�" yu3 wen2 yu4	557-560	Wucheng (武成 wu3 cheng2) 559-560
武帝 wu3 di4	宇文邕 yu3 wen2 yong1	561-578	Baoding (保定 bao3 ding4) 561-565 Tianhe (天�'� tian1 he2) 566-572 Jiande (建德 jian4 de2) 572-578 Xuanzheng (宣�"� xuan1 zheng4) 578
宣帝 xuan1 di4	宇文贇 yu3 wen2 yun1	579	Dacheng (大成 da4 cheng2) 579
靜帝 jing4 di4	宇文闡 yu3 wen2 chan3	579-581	Daxiang (大象 da4 xiang4) 579-581 Dading (大定 da4 ding4) 581
Southern dynasty 420-589
Song Dynasty (420-479)
Convention: Song + posthumous name, sometimes except Liu Yu who was referred using personal name.
武帝 wu3 jing4 di4	劉裕 liu3 yu4	420-422	Yongchu (永初 yong3 chu1) 420-422
少帝 shao4 di4	劉義符 liu3 yi4 fu2	423-424	Jingping (景平 jing3 ping2) 423-424
文帝 wen2 di4	劉義隆 liu3 yi4 long2	424-453	Yuanjia (元嘉 yaun2 jia1) 424-453
孝武帝 xiao1 wu3 di4	劉駿 liu3 jun4	454-464	Xiaojian (元嘉 xiao1 jian4) 454-456 Daming (大明 da4 ming2) 457-464
前廢帝 qian2 fei4 di4	劉子業 liu3 zi5 ye4	465	Yongguang (永光 yong3 guang1) 465 Jinghe (景�'� jing3 he2) 465
明帝 ming2 di4	劉彧 liu3 yu4	465-472	Taishi (泰始 tai4 shi3) 465-471 Taiyu (泰豫 tai4 yu4) 472
後廢帝 hou4 fei4 di4 or Cang Wu Wang|�'�梧王 cang1 wu2 wang2	劉昱 liu3 yu4	473-477	Yuanhui (元徽 yuan2 hui1) 473-477
順帝 shun4 di4	劉準 liu3 zhun3	477-479	Shengming (昇明 sheng1 ming2) 477-479
Qi Dynasty 479-502
Convention: Qi + posthumous name
高帝 gao1 di4	蕭�"成 xiao1 dao4 cheng2	479-482	Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 479-482
武帝 wu3 jing4 di4	蕭賾 xiao1 ze2	483-493	Yongming (永明 yong3 ming2) 483-493
鬱林王 yu4 lin2 wang2	蕭昭業 xiao1 zhao1 ye4	494	Longchang (隆昌 long2 chang1) 494
Hai Ling Wang (海陵王 hai3 ling2 wang2)	蕭昭文 xiao1 zhao1 wen2	494	Yanxing (延興 yan2 xing1) 494
明帝 ming2 di4	蕭鸞 xiao1 luan2	494-498	Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 494-498 Yongtai (永泰 yong3 tai4) 498
Dong Hun Hou (東昏侯 dong1 hun1 hou2)	蕭寶卷 xiao1 bao3 juan3	499-501	Yongyuan (永元 yong3 yuan2) 499-501
�'�帝 he2 di4	蕭寶融 xiao1 bao3 rong2	501-502	Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 501-502
Liang Dynasty (502-557)
Convention: Liang + posthumous name
Wu Di (武帝 wu3 jing4 di4)	Xiao Yan (蕭衍 xiao1 yan3)	502-549	Tianjian (天監 tian1 jian1) 502-519 Putong (普通 pu3 tong1) 520-527 Datong (大通 da4 tong1) 527-529 Zhongdatong (中大通 zhong1 da4 tong1) 529-534 Datong (大同 da4 tong2) 535-546 Zhongdatong (中大同 zhong1 da4 tong2) 546-547 Taiqing (太清 tai4 qing1) 547-549
Jian Wen Di (簡文帝 jian3 wen2 di4)	蕭綱 xiao1 gang1	549-551	Dabao (大寶 da4 bao3) 550-551
Yu Zhang Wang (豫章王 yu4 zhang1 wang2)	蕭棟 xiao1 dong4	551-552	Tianzheng (天正 tian1 zheng4) 551-552
Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4)	蕭繹 xiao1 yi4	552-555	Chengsheng (承聖 cheng2 sheng4) 552-555
Zhen Yang Hou (貞陽侯 zhen1 yang2 hou2)	蕭淵明 xiao1 yuan1 ming2	555	Tiancheng (天成 tian1 cheng2) 555
敬帝 jing4 di4	蕭方智 xiao1 fang1 zhi4	555-557	Shaotai (紹泰 shao4 tai4) 555-556 Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 556-557
Chen Dynasty 557-589
Convention: Chen + posthumous name
武帝 wu3 di4	陳霸先 chen2 ba4 xian1	557-559	Yongding (永定 yong3 ding4) 557-559
文帝 wen2 di4	陳�'� chen2 qian4	560-566	Tianjia (天嘉 tian1 jia1) 560-566 Tiankang (天康 tian1 kang1) 566
廢帝 fei4 di4	陳伯宗 chen2 bo2 zong1	567-568	Guangda (光大 guang1 da4) 567-568
宣帝 xuan1 di4	陳頊 chen2 xu1	569-582	Taijian (太建 tai4 jian4) 569-582
後主 hou4 zhu3	陳�"寶 chen2 shu2 bao3	583-589	Zhide (至德 zhi4 de2) 583-586 Zhenming (禎明 zhen1 ming2) 587-589

Nan (Southern) Liang Dynasty 555-587

Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4)	Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: Nan (Southern) Liang + posthumous name
Note: some historians set Nan Liang as a continuation of the Liang Dynasty since it was founded by descendants of the Xiao's, the ruling family of the Liang Dynasty.
Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1)	宣帝 xuan1 di4	蕭察 xiao1 cha2	555-562	Dading (大定 da4 ding4) 555-562
Shi Zong (世4宗 zhong1 zong1)	孝明帝 xiao4 ming2 di4	蕭巋 xiao1 kui1	562-585	Tianbao (天保 tian1 bao3) 562-585
Did not exist	孝靜帝 xiao4 jing4 di4 or Ju Gong|�'公 ju3 gong1	蕭琮 xiao1 cong2	585-587	Guangyun (廣運 guang3 yun4) 562-585

Sui Dynasty

Sui Dynasty 581-618

Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: "Sui" + posthumous name
Wen Di 文帝 wen2 di4	楊堅 yang2 jian1	581-604	Kaihuang (開皇 kai1 huang2) 581-600 Renshou (仁壽 ren2 shou4) 601-604
Yang Di 煬帝 yang2 di4	楊廣 yang2 guang3	605-617	Daye (大業 da4 ye4) 605-617
Gong Di 恭帝 gong1 di4	楊侑 yang2 you4	617-618	Yining (義寧 yi4 ning2) 617-618

Tang Dynasty

Tang Dynasty 618-690, 705-907

Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟;號 )	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: "Tang" + temple name
Gao Zu (Kao-Tsu) (高祖 gao1 zu3)	李淵 li3 yuan1	618-626	Wude (武德 wu3 de2) 618-626
Tai Zong (Tai-Tsung) (太宗 tai4 zong1)	李世民 li3 shi4 min2	627-649	Zhenguan (貞觀 zhen1 guan1) 627-649
Gao Zong (Kao-Tsung) (高宗 gao1 zong1)	李治 li3 zhi4	650-683	Yonghui (永徽 yong3 hui1) 650-655 Xianqing (顯慶 xian3 qing4) 656-661 Longshuo (龍�" long2 shuo4) 661-663 Linde (麟德 lin2 de2) 664-665 Qianfeng (乾封 qian2 feng1) 666-668 Zongzhang (總章 zong3 zhang1) 668-670 Xianheng (�'�亨 xian2 heng1) 670-674 Shangyuan (上元 shang4 yuan2) 674-676 Yifeng (儀鳳 yi2 feng4) 676-679 Tiaolu (調露 tiao2 lu4) 679-680 Yonglong (永隆 yong3 long2) 680-681 Kaiyao (開耀 kai1 yao4) 681-682 Yongchun (永淳 yong3 chun2) 682-683 Hongdao (弘�" hong2 dao4) 683
Zhong Zong (Chung-Tsung) (中宗 zhong1 zong1)	李顯 li3 xian3 or Li Zhe|李�"� li3 zhe2	684, 705-710	Sisheng (嗣聖 si4 sheng4) 684 Shenlong (神龍 shen2 long2) 705-707 Jinglong (景龍 jing3 long2) 707-710
Rui Zong (Jui-Tsung) (睿宗 rui4 zong1)	李旦 li3 dan4	684-690, 710-712	Wenming (文明 wen2 ming2) 684-690 Jingyun (景雲 jing3 yun2) 710-711 Taiji (太極 tai4 ji2) 712 Yanhe (延�'� yan2 he2) 712
Zhou Dynasty (690 AD - 705 AD)
Convention: family name + posthumous name
Wu Ze Tian (武則天 wu3 ze2 tian1) (no official temple name)	聖神 sheng4 shen2	690-705	Tianshou (天授 tian1 shou4) 690-692 Ruyi (如意 ru2 yi4) 692 Changshou (長壽 chang2 shou4) 692-694 Yanzai (延載 yan2 zai4) 694 Zhengsheng (證聖 zheng4 sheng4) 695 Tiancewansui (天冊萬歲 tian1 ce4 wan4 sui4) 695-696 Wansuidengfeng (萬歲登封 wan4 sui4 deng1 feng1) 696 Wansuitongtian (萬歲通天 wan4 sui4 tong1 tian1) 696-697 Shengong (神功 shen2 gong1) 697 Shengli (聖曆 sheng4 li4) 698-700 Jiushi (久視 jiu3 shi4) 700 Daju (大足 da4 ju2) 701 Changan (長安 chang2 an1) 701-705
Continuation of Tang Dynasty
Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4) see note below the table	李重茂 li3 chong2 mao4	710	Tanglong (�"�隆 tang2 long2) 710
Xuan Zong (玄宗 xuan2 zong1)	李隆基 li3 long2 ji1	712-756	Xiantian (先天 xian1 tian1) 712-713 Kaiyuan (開元 kai1 yuan2) 713-741 Tianbao (天寶 tian1 bao3) 742-756
Su Zong (肅宗 su4 zong1)	李亨 li3 heng1	756-762	Jide (至德 zhi4 de2) 756-758 Qianyuan (乾元 qian2 yuan2) 758-760 Shangyuan (上元 shang4 yuan2) 760-761
Dai Zong (代宗 dai4 zong1)	李豫 li3 yu4	762-779	Baoying (寶應 bao3 ying4) 762-763 Guangde (廣德 guang3 de2) 763-764 Yongtai (永泰 yong3 tai4) 765-766 Dali (大曆 da4 li4) 766-779
De Zong (德宗 de2 zong1)	李适 li3 gua1	780-805	Jianzhong (建中 1jian4 zhong1) 780-783 Xingyuan (興元 xing1 yuan2) 784 Zhenyuan (貞元 zhen1 yuan2) 785-805
Shun Zong (順宗 shun4 zong1)	李誦 li3 song4	805	Yongzhen (永貞 yong3 zhen1) 805
Xian Zong (憲宗 xian4 zong1)	李�" li3 chun2	806-820	Yuanhe (元�'� yuan2 he2) 806-820
Mu Zong (穆宗 mu4 zong1)	李恆 li3 heng2	821-824	Changqing (長慶 chang2 qing4) 821-824
Jing Zong (敬宗 jing4 zong1)	李湛 li3 zhan4	824-826	Baoli (寶曆 bao3 li4) 824-826
Wen Zong (文宗 wen2 zong1)	李昂 li3 ang2	826-840	Baoli (寶曆 bao3 li4) 826 Dahe (大�'� da4 he2) or Taihe (tai4 he2 太�'�) 827-835 Kaicheng (開成 kai1 cheng2) 836-840
Wu Zong (武宗 wu3 zong1)	李炎 li3 yan2	840-846	Huichang (會昌 hui4 chang1) 841-846
Xuan Zong (宣宗 xuan1 zong1)	李忱 li3 chen2	846-859	Dachong (大中 da4 chong1) 847-859
Yi Zong (懿宗 yi4 zong1)	李漼 li3 cui3	859-873	Dachong (大中 da4 chong1) 859 Xiantong (�'�通 xian2 tong1) 860-873
Xi Zong (僖宗 xi1 zong1)	李儇 li3 xuan1	873-888	Xiantong (�'�通 xian2 tong1) 873-874 Qianfu (乾符 qian2 fu2) 874-879 Guangming (廣明 guang3 ming2) 880-881 Zhonghe (中�'� zhong1 he2) 881-885 Guangqi (光啟 guang1 qi3) 885-888 Wende (文德 wen2 de2) 888
Zhao Zong (昭宗 zhao1 zong1)	李曄 li3 ye4	888-904	Longji (龍紀 long2 ji4) 889 Dashun (大順 da4 shun4) 890-891 Jingfu (景福 jing3 fu2) 892-893 Qianning (乾寧 qian2 ning2) 894-898 Guanghua (光化 guang1 hua4) 898-901 Tianfu (天復 tian1 fu4) 901-904 Tianyou (天佑 tian1 you4) 904
Ai Di (�"�帝 ai1 di4) or 昭宣帝 zhao1 xuan1 di4 see note below	李柷 li3 zhu4	904-907	Tianyou (天佑 tian1 you4) 904-907

Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4), Ai Di (�"�帝 ai1 di4) and 昭宣帝 zhao1 xuan1 di4 are posthumous names. A new column for only three commonly used posthumous names was not be created since other Tang emperors are commonly referred using temple names.

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

Sovereigns in Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 907-960

Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4)	Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )	Personal Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
the Five Dynasties
Convention: name of dynasty + temple name or posthumous name
Hou (Later) Liang Dynasty 907-923
太祖 tai4 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhu Wen>朱溫 zhu1 wen1	907-912	Kaiping (開平 kai1 ping2) 907-911 Qianhua (乾化 qian2 hua4) 911-912
Did not exist	末帝 mo4 di4	Zhu Zhen>朱瑱 zhu1 zhen4	913-923	Qianhua (乾化 qian2 hua4) 913-915 Zhenming (貞明 zhen1 ming2) 915-921 Longde (龍德 long2 de2) 921-923
Hou (Later) Tang Dynasty 923-936
莊宗 zhuang1 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	李存勗 li3 cun2 xu4	923-926	Tongguang (同光 tong2 guang1) 923-926
明宗 ming2 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	李嗣源 li3 si4 yuan2 or Li Dan|李亶 li3 dan3	926-933	Tiancheng (天成 tian1 cheng2) 926-930 Changxing (長興 chang2 xing1) 930-933
Did not exist	節�"帝 min3 di4	李從厚 li3 cong2 hou4	933-934	Yingshun (應順 ying4 shun4) 913-915
Did not exist	末帝 mo4 di4	李從珂 li3 cong2 ke1	934-936	Qingtai (清泰 qing1 tai4) 934-936
Hou (Later) Jin Dynasty 936-947
高祖 gao1 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	石敬瑭 shi4 jing4 tang2	936-942	Tianfu (天福 tian1 fu2) 936-942
Did not exist	出帝 chu1 di4	石重貴 shi4 chong2 gui4	942-947	Tianfu (天福 tian1 fu2) 942-944 Kaiyun (開運 kai1 yun4) 944-947
Hou (Later) Han Dynasty 947-950
高祖 gao1 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	劉知遠 liu3 zhi1 yuan3	947-948	Tianfu (天福 tian1 fu2) 947 Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 948
Did not exist	隱帝 yin3 di4	劉承祐 liu3 cheng2 you4	948-950	Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 948-950
Hou (Later) Zhou Dynasty 951-960
太祖 tai4 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	郭威 guo1 wei1	951-954	Guangshun (廣順 guang3 shun4) 951-954 Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 954
Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	柴榮 chai2 rong2	954-959	Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 954-959
Did not exist	恭帝 gong1 di4	柴宗�" chai2 zong1 xun4	959-960	Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 959-960
the Ten Kingdoms
Convention: use personal names, noticed otherwise
Wu Yue Kingdom 904-978
太祖 tai4 zu3	武肅王 wu3 su4 wang2	錢鏐 qian2 liu2	904-932	Tianbao (天寶 tian1 bao3) 908-923 Baoda (寶大 bao3 da4) 923-925 Baozheng (寶正 bao3 zheng4) 925-932
Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1)	文穆王 wen2 mu4 wang2	錢元�"� qian2 yuan2 guan4	932-941	Did not exist
Cheng Zong 成宗 cheng2 zong1)	忠獻王 zhong1 xian4 wang2	錢佐 qian2 zuo3	941-947	Did not exist
Did not exist	忠遜王 zhong1 xun4 wang2	錢倧 qian2 zong1	947	Did not exist
Did not exist	忠懿王 zhong1 yi4 wang2	錢俶 qian2 chu4	947-978	Did not exist
Min Kingdom 909-945 including Yin Kingdom 943-945
太祖 tai4 zu3	忠懿王 zhong1 yi4 wang2	王審知 wang2 shen3 zhi1	909-925	Did not exist
Did not exist	Did not exist	王延翰 wang2 yan2 han4	925-926	Did not exist
Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1)	Hui Di (惠帝 hui4 di4)	王延鈞 wang2 yan2 jun1	926-935	Longqi (龍啟 long2 qi3) 933-935 Yonghe (永�'� yong3 he2) 935
Kang Zong (康宗 kang1 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	王繼鵬 wang2 ji4 peng2	935-939	Tongwen (通文 tong1 wen2) 936-939
Jing Zong (景宗 jing3 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	王延羲 wang2 yan2 xi1	939-944	Yonglong (永隆 yong3 long2) 939-944
Did not exist	Tian De Di (天德帝 tian1 de2 di4) (as Emperor of Yin)	王延�"� wang2 yan2 zheng4	943-945	Tiande (天德 tian1 de2) 943-945
Jing Nan or Nan Ping Kingdom 906-963
Did not exist	武信王 wu3 xin4 wang2	高季興 gao1 ji4 xing1	909-928	Did not exist
Did not exist	文獻王 wen2 xin4 wang2	高從誨 gao1 cong2 hui4	928-948	Did not exist
Did not exist	貞懿王 yi4 wang2	高寶融 gao1 bao3 rong2	948-960	Did not exist
Did not exist	侍中 shi4 zhong1	高寶勗 gao1 bao3 xu4	960-962	Did not exist
Did not exist	Did not exist	高繼沖 gao1 ji4 chong1	962-963	Did not exist
Chu Kingdom 897-951
Did not exist	武穆王 wu3 mo4 wang2	馬殷 ma3 yin1	897-930	Did not exist
Did not exist	衡陽王 heng2 yang2 wang2	馬希聲 ma3 xi1 sheng1	930-932	Did not exist
Did not exist	文昭王 wen2 zhao1 wang2	馬希範 ma3 xi1 fan4	932-947	Did not exist
Did not exist	廢王 fei4 wang2	馬希廣 ma3 xi1 guang3	947-950	Did not exist
Did not exist	恭孝王 gong1 xiao4 wang2	馬希萼 ma3 xi1 e4	950	Did not exist
Did not exist	Did not exist	馬希崇 ma3 xi1 chong2	950-951	Did not exist
Wu Kingdom 904-937
太祖 tai4 zu3	孝武帝 xiao4 wu3 di4	楊行密 yang2 xing2 mi4	904-905	Tianyao (天祐 tian1 you4) 904-905
烈宗 lie4 zong1	景帝 jing3 di4	楊渥 yang2 wo4	905-908	Tianyao (天祐 tian1 you4) 905-908
高祖 gao1 zu3	宣帝 xuan1 di4	楊隆�" yang2 long2 yan3	908-921	Tianyao (天祐 tian1 you4) 908-919 Wuyi (武義 wu3 yi4) 919-921
Did not exist	睿帝 rui4 di4	楊溥 yang2 pu3	921-937	Shunyi (順義 shun4 yi4) 921-927 Qianzhen (乾貞 qian2 zhen1) 927-929 Dahe (大�'� da4 he2) 929-935 Tianzuo (天祚 tian1 zuo4) 935-937
Nan (Southern) Tang Kingdom 937-975
Convention for this kingdom only : Nan (Southern) Tang + posthumous names. Hou Zhu was referred to as Li Hou Zhu|李後主 li3 hou4 zhu3.
先主 xian1 zhu3 or Lie Zu|烈祖 lie4 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	李 (曰 on top of 弁) li3 bian4	937-943	Shengyuan (昇元 sheng1 yuan2) 937-943
中主 zhong1 zhu3 or Yuan Zong|元宗 yuan2 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	李�'� li3 jing3	943-961	Baoda (保大 bao3 da4) 943-958 Jiaotai (交泰 jiao1 tai4) 958 Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 958
Hou Zhu>後主 hou4 zhu3	武王 wu3 wang2	李煜 li3 yu4	961-975	Did not exist
Nan (Southern) Han Kingdom 917-971
高祖 gao1 zu3	天皇大帝 tian1 huang2 da4 di4	劉巖 liu3 yan2 or Liu Yan|劉 (龍 on top of 天) liu3 yan3	917-925	Qianheng (乾亨 qian2 heng1) 917-925 Bailong (白龍 bai2 long2) 925-928 Dayou (大有 da4 you3) 928-941
Did not exist	殤帝 shang1 di4	劉玢 liu3 fen1	941-943	Guangtian (光天 guag1 tian1) 941-943
中宗 zhong1 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	劉晟 liu3 cheng2	943-958	Yingqian (應乾 ying4 qian2) 943 Qianhe (乾�'� qian4 he2) 943-958
後主 hou4 zhu3	Did not exist	劉鋹 liu3 chang3	958-971	Dabao (大寶 da4 bao3) 958-971
Bei (Northern) Han Kingdom 951-979
世祖 shi4 zu3	神武帝 shen2 wu3 di4	劉旻 liu3 min2	951-954	Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 951-954
睿宗 rui4 zong1	孝�'�帝 xiao4 he2 di4	劉承鈞 liu3 cheng2 jun1	954-970	Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 954-957 Tianhui (天會 tian1 hui4) 957-970
少主 shao4 zhu3	Did not exist	劉繼恩 liu3 ji4 en1	970	Did not exist
> Ying Wu Di|英武帝 ying1 wu3 di4	劉繼元 liu3 ji4 yuan2	970-982	Guangyun (廣運 guang3 yun4) 970-982
Qian (Former) Shu Kingdom 907 - 925
高祖 gao1 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	王建 wang2 jian4	907-918	Tianfu (天復 tian1 fu4) 907 Wucheng (武成 wu3 cheng22) 908-910 Yongping (永平 yong3 ping2) 911-915 Tongzheng (通正 tong1 zheng4) 916 Tianhan (天漢 tian1 han4) 917 Guangtian (光天 guang1 tian1) 918
後主 hou4 zhu3	Did not exist	王衍 wang2 yan3	918-925	Qiande (乾德 qian2 de2) 918-925 Xiankang (�'�康 xian2 kang1) 925
Hou (Later) Shu Kingdom 934 - 965
高祖 gao1 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	孟知祥 meng4 zhi1 xiang2	934	Mingde (明德 ming2 de2) 934
後主 hou4 zhu3	Did not exist	孟昶 meng4 chang3	938-965	Mingde (明德 ming2 de2) 934-938 Guangzheng (廣�"� guang3 zheng4) 938-965

Independent Regimes during Ten Kingdoms

local independent regimes during Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period but traditionally not counted in the Ten Kingdoms

Name of Posts	Personal Names	Period on post
Wuping and Hunan 節度|jie2 du4 (similar to thema of the Byzantine Empire) 950-963
strategos (correct English translation?)>武平節度使 wu3 ping2 jie2 du4 shi3	劉言 liu3 yan2	950-953
strategos (correct English translation?)>武平節度使 wu3 ping2 jie2 du4 shi3	王逵 wang2 kui2 or Wang Jin Kui|王進逵 wang2 jin4 kui2	953-956
strategos (correct English translation?)>湖南節度使 hu2 nan2 jie2 du4 shi3	周行逢 zhao1 xing2 feng2	956-962
strategos (correct English translation?)>湖南節度使 hu2 nan2 jie2 du4 shi3	周保權 zhao1 bao3 quan2	962-963
Quanzhang 節度|jie2 du4 (similar to thema of the Byzantine Empire) 945-978
strategos (correct English translation?)>泉漳都指揮使 quan2 zhang1 du1 zhi3 hui1 shi3	留從效 liu2 cong2 xiao4	945-962
strategos (correct English translation?)>泉漳留守 quan2 zhang1 liu2 shou3	留紹鎡 liu2 shao4 zi1	962
strategos (correct English translation?)>泉漳節度使 quan2 zhang1 jie2 du4 shi3	張漢思 zhang1 han4 si1	962-963
strategos (correct English translation?)>泉漳節度使 quan2 zhang1 jie2 du4 shi3	陳洪進 chen2 hong2 jin4	963-978

Liao Dynasty

Liao Dynasty 907-1125

Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miàohào)	Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 shìhào)	Born Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號 niánhào) and their according range of years
Convention: "Liao" + temple name except Liao Tianzuodi who is referred using "Liao" + posthumous name
Taizu (太祖 Tàiz�")	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Yelü Abaoji (耶律阿保機 Y�"lǜ Ābǎojī)	907-926	Shence (神冊 Shéncè) 916-922 Tianzan (天贊 Tiānzàn) 922-926 Tianxian (天顯 Tiānxiǎn) 926
Taizong (太宗 Tàizōng)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	耶律德光 Y�"lǜ Déguāng	926-947	Tianxian (天顯 Tiānxiǎn) 927-938 Huitong (會同 Huìtóng) 938-947 Datong (大同 Dàtóng) 947
Shizong (世宗 Shìzōng)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	耶律阮 Y�"lǜ Ruǎn	947-951	Tianlu (天祿 Tiānlù) 947-951
Muzong (穆宗 Mùzōng)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	耶律�'� Y�"lǜ Jǐng	951-969	Yingli (應曆 Yìnglì) 951-969
Jingzong (景宗 Jǐngzōng)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	耶律賢 Y�"lǜ Xián	969-982	Baoning (保寧 Bǎoníng) 969-979 Qianheng (乾亨 Qiánh�"ng) 979-982
Shengzong (聖宗 Shèngzōng)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	耶律隆�' Y�"lǜ Lóngxù	982-1031	Qianheng (乾亨 Qiánh�"ng) 982 Tonghe (統�'� T�'nghé) 983-1012 Kaitai (開泰 Kāitài) 1012-1021 Taiping (太平 Tàipíng) 1021-1031
Xingzong (興宗 Xīngzōng)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	耶律宗真 Y�"lǜ Zōngzh�"n	1031-1055	Jingfu (景福 Jǐngfú) 1031-1032 Chongxi (重熙 Chóngxī) 1032-1055
Daozong (�"宗 Dàozōng)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	耶律洪基 Y�"lǜ Hóngjī	1055-1101	Qingning (清寧 Qīngníng) 1055-1064 Xianyong (�'�雍 Xiányōng) 1065-1074 Taikang (太康 Tàikāng) or Dakang (大康 Dàkāng) 1075-1084 Da'an (大安 Dà'ān) 1085-1094 Shouchang (壽昌 Shòuchāng) or Shoulong (壽隆 Shòulóng) 1095-1101
Did not exist	Tianzuodi (天祚帝 Tiānzuòdì)	耶律延禧 Y�"lǜ Yánxǐ	1101-1125	Qiantong (乾統 Qiánt�'ng) 1101-1110 Tianqing (天慶 Tiānqìng) 1111-1120 Baoda (保大 Bǎodà) 1121-1125

Song Dynasty

Song dynasty 960-1279

Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 Miào Hào)	Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )	Born Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: "Song" + temple name or posthumous name except last emperor who was revered as Song Di Bing (宋帝昺 Sòng Dì Bǐng)
Bei (Northern) Song dynasty, 960- 1127
Taizu (太祖 Tàiz�")	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Kuangyin (趙匡胤 Zhào Kuāngyìn)	960-976	Jianlong (建隆 Jiànlóng) 960-963 Qiande (乾德 Qiándé) 963-968 Kaibao (開寶 Kāibǎo) 968-976
Taizong (太宗 Tàizōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Kuangyi (趙匡義 Zhào Kuāngyì) or Zhao Guangyi (趙光義 Zhào Guāngyì)	976-997	Taipingxingguo (太平興國 Tàipíngxīngguó) 976-984 Yongxi (雍熙 Yōngxī) 984-987 Duangong (端拱 Duāng�'ng) 988-989 Chunhua (淳化 Chúnhuà) 990-994 Zhidao (至�" Zhìdào) 995-997
Zhenzong (真宗 Zh�"nzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Heng (趙恆 Zhào Héng)	997-1022	Xianping (�'�平 Xiánpíng) 998-1003 Jingde (景德 Jǐngdé) 1004-1007 Dazhongxiangfu (大中祥符 Dàzhōngxiángfú) 1008-1016 Tianxi (天禧 Tiānxǐ) 1017-1021 Qianxing (乾興 Qiánxīng) 1022
Renzong (仁宗 Rénzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Zhen (趙禎 Zhào Zh�"n)	1022-1063	Tiansheng (天聖 Tiānshèng) 1023-1032 Mingdao (明�" Míngdào) 1032-1033 Jingyou (景祐 Jǐngyòu) 1034-1038 Baoyuan (寶元 Bǎoyuán) 1038-1040 Kangding (康定 Kāngdìng) 1040-1041 Qingli (慶曆 Qìnglì) 1041-1048 Huangyou (皇祐 Huángyòu) 1049-1054 Zhihe (至�'� Zhìhé) 1054-1056 Jiayou (嘉祐 Jiāyòu) 1056-1063
Yingzong (英宗 Yīngzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Shu (趙曙 Zhào Shù)	1063-1067	Zhiping (治平 Zhìpíng) 1064-1067
Shenzong (神宗 Shénzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Xu (趙頊 Zhào Xū)	1067-1085	Xining (熙寧 Xīníng) 1068-1077 Yuanfeng (元豐 Yuánf�"ng) 1078-1085
Zhezong (�"�宗 Zhézōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Xu (趙煦 Zhào X�")	1085-1100	Yuanyou (元祐 Yuányòu) 1086-1094 Shaosheng (紹聖 Shàoshèng) 1094-1098 Yuanfu (元符 Yuánfú) 1098-1100
Huizong (徽宗 Huīzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Ji (趙佶 Zhào Jí)	1100-1125	Jianzhongjingguo (建中靖國 Jiànzhōngjìngguó) 1101 Chongning (崇寧 Chóngníng) 1102-1106 Daguan (大觀 Dàguān) 1107-1110 Zhenghe (�"��'� Zhènghé) 1111-1118 Chonghe (重�'� Chónghé) 1118-1119 Xuanhe (宣�'� Xuānhé) 1119-1125
Qinzong (欽宗 Qīnzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Huan (趙�" Zhào Huán)	1126-1127	Jingkang (靖康 Jìngkāng) 1125-1127
Nan (Southern) Song dynasty, 1127- 1279
Gaozong (高宗 Gāozōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Gou (趙構 Zhào Gòu)	1127-1162	Jingyan (靖炎 Jìngyán) 1127-1130 Shaoxing (紹興 Shàoxīng) 1131-1162
Xiaozong (孝宗 Xiàozōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Shen (趙昚 Zhào Shèn)	1162-1189	Longxing (隆興 Lóngxīng) 1163-1164 Qiandao (乾�" Qiándào) 1165-1173 Chunxi (淳熙 Chúnxī) 1174-1189
Guangzong (光宗 Guāngzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Dun (趙惇 Zhào Dūn)	1189-1194	Shaoxi (紹熙 Shàoxī) 1190-1194
Ningzong (寧宗 Níngzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Kuo (趙�"� Zháo Kuó)	1194-1224	Qingyuan (慶元 Qìngyuán) 1195-1200 Jiatai (嘉泰 Jiātài) 1201-1204 Kaixi (開禧 Kāixǐ) 1205-1207 Jiading (嘉定 Jiādìng) 1208-1224
Lizong (理宗 Lǐzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Yun (趙昀 Zhào Yún)	1224-1264	Baoqing (寶慶 Bǎoqìng) 1225-1227 Shaoding (紹定 Shàodìng) 1228-1233 Duanping (端平 Duānpíng) 1234-1236 Jiaxi (嘉熙 Jiāxī) 1237-1240 Chunyou (淳祐 Chúnyòu) 1241-1252 Baoyou (寶祐 Bǎoyòu) 1253-1258 Kaiqing (開慶 Kāiqìng) 1259 Jingding (景定 Jǐngdìng) 1260-1264
Duzong (度宗 Dùzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Qi (趙祺 Zhào Qí)	1264-1274	Xianchun (�'�淳 Xiánchún) 1265-1274
did not exist	Gong Di (恭帝 Gōngdì)	Zhao Xian (趙顯 Zhào Xiǎn)	1274-1276	Deyou (德祐 Déyòu) 1275-1276
Duan Zong (端宗 Duān Zōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Zhao Shi (趙是 Zhào Shì)	1276-1278	Jingyan (景炎 Jǐngyán) 1276-1278
did not exist	Di (帝 Dì) or Wei Wang (衛王 Wèiwáng)	Zhao Bing (趙昺 Zhào Bǐng)	1278-1279	Xiangxing (祥興 Xiángxīng) 1278-1279

Western Xia

Western Xia 1032-1227

Temple names	Posthumous names	Chinese family name and first names	Reigns	Era names and their according durations
Chinese convention: "Western Xia" + temple name or "family name + first names"
Jǐngzōng (景宗)	W�"lièdì (武烈帝)	Lǐ Yuánhào (李元昊)	1032-1048	Xiǎndào (顯�") 1032-1034 Kāiyùn (開運) 1034 Guǎngpíng (廣平) 1035-1036 Dàqìng (大慶) 1036-1038 Tiānshòulǐfǎyánzuò (天授禮法延祚) 1038-1048
Yìzōng (毅宗)	Zhāoyīngdì (昭英帝)	Lǐ Liàngzuò (李�'祚)	1048-1067	Yánsìníngguó (延嗣寧國) 1048-1049 Tiānyòuchuíshèng (天祐垂聖) 1050-1052 Fúshèngchéngdào (福聖承�") 1053-1056 Du�'dū (奲都) 1036-1038 G�'nghuà (拱化) 1063-1067
Huìzōng (惠宗)	Kāngjìngdì (康靖帝)	Lǐ Bǐngcháng (李秉常)	1067-1086	Qiándào (乾�") 1067-1069 Tiāncìlǐshèngguóqìng (天賜禮盛國慶) 1070-1074 Dà'ān (大安) 1075-1085 Tiān'ānlǐdìng (天安禮定) 1085-1086
Chóngzōng (崇宗)	Shèngwéndì (聖文帝)	Lǐ Qiánshùn (李乾順)	1086-1139	Tiānyízhìpíng (天儀治平) 1086-1089 Tiānyòumín'ān (天祐民安) 1090-1097 Y�'ng'ān (永安) 1098-1100 Zh�"nguān (貞觀) 1101-1113 Yōngníng (雍寧) 1114-1118 Yuándé (元德) 1119-1127 Zhèngdé (正德) 1127-1134 Dàdé (大德) 1135-1139
Rénzōng (仁宗)	Shèngzh�"ndì (聖禎帝)	Lǐ Rénxiào (李仁孝)	1139-1193	Dàqìng (大慶) 1139-1143 Rénqìng (人慶) 1144-1148 Tiānshèng (天盛) 1149-1170 Qiányòu (乾祐) 1170-1193
Huánzōng (�"宗)	Zhāojiǎnjì (昭簡帝)	Lǐ Chúnyòu (李�"佑)	1193-1206	Tiānqìng (天慶) 1193-1206
Xiāngzōng (襄宗)	Jǐngw�"dì (景武帝)	Lǐ Ānquán (李安全)	1206-1211	Qìngtiān (慶天) 1206-1209 Huángjiàn (皇建) 1210-1211
Shénzōng (神宗)	Yīngwéndì (英文帝)	Lǐ Zūnxū (李遵頊)	1211-1223	Guāngdìng (光定) 1211-1223
Xiànzōng (獻宗)	Did not exist	Lǐ Déwàng (李德旺)	1223-1226	Qiándìng (乾定) 1223-1226
Mòzh�" (末主)	Did not exist	Lǐ Xiàn (李晛)	1226-1227	Bǎoyì (寶義) 1226-1227

Jin Dynasty

Jin Dynasty 1115-1234

Temple Name Miao Hao 廟號 miàohào	Posthumous Name Shi Hao 諡號 shìhào	Birth Name   �"名 xìngmíng	Years of Reign	Era Name Nian Hao 年號 niánhào and Years
Convention: "Jin" + temple name or posthumous name
Tàiz�" 太祖	(1)	Wányán Āg�"dǎ 完顏阿骨�"	1115-1123	Shōuguó �"�國 1115-1116   Tiānf�" 天�" 1117-1123
Tàizōng 太宗	(1)	Wányán Wúqǐmǎi 完顏吳乞買 or Wányán (Shèng or Chéng) 完顏晟	1123-1134	Tiānhuì 天會 1123-1134
Xīzōng 熙宗	(1)	Wányán Hélá 完顏合剌 or Wányán Dǎn 完顏亶	1135-1149	Tiānhuì 天會 1135-1138   Tiānjuàn 天眷 1138-1141   Huángt�'ng 皇統 1141-1149
(2)	Hǎilíngwáng 海陵王	Wányán Liàng 完顏亮	1149-1161	Tiāndé 天德 1149-1153   Zhènyuán 貞元 1153-1156   Zhènglóng 正隆 1156-1161
Shìzōng 世宗	(1)	Wányán Yōng 完顏雍	1161-1189	Dàdìng 大定 1161-1189
Zhāngzōng 章宗	(1)	Wányán Jǐng 完顏�'�	1190-1208	Míngchāng 明昌 1190-1196   Chéng'ān 承安 1196-1200   Tàihé 泰�'�1200-1208
(2)	Wèishàowáng 衛紹王 or Wèiwáng 衛王	Wányán Y�'ngjì 完顏永濟	1209-1213	Dà'ān 大安 1209-1212   Chóngqìng 崇慶 1212-1213   Zhìníng 至寧 1213
Xuānzōng 宣宗	(1)	Wányán Xún 完顏珣	1213-1223	Zh�"nyòu 貞祐 1213-1217   Xīngdìng 興定 1217-1222   Yuánguāng 元光 1222-1223
Āizōng �"�宗	(1)	Wányán Sh�'uxù 完顏守�'	1224-1234	Zhèngdà 正大 1224-1232   Kāixīng 開興 1232   Tiānxīng 天興 1232-1234
> Mòdì 末帝	Wányán Chénglín 完顏承麟	1234	(2)

(1) Quite long and thus not used when referring to this sovereign.
(2) Did not exist

Yuan Dynasty

Temple names	Posthumous names	Khan Names	Given names	Period of Reigns	Era names and their according range of years
Convention: use first name (e.g. Temujin) or Khan names for khans before Kublai Khan. Use "Yuan" + temple name or posthumous name after. A mix of the three for Kublai Khan.
Note: 1) all first names of the sovereigns were those more familiar to western readers. 2) Timur or Temür means the same Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with the Timur (Timurlane or Tamerlane) who attempted to restore the Mongolian Empire in Central Asia.
Taizu (太祖 Tàiz�")	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Genghis Khan	Borjigin Temujin (孛�'只斤鐵木真 Bèi'érzhījīn Tiěmùzh�"n)	1206-1227	did not exist
Ruizong (睿宗 Ruìzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	?	Borjigin Tolui (孛�'只斤拖雷 Bèi'érzhījīnTuōléi)	1228	did not exist
Taizong (太宗 Tàizōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Ögedei Khan	Borjigin Ögedei (孛�'只斤窩闊台 Bèi'érzhījīn Wōkuòtái)	1229-1241	did not exist
did not exist	did not exist		Töregene Khâtûn (乃馬真 Nǎimǎzh�"n)	regent 1241-1246	did not exist
Dingzong (定宗 Dìngzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Güyük Khan	Borjigin Güyük (孛�'只斤貴�"� Bèi'érzhījīn Guìyuó)	1246-1248	did not exist
did not exist	did not exist	?	Oghul Ghaymish (海米失 Hǎimǐshī)	regent 1248-1251	did not exist
Xianzong (憲宗 Xiànzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Möngke Khan	Borjigin Möngke (孛�'只斤�'��"� Bèi'érzhījīn Méngg�")	1251-1259	did not exist
Shizu (世祖 Shìz�")	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Kublai Khan	Borjigin Kublai (孛�'只斤忽必烈 Bèi'érzhījīn Hūbìliè)	1260-1294	Zhongtong (中統 Zhōngt�'ng) 1260-1264 Zhiyuan (至元 Zhìyuán) 1264-1294
Chengzong (成宗 Chéngzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Temür Öljeytü Khân	Borjigin Temür (孛�'只斤鐵木耳 Bèi'érzhījīn Tiěmù'ěr)	1294-1307	Yuanzhen (元貞 Yuánzh�"n) 1295-1297 Dade (大德 Dàdé) 1297-1307
Wuzong (武宗 W�"zōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Qayshan Gülük	Borjigin Qayshan (孛�'只斤海山 Bèi'érzhījīn Hǎishān)	1308-1311	Zhida (至大 Zhìdà) 1308-1311
Renzong (仁宗 Rénzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Ayurparibhadra	Borjigin Ayurparibhadra (孛�'只斤愛育黎�"力八�" Bèi'érzhījīn Àiyùlíbálìbādá)	1311-1320	Huangqing (皇慶 Huángqìng) 1312-1313 Yanyou (延祐 Yányòu) 1314-1320
Yingzong (英宗 Yīngzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Suddhipala Gege'en	Borjigin Suddhipala (孛�'只斤碩德八剌 Bèi'érzhījīn Shuòdébālá)	1321-1323	Zhizhi (至治 Zhìzhì) 1321-1323
Jinzong (晉宗 Jìnzōng) (1)	Taiding Di (泰定帝 Tàidìng Dì) (2)	Yesün-Temür	Borjigin Yesün-Temür (孛�'只斤也孫鐵木�' Bèi'érzhījīn Yěsūntiěmùér)	1323-1328	Taiding (泰定 Tàidìng) 1321-1328 Zhihe (致�'� Zhìhé) 1328
did not exist (1)	Tianshun Di (天順帝 Tiānshùn Dì) (2)	Arigaba	Borjigin Arigaba (孛�'只斤阿速吉八 Bèi'érzhījīn Āsùjíbā)	1328	Tianshun (天順 Tiānshùn) 1328
Wenzong (文宗 Wénzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Jijaghatu Toq-Temür	Borjigin Toq-Temür (孛�'只斤圖鐵木�' Bèi'érzhījīn Tútiěmùér)	1328-1329 and 1329-1332	Tianli (天曆 Tiānlì) 1328-1330 Zhishun (至順 Zhìshùn) 1330-1332
Mingzong (明宗 Míngzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Qoshila Qutuqtu	Borjigin Qoshila (孛�'只斤�'�世剌 Bèi'érzhījīn Héshìlà)	1329	did not exist
Ningzong (寧宗 Níngzōng)	too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign	Irinchibal	Borjigin Irinchibal (孛�'只斤懿�'�質班 Bèi'érzhījīn Yìlínzhìbān)	1332	Zhishun (至順 Zhìshùn) 1332
Huizong (惠宗 Huìzōng) (1)	Shundi (順帝 Shùndì)	Toghan-Temür	Borjigin Toghan-Temür (孛�'只斤妥懽鐵木�' Bèi'érzhījīn Tu�'huān Tiěmùér)	1333-1370	Zhishun (至順 Zhìshùn) 1333 Yuantong (元統 Yuánt�'ng) 1333-1335 Zhiyuan (至元 Zhìyuán) 1335-1340 Zhizheng (至正 Zhìzhèng) 1341-1368 Zhiyuan (至元 Zhìyuán) 1368-1370
(1) Convention: for these souverigns only, use "yuan" + posthumous name, i.e. 元泰定帝 Yuán Tài Dìng Dì.(2) Not actually a posthumous name, but adopted from era name.

Yuan Dynasty (after expelled from China by Ming in 1368) 1368 - mid 15th century

Temple Names (Miao Hao 廟號 Miào Hào)	Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號)	Khan Names	Born Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: use khan names or born names.
Note: 1) all first names of the sovereigns were those more familiar to western readers. 2) Timur or Temür means the same Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with the Timur (Timurlane or Tamerlane) who attempted to restore the Mongolian Empire in Central Asia.
Convention: for the following sovereign only, use "yuan" + posthumous name.
Huizong (惠宗 Huìzōng) (same person as the last Yuan emperor in China)	Shundi (順帝 Shùndì)	Toghan-Temür	Borjigin Toghan-Temür (孛�'只斤妥懽鐵木�' Bèi'érzhījīn Tu�'huān Tiěmùér)	1333-1370	Zhishun (至順 Zhìshùn) 1333 Yuantong (元統 Yuánt�'ng) 1333-1335 Zhiyuan (至元 Zhìyuán) 1335-1340 Zhizheng (至正 Zhìzhèng) 1341-1368 Zhiyuan (至元 Zhìyuán) 1368-1370
Zhaozong (昭宗 Zhāozōng)	did not exist	Biligtü Khan	Ayushiridara of the Borjigin clan (孛�'只斤愛育識里�"臘 Bèi'érzhījīn Àiyùshílǐdálà)	1370-1378	Xuanguang (宣光 Xuānguāng) 1371-1378
did not exist	did not exist	Usakhal Khan	Tögüs Temür of the Borjigin clan (孛�'只斤脫古思鐵木�' Bèi'érzhījīn Tuōg�"sī Tiěmùér)	1378-1387	Tianguang (天光 Tiānguāng) 1378-1387
(1) Convention: for these souverigns only, use "yuan" + posthumous name, i.e. 元泰定帝 Yuán Tài Dìng Dì.Note: ....5 more khans before the Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin family stepped down from the khan throne....

Ming dynasty

To see the Ming dynasty emperors on a separate page, check here.

Personal Name	Posthumous name1(short form)	Temple name1	Reign name	Reign years	Name by which most commonly known
Zhū Yuánzhāng 朱元�'�	Gāodì 高帝	Tàiz�" 太祖	Hóngw�" 洪武	1368-1398	The Hongwu Emperor
Zhū Y�"nwén 朱允炆	Huìdì 惠帝	None given²	Jiànwén 建文	1398-1402	The Jianwen Emperor
Zhū Dì 朱棣	W�"ndì 文帝	Chéngz�", 成祖 or Tàizōng, 太宗	Y�'nglè 永樂	1402-1424	The Yongle Emperor
Zhū Gāochì 朱高熾	Zhāodì 昭帝	Rénzōng 仁宗	Hóngxī 洪熙	1424-1425	The Hongxi Emperor
Zhū Zhānjī 朱瞻基	Zhāngdì 章帝	Xuānzōng 宣宗	Xuāndé 宣德	1425-1435	The Xuande Emperor
Zhū Qízhèn 朱祁鎮	Ruìdì 睿帝	Yīngzōng 英宗	Zhèngt�'ng, 正統 1436-1449; Tiānshùn, 天順 1457-1464	1435-1449; 1457-1464³	The Zhengtong Emperor
Zhū Qíyù 朱祁鈺	Jǐngdì 景帝	Dàizōng 代宗	Jǐngtài 景泰	1449-1457	The Jingtai Emperor
Zhū Jiànsh�"n 朱見深	Chúndì �"帝	Xiànzōng 憲宗	Chénghuà 成化	1464-1487	The Chenghua Emperor
Zhū Yòutáng 朱祐樘	Jìngdì 敬帝	Xiàozōng 孝宗	Hóngzhì 弘治	1487-1505	The Hongzhi Emperor
Zhū Hòuzhào 朱厚照	Yìdì 毅帝	W�"zōng 武宗	Zhèngdé 正德	1505-1521	The Zhengde Emperor
Zhū Hòucōng 朱厚熜	Sùdì 肅帝	Shìzōng 世宗	Jiājìng 嘉靖	1521-1566	The Jiajing Emperor
Zhū Zǎihòu 朱載垕	Zhuāngdì 莊帝	Mùzōng 穆宗	Lóngqìng 隆慶	1566-1572	The Longqing Emperor
Zhū Yìjūn 朱翊鈞	Xiǎndì 顯帝	Shénzōng 神宗	Wànlì 萬曆	1572-1620	The Wanli Emperor
Zhū Chángluò 朱常洛	Zh�"ndì 貞帝	Guāngzōng 光宗	Tàichāng 泰昌	1620	The Taichang Emperor
Zhū Yóujiào 朱�"�校	Zhédì 悊帝	Xīzōng 熹宗	Tiānqǐ 天啟	1620-1627	The Tianqi Emperor
Zhū Yóujiǎn 朱�"�檢	Zhuānglièmǐn 莊烈愍	Sīzōng 思宗	Chóngzh�"n 崇禎	1627-1644	The Chongzhen Emperor
1 As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Ming, to avoid confusion. For example, the Hongwu emperor is frequently referred to as Ming Taizu.
2 The Yongle emperor usurped the throne of his nephew the Jianwen emperor, who was officially said to have died in a palace fire but who was suspected of escaping to live as a recluse. The Yongle emperor wiped out the record of his nephew's reign and no temple name was given him.
3 After listening to the poor advice of his eunuch advisers, the Zhengtong emperor personally led a campaign in 1449 against the Mongols and was captured. His brother, the Jingtai emperor, assumed the throne and, a hostage no longer of any value, the Mongols released the Zhengtong emperor who returned to live in seclusion. However, the Zhengtong emperor was able to reclaim his position upon the death of his brother, choosing the reign name Tianshun.

Shun Dynasty

Personal Name	Temple name	Reign name	Reign years
Li Zicheng	Chuǎng Wáng 闯王	Yung Chang 永昌	1644

Southern Ming Dynasty

Personal Name	Temple name	Reign name	Reign years! Name by which most commonly known
Zhū Yóusōng 朱�"�崧	Ānzōng 安宗	Hóngguāng 弘光	1644-1645	Prince of Fu 福王 Fú Wáng
Zhū Yùjiàn 朱聿鍵	Shàozōng 紹宗	Lóngw�" 隆武	1645-1646	Prince of Tang �"�王 Táng Wáng
Zhū Chángfāng 朱常�"	None given	''None given, but sometimes referred to as the'' Regency of the Prince of Lu (Luh) 潞王臨國 Lù Wáng Lín Guó	1645	Prince of Lu (Luh*) 潞王 Lù Wáng
Zhū Yǐhǎi 朱以海	None given	''None given, but sometimes referred to as the'' Regency of the Prince of Lu (Lou) 魯王臨國 L�" Wáng Lín Guó	1645-1653	Prince of Lu (Lou*) 魯王 L�" Wáng
Zhū Yùyuè 朱聿[金粵]	None given	Shàow�" 紹武	1646	Prince of Tang (Shaowu) �"�王 Táng Wáng
Zhū Yóuláng 朱�"��"	None given	Y�'nglì 永曆	1646-1662	Prince of Gui 桂王 Guì Wáng

* The two characters are homonyms, both pronounced Lu; to distinguish them, one is usually kept as Lu and the other spelled differently. Luh is from Cambridge History of China; Lou is from A.C. Moule's Rulers of China (1957). When one irregular spelling is used, the other is kept as regular (Lu). The two systems are distinct and not used simultaneously.

Qing dynasty

To see the Qing dynasty emperors on a separate page, check here.

Given name1	Posthumous name² (short form)	Temple name²	Reign name Chinese, Manchu	Reign years	Name by which most commonly known
Nurhaci 努爾�"�赤 pinyin: N�"'ěrhāchì Nỗ Nhĩ Cáp Xích	Gāodì 高帝	Tàiz�" 太祖	Tiānmìng 天命 Abkai fulingga	1616-1626³	Nurhaci
Hong Taiji4皇太極 pinyin: Huángtàijí	Wéndì 文帝	Tàizōng 太宗	Tiāncōng 天聰 Abkai sure 1627-1636; Chóngdé 崇德 Wesihun erdemungge 1636-1643	1626-1643	Hong Taiji
Fúlín 福臨	Zhāngdì 章帝	Shìz�" 世祖	Shùnzhì 順治 Ijishūn dasan	1643-16615	Shunzhi Emperor
Xuányè 玄燁	Réndì 仁帝	Shèngz�" 聖祖	Kāngxī 康熙 Elhe taifin	1661-1722	Kangxi Emperor
Yìnzh�"n 胤禛	Xiàndì 憲帝	Shìzōng 世宗	Yōngzhèng 雍正 Hūwaliyasun tob	1722-1735	Yongzheng Emperor
Hónglì 弘曆	Chúndì �"帝	Gāozōng 高宗	Qiánlóng 乾隆 Abkai wehiyehe	1735-1796 (died 1799)6	Qianlong Emperor
Yóngyǎn �'琰	Ruìdì 睿帝	Rénzōng 仁宗	Jiāqìng 嘉慶 Saicungga fengšen	1796-1820	Jiaqing Emperor
Mínníng 旻寧	Chéngdì 成帝	Xuānzōng 宣宗	Dàoguāng �"光 Doro eldengge	1820-1850	Daoguang Emperor
Yìzh�" 奕詝	Xiǎndì 顯帝	Wénzōng 文宗	Xiánf�"ng �'�豐 Gubci elgiyengge	1850-1861	Xianfeng Emperor
Zǎichún 載淳	Yìdì 毅帝	Mùzōng 穆宗	Tóngzhì 同治 Yooningga dasan	1861-18757	Tongzhi Emperor
Zǎitián 載湉	Jǐngdì 景帝	Dézōng 德宗	Guāngxù 光�' Badarangga doro	1875-19087	Guangxu Emperor
P�"yí 溥儀 also known as Henry	Xùndì 8遜帝	None given 9	Xuānt�'ng 宣統 Gehungge yoso	1908-192410(died 1967)	Xuantong Emperor
1 The Qing imperial family name was Aisin Gioro (愛新覺羅 aixin jueluo), but it was not common Manchu practice to include the family or clan name in an individual's personal name.
2 As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Qing, to avoid confusion. For example, the Qianlong emperor is frequently referred to as Qing Gaozong.
3 Nurhaci founded the Jin (金) or Later Jin (後金) dynasty in 1616, but it was his son Hong Taiji who changed the name of the dynasty to Qing in 1636. Nurhaci adopted the reign name Tianming but his Qing titles were all conferred posthumously.
4 Hong Taiji is referred to erroneously in some historical literature as Abahai (阿巴海).
5 The Shunzhi emperor was the first Qing emperor to rule over China proper following the occupation of Beijing in 1644.
6 The Qianlong emperor officially retired in 1796, taking the title Emperor Emeritus (太上皇帝). This was an act of filial piety to ensure that he would not reign longer than his illustrious grandfather, the Kangxi emperor. However, he remained the ultimate authority until his death in 1799, at which point his son, the Jiaqing emperor, began to exercise the power that had been his in name only from 1796.
7 The Empress Dowager Cixi, concubine of the Xianfeng emperor, mother of the Tongzhi emperor, and adoptive mother of the Guangxu emperor, used her considerable skills of political manipulation to act as the power behind the throne or on the throne from 1861 until her death in 1908. She acted as a regent during the minorities of the two young emperors and confined the Guangxu emperor in the Summer Palace after he attempted to introduce reforms in 1898. The death of the Guangxu emperor was announced the day before her own.
8 Xundi ("The Abdicated Emperor") is the posthumous name given by mainland China and Taiwan's history books to Pu-yi.
9 In 2004 the descendants of the Qing imperial family have conferred a posthumous name and temple name upon the late Pu-yi. Posthumous name: Mindi (愍帝). Temple name: Gongzong (恭宗). It remains to be seen whether these names will be accepted by the Chinese public.
10 The Qing dynasty was overthrown in 1911, and the last emperor, Pu-yi, abdicated officially on February 12, 1912. However, that same day the Republic of China granted the "Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Emperor of the Great Qing after his Abdication" (清帝退位優待條件) which allowed Pu-yi to retain his imperial title and stated that he should be treated by the government of the Republic with the protocol attached to a foreign monarch. These articles were revised on November 5, 1924, after the coup by General Feng Yuxiang: the revised articles stated that Pu-yi was losing his imperial title and henceforth becoming a regular citizen of the Republic of China. Pu-yi was expelled from the Forbidden City that same day. Thus, Pu-yi was ruling emperor until February 12, 1912 (and also briefly between July 1 and July 12, 1917), and non-ruling emperor between February 12, 1912 and November 5, 1924. Pu-yi also later became the puppet leader of Japanese-controlled Manchukuo under the reign name Datong (大同) (1932-1934), then the puppet emperor of the same under the reign name Kangde (康德) (1934-1945).

Taiping Rebellion

Personal name	Reign name 年號 (nian hao)	Reign years	Name by which most commonly known
Hong Xiuquan 洪秀全	Yuannian 元年	August, 1851 - May, 1864	Hong Xiuquan
Hong Tianguifu 洪天貴福	None given	May, 1864 - August, 1864	Hong Tianguifu

Yuan Shikai's Chinese Empire

Personal name	Reign name 年號 (nian hao)	Reign years	Name by which most commonly known
Yuan Shikai 袁世凱	Hongxian (Hung-hsien) 洪憲	1916	Yuan Shikai

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