Tagalog language
Tagalog (pronunciation: ) is one of the major
languages of the Republic of the
Philippines. It is the largest of the
Philippine languages in terms of the number of speakers.
Tagalog, as its standardized counterpart,
Filipino, is the principal language of the national
media in the Philippines. It is the primary language of
public education. It is, along with
English, a co-
official language and the sole
national language. Tagalog is widely used as a
lingua franca throughout the country, and in
overseas Filipino communities. However, while Tagalog may be prevalent in those fields,
English is more prevalent in fields such as government and business.
The word
Tagalog was derived from
tagá-ílog, from
tagá- meaning "native of" and
ílog meaning "river", thus, it means "river dweller." Since there are no surviving written samples of Tagalog before the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, very little is known about the history of the language. However there is speculation among linguists that the ancestors of the Tagalogs originated, along with their Central Philippine cousins, from northeastern
Mindanao or eastern
Visayas.
The first known book to be written in Tagalog is the
Doctrina Cristiana (Christian Doctrine) of 1593. It was written in Spanish and two versions of Tagalog; one written in
Baybayin and the other in the
Latin alphabet.
Throughout the 300 years of Spanish occupation, there have been grammars and dictionaries written by Spanish clergymen such as
Vocabulario de Lengua Tagala by Pedro de San Buenaventura (
Pila, Laguna, 1613),
Vocabulario de la lengua tagala (1835) and
Arte de la lengua tagala y manual tagalog para la adminstración de los Santos Sacramentos (1850).
Poet
Francisco "Balagtas" Baltazar (1788-1862) is often regarded as the Tagalog equivalent of
William Shakespeare. His most famous work is the early 19th-century
Florante at Laura.
Tagalog is a
Central Philippine language within the
Austronesian language family. Being a
Malayo-Polynesian it is related to other Austronesian languages such as
Indonesian,
Malay,
Fijian,
Maori (of
New Zealand),
Hawaiian,
Malagasy (of
Madagascar),
Samoan,
Tahitian,
Chamorro (of
Guam and the
Northern Mariana Islands),
Tetum (of
East Timor), and
Paiwan (of
Taiwan).
It is closely related to the languages spoken in the
Bicol and
Visayas regions such as
Bikol,
Hiligaynon,
Waray-Waray, and
Cebuano.
Languages that have made significant contributions to Tagalog are
Spanish,
Min Nan Chinese,
English,
Malay,
Sanskrit (via Malay),
Arabic (via Malay/Spanish), and
Northern Philippine languages such as
Kapampangan spoken on the island of
Luzon.
The Tagalog homeland, or
Katagalugan, covers roughly much of the central to southern parts of the island of
Luzon - particularly in
Aurora,
Bataan,
Batangas,
Bulacan,
Cavite,
Laguna,
Metro Manila,
Nueva Ecija,
Quezon, and
Rizal. Tagalog is also spoken natively by inhabitants living on the islands of
Lubang,
Marinduque, and the northern and eastern parts of
Mindoro. According to the Philippine Census of 2000, 21,485,927 out of 76,332,470 Filipinos claimed Tagalog as their first language. An estimated 50 million Filipinos speak it in varying degrees of proficiency.
Tagalog speakers are to be found in other parts of the Philippines as well as throughout the world; it is the sixth most-spoken language in the
United States.
Official status
After weeks of study and deliberation, Tagalog was chosen by the National Language Institute, a committee composed of seven members who represented various regions in the Philippines. President
Manuel L. Quezon then proclaimed Tagalog the national language or
wikang pambansâ of the Philippines on December 30, 1937. This was made official upon the Philippines' restoration of independence from the United States on July 4, 1946.
From 1961 to 1987, Tagalog was also known as Pilipino. In 1987, the name changed to
Filipino.
Since 1940, Tagalog has been taught in schools throughout the Philippines. It is the only one out of over 160 Philippine languages that is officially used in schools.
Dialects
At present, no comprehensive
dialectology has been done in the Tagalog-speaking regions, though there have been descriptions in the form of dictionaries and grammars on various Tagalog dialects.
Ethnologue lists Lubang, Manila, Marinduque, Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Tanay-Paete, and Tayabas as dialects of Tagalog. However, there appear to be four main dialects of which the aforementioned are a part; Northern, Central (including Manila), Southern, and Marinduque.
Some example of dialectal differences are:
* Many Tagalog dialects, particularly those in the south, preserve the glottal stop found after consonants and before vowels. This has been lost in standard Tagalog. For example standard Tagalog
ngayon (now, today),
sinigang (stew),
gabi (night),
matamis (sweet), are pronounced and written
ngay-on,
sinig-ang,
gab-i, and
matam-is in other dialects.
* In
Morong Tagalog, [r] is usually preferred over [d]. For example,
bundók,
dagat,
dingdíng, and
isdâ become
bunrok,
ragat,
ringring, and
isra.
* In many southern dialects, the progressive aspect prefix of
-um- verbs is
na-. For example, standard Tagalog
kumakain (eating) is
nákáin in Quezon and Batangas Tagalog. This is the butt of some jokes by other Tagalog speakers since a phrase such as
nakain ka ba ng pating is interpreted as "did a shark eat you?" by those from Manila but in reality means "do you eat shark?" to those in the south.
* Some dialects have interjections which are a considered a trademark of their region. For example, the interjection
ala eh usually identifies someone from Batangas while as does
hani in Morong.
Perhaps the most divergent Tagalog dialects are those spoken in
Marinduque. Linguist Rosa Soberano identifies two dialects, western and eastern with the former being closer to the Tagalog dialects spoken in the provinces of Batangas and Quezon.
One example are the verb conjugation paradigms. While some of the affixes are different, Marinduque also preserves the imperative affixes, also found in Visayan and Bikol languages, that have mostly disappeared from most Tagalog dialects by the early 20th century; they have since merged with the infinitive.
Standard Tagalog: Susulat sina Maria at Fulgencia kay Juan.
E. Marinduque Tagalog: Másúlat da Maria at Fulgencia kay Juan.
"Maria and Fulgencia will write to Juan."
ST: Mag-aaral siya sa Ateneo.
EM: Gaaral siya sa Ateneo.
"He will study at Ateneo."
ST: Magluto ka!
EM: Pagluto ka!
"Cook!"
ST: Kainin mo iyan.
EM: Kaina mo yaan.
"Eat that."
ST: Tinatawag ngâ tayo ni Tatay.
EM: Inatawag nganì kitá ni Tatay.
"Father is calling us indeed."
ST: Tutulungan ba kayó ni Hilarion?
EM: Atulungan ga kamo ni Hilarion?
"Will Hilarion help you (pl.)?"
Derived languages
Frequent contact between Tagalog speakers and Spanish speakers have given way to
Philippine Creole Spanish or
Chabacano. There are three known varieties of Chabacano which have Tagalog as their
substrate language: Caviteño, Ternateño, and the extinct Ermitaño, spoken in
Cavite City,
Ternate, and
Ermita, Manila, respectively.
Taglish and code-switching
Taglish is the name given to a mix of English and Tagalog. The amount of English in Tagalog ranges from simple loan words to outright
code-switching where the language changes in midsentence; this is prevalent throughout the Philippines and various Philippine languages.
Nasirà ang
computer ko kahapon!
"My computer broke down yesterday!"
Huwág kang maninigarilyo, because it is harmful to your health.
"Never smoke cigarettes, ..."
Although it is generally looked down upon, code-switching is prevalent in all levels of society, though urban-dwellers, those with high education, and those born around World War II are more likely to do it. Politicians, such as President
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, have code-switched in interviews.
It is common in television, radio, and print media as well. In the US, advertisements from companies like
Wells Fargo,
Wal-Mart,
Albertsons, and
Western Union have contained Taglish.
The Chinese and the non-Tagalog communities also frequently code-switch their language, be it
Cebuano or
Min Nan Chinese, with Taglish.
Binaliktad
A kind of slang called
binaliktád (reversed) is where the word is modified by changing around the syllables. . Equivalents in other languages are
vesre,
verlan, and
Pig Latin. For example,
tigás (hard, strong),
dito (here),
hindî (no), and
sigarilyó (cigarettes) respectively become
astíg,
todits,
dehins, and
yosi.
Tagalog has 21
phonemes; 16
consonants and five
vowels. Syllable structure is relatively simple. Each syllable contains at least a consonant and a vowel.
Vowels
Before the arrival of the Spanish, Tagalog had three vowel phonemes: , , and . This was later expanded to five vowels with the introduction of Spanish words.
They are:
* an
open front unrounded vowel similar to English "f
ather"
* an
open-mid front unrounded vowel similar to English "b
ed"
* a
close front unrounded vowel similar to English "mach
ine"
* a
close-mid back rounded vowel similar to English "f
orty"
* a
close back unrounded vowel similar to English "fl
ute"
There are four main
diphthongs; , , , and .
Consonants
Below is a chart of Tagalog consonants. All the stops are unaspirated. The
velar nasal occurs in all positions including at the beginning of a word.
Stress
Stress is phonemic in Tagalog. Primary stress occurs on either the last or the next-to-the-last (penultimate) syllable of a word. Vowel lengthening accompanies primary or secondary stress except when stress occurs at the end of a word.
Phonology
* is raised slightly to in unstressed positions
*Unstressed is usually pronounced as in English "b
it"
*At the end of a word, can be pronounced as .
* and can sometimes be pronounced as and .
*Unstressed is usually pronounced as in English "b
ook"
*The diphthong and the sequence have a tendency to become .
*The diphthong and the sequence have a tendency to become .
* has a tendency to become between vowels as in German "ba
ch"
* and are sometimes interchangeable as and were once
allophones in Tagalog.
*A glottal stop that occurs at the end of a word is often omitted when it is in the middle of a sentence, especially in the Metro Manila area. The vowel it follows is then usually lengthened. However, it is preserved in many other dialects.
*/o/ tends to become in stressed positions.
Historical sound changes
Tagalog differs from its Central Philippine counterparts with its treatment of the
Proto-Philippine schwa vowel . In Bikol & Visayan, this sound merged with and . In Tagalog, it has merged with . For example, Proto-Philippine (adhere, stick) is Tagalog
dikít and Visayan & Bikol
dukot.
Proto-Philippine , , and merged with but is between vowels. Proto-Philippine (name) and (kiss) became Tagalog
ngalan and
halík.
Proto-Philippine merged with . (water) and (blood) became Tagalog
tubig and
dugô.
Main article: Tagalog grammar
Baybayin
Main article: Baybayin
Tagalog was written in an
abugida called
Baybayin prior to the arrival of the Spaniards in the 16th century. This particular
writing system was composed of symbols representing three
vowels and 14
consonants. Belonging to the
Brahmic family of scripts, it shares similarities with the old
Kavi script of
Java and is believed to be descended from the script used by the
Bugis in
Sulawesi.
Although it enjoyed a relatively high level of literacy, the script gradually fell into disuse in favor of the
Latin alphabet during Spanish colonial rule.
Latin alphabet
Main article: Tagalog alphabet
Until the first half of the 20th century, Tagalog was widely written in a variety of ways based on Spanish orthography. When Tagalog became the national language, grammarian Lope K. Santos introduced a new alphabet consisting of 20 letters called
ABAKADA in school grammar books called
balarilà; A B K D E G H I L M N NG O P R S T U W Y.
The alphabet was again expanded in 1976 to include the letters C, CH, F, J, Q, RR, V, X, and Z in order to accommodate words of Spanish and English origin.
The most recent reform of the alphabet occurred in 1987. The number of letters was reduced from 33 to 28; A B C D E F G H I J K L M N Ñ Ng O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z.
Diacritics
Diacritics are normally not written in everyday usage, be it in publications or personal correspondence. The teaching of diacritics is inconsistent in Filipino schools and many Filipinos do not know how to use them. However, diacritics are normally used in dictionaries and in textbooks aimed at teaching the languages to foreigners.
There are three kinds of diacritics used in Tagalog:
;Acute accent or
pahilís : Used to indicate primary or secondary stress on a particular syllable. It is usually omitted on words that are stressed on the penultimate syllable;
talagá.
;Grave accent or
paiwà : Placed only on the last syllable. It indicates that there is a
glottal stop at the end of the word and that penultimate syllable receives stress;
mabutì.
;Circumflex accent or
pakupyâ : Placed only on the last syllable. It indicates that the final syllable of a word receives stress while there is a glottal stop that follows;
sampû.
ng and mga
The genitive marker
ng and the plural marker
mga are abbreviations that are pronounced
nang and
mangá .
Tagalog vocabulary is composed mostly of words of Austronesian origin with borrowings from Spanish,
Min Nan Chinese (also known as
Hokkien or Fujianese), Malay,
Sanskrit,
Arabic,
Tamil,
Persian,
Kapampangan, languages spoken on
Luzon, and others, especially other Austronesian languages.
English has borrowed some words from Tagalog, such as abaca, adobo, aggrupation, barong, balisong, boondocks, jeepney, Manila hemp, pancit, and yaya, although the vast majority of these borrowed words are only used in the Philippines as part of the vocabularies of
Philippine English.
Tagalog words of foreign origin chart
See main article:
Tagalog loanwordsFor the Min Nan Chinese borrowings, the parentheses indicate the equivalent in standard Chinese.
| Tagalog | meaning | language of origin | original spelling | | dasál | pray | Spanish | rezar |
| kabayo | horse | Spanish | caballo |
| silya | chair | Spanish | silla |
| kotse | car | Spanish | coche |
| sabón | soap | Spanish | jabón |
| relós | watch | Spanish | reloj |
| tsismis | gossip | Spanish | chismes |
| gyera/gera | war | Spanish | guerra |
| tsinelas | slippers | Spanish | chinelas |
| sapatos | shoes | Spanish | zapatos |
| arina/harina | flour | Spanish | harina |
| sugál | gambling | Spanish | jugar |
| baryo | village | Spanish | barrio |
| swerte | luck | Spanish | suerte |
| ensaymada | a kind of pastry | Catalan | ensaïmada |
| nars | nurse | English | |
| bolpen | ballpoint pen | English | |
| drayber/drayver | driver | English | |
| tráysikel | tricycle | English | |
| lumpia (/lum·pyâ/) | spring roll | Min Nan Chinese | 潤餅 (春捲) |
| siopao (/syó·paw/) | steamed buns | Min Nan Chinese | '包 (肉包) |
| pansít | noodles | Min Nan Chinese | 便食 (麵) |
| susì | key | Min Nan Chinese | 鎖匙 |
| kuya | older brother | Min Nan Chinese | "亚 ("") |
| ate | older sister | Min Nan Chinese | 亜姐 (阿姐) |
| bwisit | annoyance | Min Nan Chinese | 無衣食 |
| bakyâ | wooden shoes | Min Nan Chinese | 木履 |
| hikaw | earrings | Min Nan Chinese | 耳鈎 (耳') |
| kanan | right | Malay | kanan |
| tulong | help | Malay | tolong |
| tanghalì | afternoon | Malay | tengah hari |
| dalamhatì | grief | Malay | dalam + hati |
| luwalhatì | glory | Malay | luwar + hati |
| duryán | durian | Malay | durian |
| rambután | rambutan | Malay | rambutan |
| batík | spot | Malay | batik |
| saráp | delicious | Malay | sedap |
| asa | hope | Sanskrit | आशा |
| salitâ | speak | Sanskrit | चरितँ (cerita) |
| balità | news | Sanskrit | वार्ता (berita) |
| karma | karma | Sanskrit | कर्म |
| alak | liquor | Persian | الكل |
| manggá | mango | Tamil | mankay |
| bagay | thing | Tamil | /vakai/ |
| hukóm | judge | Arabic | حكم |
| salamat | thanks | Arabic | سلامة |
| bakit | why | Kapampangan | obakit |
| akyát | climb | Kapampangan | akyát |
| at | and | Kapampangan | at |
| bundók | mountain | Kapampangan | bunduk |
| huwág | don't | Pangasinan | ag |
| aso | dog | Luzon languages | aso |
| tayo | we (inc.) | Luzon languages | |
Austronesian comparison chart
Below is a chart of Tagalog and thirteen other Austronesian languages comparing twelve words; the first twelve languages are spoken in the Philippines and the other two are spoken in Indonesia and in Hawai'i.
| | one | two | three | four | person | house | dog | coconut | day | new | we (inc.) | what | | Tagalog | isa | dalawa | tatlo | apat | tao | bahay | aso | niyog | araw | bago | tayo | ano |
|---|
| Bikol | saro | duwa | tulo | apat | tawo | harong | ayam | niyog | aldaw | ba-go | kita | ano |
|---|
| Cebuano | usa | duha | tulo | upat | tawo | balay | iro | lubi | adlaw | bag-o | kita | unsa |
|---|
| Waray | usa | duha | tulo | upat | tawo | balay | ayam | lubi | adlaw | bag-o | kita | ano |
|---|
| Tausug | hambuuk | duwa | tu | upat | tau | bay | iru' | niyug | adlaw | ba-gu | kitaniyu | unu |
|---|
| Kinaray-a | sara | darwa | tatlo | apat | taho | balay | ayam | niyog | adlaw | bag-o | kita, taten | ano |
|---|
| Kapampangan | metung | adwa | atlu | apat | tau | bale | asu | ngungut | aldo | bayu | ikatamu | nanu |
|---|
| Pangasinan | sakey | duara | talora | apatira | too | abong | aso | niyog | agew | balo | sikatayo | anto |
|---|
| Ilokano | maysa | dua | tallo | uppat | tao | balay | aso | niog | aldaw | baro | datayo | ania |
|---|
| Ivatan | asa | dadowa | tatdo | apat | tao | vahay | chito | niyoy | araw | va-yo | yaten | ango |
|---|
| Ibanag | tadday | dua | tallu | appa' | tolay | balay | kitu | niuk | aggaw | bagu | sittam | anni |
|---|
| Gaddang | antet | addwa | tallo | appat | tolay | balay | atu | ayog | aw | bawu | ikkanetem | sanenay |
|---|
| Tboli | sotu | lewu | tlu | fat | tau | gunu | ohu | lefo | kdaw | lomi | tekuy | tedu |
|---|
| Indonesian | satu | dua | tiga | empat | orang | rumah/balai | anjing | kelapa/nyiur | hari | baru | kita | apa |
|---|
| Hawaiian | 'ekahi | 'elua | 'ekolu | 'ehā | kanaka | hale | 'īlio | niu | ao | hou | kākou | aha |
|---|
Contribution to other languages
Tagalog itself has contributed a few words into English. The word
boondocks which means "rural" or "back country," was imported by American soldiers stationed in the Philippines as a mispronounced version of the Tagalog
bundok, which means "mountain." Another word is
cogon which is a type of grass, used for thatching. This word came from the Tagalog word
kugon. There is also
ylang-ylang, which is a type of flower known for its fragrance.
Abaca is a type of hemp fiber made from a plant in the banana family, from
abaká.
Manila is a light brown cardboard material used for folders and paper usually made from abaca.
Capiz, also known as window oyster, is used to make windows. A
yo-yo is a toy. To
run amok is to go on a killing rampage. Even the child's slang "kooties" comes from the common Austronesian and Tagalog
kuto which literally means "head lice."
Tagalog has contributed several words to
Spanish, like
barangay (from
balañgay meaning
barrio), the
abacá,
cogon,
palay, etc.
Ama namin, sumasalangit ka,
Sambahin ang Ngalan Mo.
Mapasaamin ang kaharian Mo,
Sundin ang loob Mo
dito sa lupa para ng sa langit.
Bigyan mo po kami ng aming kakanin sa araw-araw.
At patawarin Mo po kami sa aming mga sala,
para ng pagpapatawad namin sa mga nagsala sa amin.
At huwag Mo po kaming ipahintulot sa tukso,
At iadya Mo po kami sa lahat ng masama,
Amen.Common phrases
*English:
Ingglés (ing-GLES)
*Filipino:
Pilipino (pih-lih-PIH-noh)
*Tagalog:
Tagalog (tah-GAH-log)
*What is your name?:
Anó ang pangalan ninyo? (uh-NOH ahng puh-NGAH-lan nin-YOH)
*How are you?:
kumustá (koo-mus-TAH)
*Good morning!:
Magandáng umaga! (muh-gun-DAHNG oo-MAH-gah)
*Good afternoon! (from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m.):
Magandáng tanghali! (muh-gun-DAHNG tahng-HAH-leh)
*Good afternoon! (from 1 p.m. to dusk):
Magandáng hapon! (muh-gun-DAHNG HAH-pawn)
*Good evening!:
Magandáng gabí! (muh-gun-DAHNG gah-BEH)
*Good-bye:
paalam (literal - "with your blessing") (pa-AH-lam)
*Please: Depending on the nature of the verb, either
pakí- (pah-KEE) or
makí- (mah-KEE) is attached as a prefix to a verb.
ngâ (ngah) is optionally added after verb to increase politeness.
*Thank you:
salamat (sah-LAH-mat)
*That one:
iyan (ee-YAN)
*How much?:
magkano? (mag-KAH-noh?)
*Yes:
oo (OH-oh)
*No:
hindî (hin-DEH)
*Sorry:
pasensya pô or
sorry/sori (pah-SEN-shah PO)
, patawad po [ptawad po] (pah-TAH-wahd PO)
*Because:
kasí (kah-SEH)
*Hurry!:
Dalí! (dah-LEE),
Bilís! (bih-LEES)
*Again:
mulí [mu'li] (moo-LEE),
ulít [u'lεt] (oo-LET)
*I don't understand:
Hindî ko maintindihan (hin-DEE koh ma-in-TIN-dih-HAN)
*Where's the bathroom?:
Nasaán ang banyo? (NA-sa-AN ang BAN-yoh?)
*Generic toast:
Mabuhay! (mah-BOO-high) [literally - "long live"]
*Do you speak English?
Marunong ka bang magsalitâ ng Ingglés? (mah-ROO-nohng kah bang mag-sah-li-TAH nahng eeng-GLESS?)
Proverbs
Here are some proverbs in Tagalog.
Ang hindî magmahál sa kaniyáng wikà ay mahigít pa sa hayop at malansáng isdâ. (
José Rizal)
"He who doesn't love his language is worse than an animal or a rotten fish."
Ang hindî marunong lumingón sa pinanggalingan ay hindî makararatíng sa paroroonan."He who does not look back from where he came will never reach his destination."
Ang isdâ ay hinuhuli sa bibig. Ang tao, sa salitâ."Fish are caught by the mouth. People, by their word."
Nasa Diyos ang awà, nasa tao ang gawâ."God has compassion, man has action."
Magbirô lamang sa lasíng, huwág lang sa bagong gising."Joke around with someone who is drunk, but not with someone newly awoken.
Magsama-sama at malakás, magwaták-waták at babagsák."United we stand, divided we fall."
Aanhín pa ang damó kung patáy na ang kabayo?"What's the use of grass if the horse is already dead?"
Habang may buhay, may pag-asa."While there is life, there is hope."
Ang magnanakaw ay galit sa kapwa magnanakaw."A thief is angry at his co-thief."
Ang lahat ng tao'y isinilang na malaya at pantay-pantay sa karangalan at mga karapatan. Sila'y pinagkalooban ng katwiran at budhi at dapat magpalagayan ang isa't isa sa diwa ng pagkakapatiran.
(Every person is born free and equal with honor and rights. They are given reason and conscience and they must always trust each other for the spirit of brotherhood.)
Most of the below books are published in the Philippines. Those can generally only be found in the Philippines, in specialist Filipino online stores, or, very rarely, in bookshops outside of the Philippines which specialise in languages.
* By
Teresita V. Ramos*
Conversational Tagalog, ISBN 0824809440
*
Intermediate Tagalog, ISBN 0824807766
*
Tagalog Dictionary, ISBN 0870226762
* By
Vito C. Santos*
New Vicassan's English-Pilipino Dictionary, ISBN 9712704241
*
Vicassan's Pilipino-English Dictionary, ISBN 9710829009
*
Vicassan's Pilipino-English Dictionary (Abridged Edition), ISBN 9712717070
* By
Fr. Leo James English*
English-Tagalog Dictionary, ISBN 9710810731 (SB)
*
Tagalog-English Dictionary, ISBN 9710843575
* By others
*
Learn Filipino: Book One by Victor Eclar Romero ISBN 1932956417
*
Lonely Planet Filipino Tagalog (TravelTalk) ISBN 1591253640
*
Lonely Planet Pilipino Phrasebook ISBN 0864424329
*
Tagalog-English/English-Tagalog Standard Dictionary, by Carl R. Galvez Rubino, ISBN 0781809614 (hb) / ISBN 0781809606 (pb)
*
Tagalog Reference Grammar by Paul Schachter and Fe T. Otanes ISBN 0520017765
*
Tagalog Slang Dictionary by R. David Zorc and Rachel San Miguel ISBN 9711181320
*
Teach Yourself Tagalog by Corazon Salvacion Castle ISBN 0071434178
*
UP Diksyonaryong Filipino by Virgilio Armario (ed.) ISBN 9718781986, and ISBN 9718781994
*
English-Tagalog and Tagalog-English Dictionary by Maria Odulio De Guzman ISBN 9710807137
*
English-Pilipino Dictionary, Conuelo T. Panganiban, ISBN 9710855697
*
Diksyunaryong Filipino - English,
Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino, ISBN 9718705201
*
Languages of the Philippines*
Filipino*
Cebuano*
Chabacano*
Pangasinan*
Visayan languages*
Bikol*
Ilokano*
Hiligaynon*
Filipino-American*
Swadesh list of Tagalog words*
Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino, official regulating body of the Filipino language
*
Northern Illinois University Tagalog page*
Free Tagalog Tutoring - powered by College professors and students*
Bansa.org Tagalog Dictionary*
Tagalog dictionary*
Filipino (Tagalog) Learner's Home*
Tagalog: A Brief Look at the National Language*
Ethnologue entry for Tagalog*
A Tagalog tutorial site*
Another Tagalog-English online dictionary*
Free eBooks in Tagalog at Project Gutenberg*
Yet Another Tagalog-English online dictionary*
Beginners Tagalog-English Dictionary*
Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database
