The Clash
The Clash were an
English rock group that existed from 1976 to 1986. One of the most successful and iconic bands from the original wave of
punk rock in the late 1970s, they went on to incorporate punk with
reggae,
rockabilly,
dance,
jazz,
ska,
hip hop, and eventually many other music styles into their repertoire. They were legendary for their uncommonly intense stage performances.
From their earliest days as a band, the Clash stood apart from their peers with their musicianship, as well as their lyrics; the passionate, left wing political idealism in the lyrics of frontmen
Joe Strummer and
Mick Jones contrasted with the anarchic
nihilism of the
Sex Pistols and the basic simplicity of
The Ramones. Although they were a major success in the U.K. from the release of their first album in 1977, they did not become popular in the U.S. until 1980.
Their third album, the late 1979 release
London Calling is considered by many critics to be one of the greatest albums in the history of rock music; it was released in the U.S. in January, 1980, and a decade later
Rolling Stone magazine declared it the best album of the 1980s. Rolling Stone also placed it at #8 on their list in 2003 of the 500 Greatest Rock Albums.
The Clash's attitude and style, as much as their music, strongly influenced countless other bands. In 2003 they were inducted into the
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
(1976-1978) Formation and British success
Originally composed of
Joe Strummer,
Mick Jones,
Paul Simonon,
Keith Levene and
Terry Chimes (credited, as a
pun, on their first
LP as "Tory Crimes"), the Clash formed in
Ladbroke Grove, west
London in 1976 during the first wave of British punk. Levene (later of
Public Image Ltd.) was a friend of Mick Jones and served as
guitarist and
songwriter with The Clash, but never recorded with the band and, according to Mick Jones in the 1999 Clash documentary
Westway to the World, was kicked out for never showing up to practice.
Strummer had previously been in the
pub rock act
The 101'ers (his stage name at this point was Woody Mellor; soon he would rename himself "Joe Strummer"); Jones and Simonon were (briefly) in legendary proto-punk band
London SS. At the behest of theirmanager
Bernie Rhodes, Jones, Levene, and Simonon recruited the slightly older Strummer from the 101'ers. "You're great," they told him, "but your group is shit."[
1] Rhodes then allegedly gave Strummer a couple of days to think about joining the project but then called him only a day later in a panic. Strummer agreed, and the group became The Clash, the name being supplied by Simonon after seeing the word repeatedly in newspapers.
The new band had their first gig on
July 4,
1976, supporting the Sex Pistols, and that autumn the band was signed to
CBS Records. In early September, Levene left. Chimes left in late November, but was soon drafted back to enable the band to record their debut album. The band released their first
single ("
White Riot") and first album (
The Clash) in 1977 to considerable success in the UK. However,
CBS initially declined to release either in the
United States, waiting until 1979 before releasing a modified version of the first album in the US, after the UK original had become the best-selling import album of all time in the United States.
Following the release of their first album, Chimes left amicably due to personal differences with the remaining members. In the documentary "Westway to the World", Mick Jones referred to him as one of "the best drummers around". But Chimes, who had no great wish to make a career from music, said, "The point was that I wanted one kind of life - they wanted another, and why are we working together, if we want completely different things?". Chimes later joined the heavy metal group Hanoi Rocks.
The band experienced a period of changing drummers (auditioning many including
Jon Moss who formed
London before forming
Culture Club). Mick Jones recruited Nicholas Bowen Headon, who was nicknamed "Topper" by the band, due to his resemblance to a cartoon monkey, and "The Human Drum Machine" by the producer of
Give 'Em Enough Rope, Sandy Pearlman, due to his impeccable timing and skills. The musically-gifted Headon was planning to stay only briefly wtih the band in order to gain a reputation so that he might find a better group. In the process, the band's potential became apparent to him and, realizing that he wouldn't find a better band, he changed his plans and decided to stay.
Initially, The Clash were particularly notable for their strident
leftist political outlook and distinctive clothes, self painted with
Jackson Pollock-style paint splashes and
revolutionary slogans, such as "Sten Guns in Knightsbridge," "Under Heavy Manners," and "
Red Brigade". Throughout 1977, Strummer and Jones were in trouble with the police for a range of minor crimes ranging from petty
vandalism to stealing a pillowcase, while Simonon and Headon were arrested for shooting racing pigeons with air guns from the roof of their rehearsal studio.
(1978-1982) US success
The band's second album, the
Sandy Pearlman-produced
Give 'Em Enough Rope, was the first to feature Headon on all cuts. It was released in 1978 and debuted at number two on the British charts, though failed to enter the Top 100 in the United States. In the UK, it met with a disappointing reaction from critics, who felt it was too over-produced and slick in comparison to the raw excitement of the debut album. However, it was still received well by the British public.
Give 'Em Enough Rope was the first Clash album officially released in the U.S. (though the UK release of the first album was a best-selling import in the U.S.), and the Clash went on their first tour of the U.S. to support it in early 1979. Their first album eventually got an official release in the U.S. in July 1979, in a changed form from the version that was released elsewhere, dropping some tracks and instead including some singles released between the original 1977 release of the debut and Give em enough rope . These included a roaring version of
Bobby Fuller's "
I Fought The Law" (later released on their
Cost Of Living EP) and the iconic "
White Man in Hammersmith Palais".
The third album
London Calling, a double album sold at the price of a single album at the insistence of the band, was released in 1979 and marked the height of their commercial success, although, initially, it was greeted by their original fans in the UK with suspicion, since double albums were associated with overblown
prog rock groups. It featured a wider array of musical styles and influences than the earlier albums, including American-style
rockabilly and Jamaican reggae works that resonated with the
dub and
ska styles popular in Britain. The album is considered one of the best rock albums ever produced, appearing at #8 on
Rolling Stone's recent "Top 500 albums of all time." It was also named #1 on
Entertainment Weekly 's "Top 25 Albums of the last 25 Years". Tracks such as "
Train in Vain", "
Clampdown" and "
London Calling" show up regularly on rock stations to this day; "Train in Vain" also became the band's first American Top 40 hit, although it was initially an uncredited extra track at the end of the original vinyl release. The lettering font on the album cover is a homage to
Elvis Presley's self-titled debut
RCA LP, while the photo is of Simonon smashing his malfunctioning
bass guitar in frustration at a show at the Palladium in New York, 1979, taken by renowned rock photographer
Pennie Smith. According to Simonon, who initially was reluctant to have the picture used as the album cover, it was the only time he smashed a guitar on stage. He still has the pieces.
In late 1980, The Clash followed the double
London Calling with a triple album entitled
Sandinista!, (with the catalog number
FSLN1, from the
Spanish initials of the
Sandinista political movement,
Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional). Again, the band insisted it should be released at the same price as a single album - paying the difference out of their own royalties.
Sandinista! was even more stylistically varied, and was met with a more mixed reaction by critics and fans, some of whom felt the album was messy, unfocused and very self-indulgent. Despite this, it still topped
The Village Voice's annual
Pazz & Jop list of the best albums of the year. Recording every idea they had, the band became less interested in the traditional punk stance as they delved further in their experimentation with reggae and
dub ("Let's Go Crazy") and expanded into other musical styles and production techniques that included jazz ("Look Here"),
hip hop ("The Magnificent Seven"),
chamber music ("Rebel Waltz"),
gospel("Hitsville U.K."), ("The Sound of the Sinners"), vocals by keyboard player
Mickey Gallagher's baby son, and "Mensforth Hill," a
tape loop collage similar to
The Beatles "Revolution No 9".
"That's why it had to be a triple album," says Strummer in
Westway to the World interview, which devotes twice as much screen time to
Sandinista! as it does to
London Calling. "Even though it would have been better as just a double album...or a single album...or maybe an EP! Who knows? The fact is that we recorded all that music, in one spot, at one moment. In a single three-week blast. For better or worse,
Sandinista! is the document."
Although fans were confused and sales were down, they fared better in the U.S. than in the past, mainly on the back of the previous success of
London Calling. Following the release of
Sandinista!, The Clash went on their first world tour, including venues in eastern
Asia and
Australia. The combination of an exhaustive tour schedule and the recording of a new album saw escalating friction between band members.
Tensions and conflicts within the band lead to considerations of disbanding, especially since drummer Topper Headon was rapidly becoming unreliable due to heroin addiction. However, the band managed to record more, while touring and their next album
Combat Rock turned to be the worldwide best-selling of all of their records, although sales were not as good in the U.K. Featuring the singles "
Rock the Casbah" and the double a-side "
Should I Stay Or Should I Go/
Straight to Hell", it broke into the American and British top ten. "Ghetto Defendant" featured
beat poet Allen Ginsberg, and "Red Angel Dragnet" referenced the film
Taxi Driver.
(1982-1983) Tensions and disintegration
After
Combat Rock, the Clash began to slowly disintegrate. Topper Headon was asked to leave the band just prior to the release of the album. The band was unable to cope with his ongoing
heroin addiction, which had a disastrous effect on both his health and drumming. The true reason for Headon's departure was covered up by manager Bernie Rhodes as a "political difference". The band's original drummer, Terry Chimes, was brought back for the next few months. (For a period, Headon sank into severe depression, only to resurface with a solo album, then entering prison briefly for fraud, before finally cleaning up and kicking the addiction by the end of the decade.)
The loss of Headon brought much friction, as he was an essential part of the band and well-liked by the others. Jones and Strummer began to feud, although it is often said that some of the friction between the two arose because manager Bernie Rhodes disliked Jones and thought him arrogant, and was promoting Strummer against him. The band, although still touring arenas and opening up for
The Who in stadiums on their tour in 1982, barely spoke to or even glanced at each other, both during the concerts and backstage. The band continued to tour but by 1983, after years of constant touring and recording, the strain took its final toll. They were growing as musicians and individuals, but as said in interviews were still quite young - Paul and Mick were still only 26 and 27 respectively and Strummer was 30 - and inexperienced to cope with such difficult and tension-plagued situations. Simonon, a long-term friend of Jones, felt inclined to side with Strummer because he became frustrated with Jones' musical experimentation.
Chimes left the band after the 1982-1983
Combat Rock tour, convinced that the band could not continue with in-fighting and turmoil. In 1983, after an extensive search for a new drummer,
Pete Howard was recruited and performed with the trio at several low-key US dates and finally at the
US Festival in
San Bernardino, California. The Clash were one of the headliners of this festival, along with
David Bowie and
Van Halen (and a host of others). The crowd of roughly half a million was by far the biggest of the Clash's career. This was Jones' last appearance with The Clash.
In September 1983, prompted by Rhodes, Strummer and Simonon sacked Jones from the band, citing his problematic behaviour and divergent musical aspirations. (Jones went on to found
Big Audio Dynamite (BAD) with
Don Letts, and both Strummer and Simonon collaborated with BAD at various times.)
After a series of auditions, the band announced
Nick Sheppard, formerly of the
Bristol-based Cortinas, and
Vince White would be the band's new guitarists. Howard continued to be the drummer, although there were rumours that Headon or Chimes might return to replace him. The band played its first shows in January 1984 with a batch of new material and launched into a self-financed tour, dubbed the Out of Control tour.
Musically, the new band was capable of almost re-creating the fire and intensity of the original line-up, but chemistry and trust between the old guard and the new were often strained due to circumstance and simple unfamiliarity. Regardless, the band toured heavily over the winter and into early summer. At a striking miners' benefit show ("Scargill's Christmas Party") in December 1984, he announced the band had a new record and would be releasing it early in the new year.
(1983-1986) Cut the Crap and the final demise
|
Left to right: Simonon, Howard, Strummer, White, Sheppard |
The recording sessions for
Cut the Crap were chaotic, with manager Bernie Rhodes and Strummer working in
Munich, Germany. Most of the parts were played by studio musicians, with Sheppard and later White flying in to come up with guitar parts. Struggling with Rhodes for control of the band, Strummer wiped his hands of the project and returned home.
It was roughly around this time that the band went on a
busking tour. Applying strict rules that allowed to carry only 10 pounds and one change of underwear, the band travelled separately or in pairs and convened at public spaces in cities throughout the U.K. where they played acoustic versions of their hits along with covers like "
Twist and Shout" and "
Stepping Stone."
After a gig in Athens, Strummer fled to Spain to clear his mind. When he returned he effectively broke up the band. While Strummer was gone, the first single off
Cut the Crap, "
This is England" was released to mostly negative reviews. The song, much like the rest of the album that came out later that year, had been drastically re-engineered by Rhodes, with synths, drum machines, and football-style chants being added to Strummer's incomplete recordings. Other songs played on the tour remain unreleased to this day: "Ammunition", "Glue Zombie", "In the Pouring Rain". Although Howard was an adept drummer, virtually all of the percussion tracks were produced by drum machines.
(1986-present) Post-Clash careers
Joe StrummerIn 1986, Strummer collaborated with ex-bandmate Jones on BAD's second album,
No. 10 Upping St., co-producing the album and co-writing seven of its songs. Strummer acted in a few movies, notably
Alex Cox's
Walker, and
Jim Jarmusch's
Mystery Train. He became known in this period for his work on movie
soundtracks (notably "Love Kills" for the film
Sid and Nancy), and later for co-producing the successful
Grosse Pointe Blank soundtracks with
John Cusack) and experimented with different backing bands with limited success. In 1989, he resurfaced in the music scene, releasing the first of his solo albums.
Earthquake Weather was neither a commercial nor critical success. He did however tour with a new backing band, The
Latino Rockabilly War, and released the single, "Trash City." In 1991/92 Strummer joined
The Pogues after their split with former frontman
Shane MacGowan for a series of concerts across Europe. Finally in the late 1990s, Strummer gathered top-flight musicians into a backing band he called
The Mescaleros. Strummer signed with the California punk label
Hellcat Records, owned by
Rancid frontman
Tim Armstrong, and issued an album co-written with Anthony Genn, called
Rock Art and the X-Ray Style. A tour of England and North America soon followed; sets included several Clash-fan favourites. Genn left The Mescaleros in the middle of recording sessions for the second album,
Global A Go-Go, which included violinist, guitarist, and longtime friend of Strummer's
Tymon Dogg, who contributed the song "Lose This Skin" to
Sandinista! Following the release of
Global A Go-Go, Joe Strummer and the Mescaleros mounted a 21-date tour of North America, Britain, and Ireland. Once again, these concerts featured Clash material ("London Calling", "Rudie Can't Fail"), as well as classic covers of reggae hits (
Jimmy Cliff's "The Harder They Come",
The Specials' "A Message To You, Rudy") and regularly closed the show with a nod to the late
Joey Ramone by playing The Ramones' "Blitzkrieg Bop".
In December 2002, Strummer died suddenly of a
heart attack at the age of 50. The Mescaleros album he was working on at the time,
Streetcore, was released posthumously to critical acclaim in 2003. It was very bad fortune for The Clash, as Jones commented in the press that after the brief reunion on
Westway to the World in 2001 the foursome were seriously considering reuniting for a tour, and that it looked likely to happen.
Mick JonesAfter his expulsion from The Clash, Jones formed Big Audio Dynamite (often shorted to B.A.D.) in 1984 with film director Don Letts who directed various Clash videos and
Westway To The World) The band's debut album,
This is Big Audio Dynamite, was released the following year with the song "E=MC²" receiving heavy rotation in dance clubs. The next album,
No. 10 Upping St. reunited Jones with Strummer. Mick released three more albums with Big Audio Dynamite before reshuffling the line-up and renaming the band Big Audio Dynamite II. The band was later renamed Big Audio in the mid-90s. Shortly before Strummer's death, Jones performed an encore onstage with Strummer and the Mescaleros in late 2002. Jones featured on the two studio albums by
The Libertines as producer and also produced the debut
Babyshambles album. Jones is currently touring and recording with his new band,
Carbon/Silicon.
Paul SimononFollowing the break up of The Clash, Simonon formed a group called
Havana 3am, which recorded only one album in Japan and quickly folded. Then Simonon returned to his roots as a visual artist, mounting several art-gallery shows and contributing the cover for Jones' third BAD album, "Tighten Up Vol. 88". Simonon's reluctance to play music again has largely been cited as the reason why The Clash were one of the few 1970s British punk bands that did not reform to cash in on the punk-nostalgia craze of the late 1990s.
Bruce Springsteen reportedly offered to stand in for Simonon for their induction into the
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, but the performance never materialized. It is widely speculated that Paul Simonon has not played the bass in more than a decade and he was quoted in
Westway to the World as saying that The Clash are over and that "suits him fine". It's been reported that he'll be collaborating with
Damon Albarn of
Blur and a third, as of yet un-named artist to record an album.
Topper HeadonHeadon's contribution to The Clash was by no means limited to his drumming for the band; he composed and performed the music for "
Ivan Meets G.I. Joe" and "
Rock The Casbah" almost entirely by himself, the latter becoming the band's biggest hit in the U.S. when it reached #8 on the Billboard charts in 1982. By this time, however, Headon had been dismissed by the rest of the band due to the heroin addiction which has dogged him for most of his adult life. His addiction stood in the way of any musical alliances he tried to form, and eventually landed him in jail for supplying a user who later overdosed and died. Except for forming a short-lived
R&B band (in 1986 he recorded a LP called "Waking Up" as well as a 12"E.P. titled "Drumming man"), Headon disappeared from the music business until the filming of Letts' retrospective
documentary about The Clash,
Westway to The World, where he sincireley apologized for his addiction. Headon also attended a subsequent presentation to Strummer, Jones, Simonon, and Headon of a Lifetime Achievement British Music Award. After many years of unsuccessfully trying different forms of rehabilitation, he has now apparently kicked his habit and is performing live again. It was after one of his live performances that he heard the news of Strummer's death, in 2002.
Terry ChimesChimes played with various other bands between and after his stints with the Clash. He was
Black Sabbath's drummer for a couple of years in the mid-1980s. He eventually retired from rock and roll to become a
chiropractor. Since 1994, he has had his own practice in
London's
South Woodford neighborhood.
Pete HowardHoward joined
Queen Adreena in 2002.
*
Sample of "London Calling", from
London Calling. 30 seconds, 616 KiB
Studio AlbumsImage:The Clash UK.jpg|1. The Clash - (April 8, 1977) #12 UK, #126 U.S. Image:Give 'Em Enough Rope.jpeg|2. Give 'Em Enough Rope - (November 10, 1978) #2 UK, #128 U.S.Image:TheClashLondonCallingalbumcover.jpg|3. London Calling (2LP) - (December 14, 1979) #9 UK, #27 U.S.Image:Sandinista_album_cover.jpeg|4. Sandinista! (3LP) - (December 12, 1980) #19 UK, #24 U.S.Image:Combat rock cover.jpg|5. Combat Rock - (May 14, 1982) #2 UK, #7 U.S.Image:Cut_the_Crap.jpg|6. Cut the Crap - (November 4, 1985) #16 UK, #88 U.S. The 1979 USA release of the debut album was significantly different from the original 1977 UK release. See
The Clash for a discussion of those differences.
All of The Clash's albums and singles were originally issued on CBS Records; subsequent re-issues and CD releases have been through Epic.
Like many early punk bands, The Clash protested against the
monarchy and the
aristocracy in the U.K. and around the world. However, unlike many early punk bands, The Clash rejected the overall sentiment of
nihilism. Instead, they found solidarity with a number of liberation movements going on at the time. Their politics were expressed explicitly in their lyrics, in early recordings such as "White Riot," which encouraged disaffected white youths to become politically active like their black counterparts, "
Career Opportunities," which expressed discontent less about the lack of jobs in the U.K, and more about the alienation of low-paid, production line style employment and the lack of alternatives, and "London's Burning," which vented at political complacency.
|
The Clash at Rock Against Racism |
In 1978 at a
Rock Against Racism show organized by the
Anti-Nazi League, Strummer wore a controversial t-shirt bearing the words "
Brigate-Rosse" with the
Red Army Faction (Baader-Meinhof) insignia in the middle. He later said in an interview that he wore the shirt not to support the left-wing
terrorist factions in
Germany and
Italy, but to bring attention to their existence. Still, he felt bad after the show, prompting him to write the song "Tommy Gun," renouncing violence as a means of protest.
The group also supported other musician's charity concerts, most notably at the December 1979
Concerts for the People of Kampuchea, presented by
Paul McCartney. The benefit album released from the concerts features one song by The Clash, "Armagideon Time."
The Clash offered some support to the Sandinista and other
Marxist movements in
Latin America (hence the title of their 1980 album,
Sandinista!). They were also involved directly with the Anti-Nazi League and Rock Against Racism.
By the time of the December 1979 album
London Calling, the Clash were trying to "
square the circle" of maintaining punk energy while developing increasingly musicianly chops. They were especially wary of their own emerging stardom: they always welcomed fans backstage after shows and showed open-mindedness, genuine interest and compassion in their relationships with them.
The title of
London Calling evokes American radio newsman
Edward R. Murrow's catchphrase during
World War II, and the title song announces that "...war is declared and battle come down..." It warns against expecting them to be saviours — "... now don't look to us / Phoney
Beatlemania has bitten the dust..." — draws a bleak picture of the times — "The
ice age is coming, the zooming in / Engines stop running, the wheat is growing thin" — but calls on their listeners to come out of their drugged stupor and take up the fight without constantly looking to London, or to The Clash themselves, for cues — "Forget it, brother, we can go it alone... Quit holding out and draw another breath... I don't want to shout / But while we were talking I saw you nodding out..." — finally asking, "After all this, won't you give me a smile?"
The Clash are generally credited with pioneering the advocacy of radical politics in punk rock, and were known as the "Thinking Man's Yobs" by many for their politically astute take on the world. They were never driven entirely by
money; even at their peak, tickets to shows and the prices of souvenirs were kept reasonable. Similarly, the group insisted that CBS retail their double and triple album sets
London Calling and
Sandinista! for the price of a single album each (then £5), succeeding with the former and compromising with the latter by agreeing to sell it for £5.99 and forfeit all their
royalties on its first 200,000 sales. These "VFM" (Value For Money) principles meant that they were constantly in
debt to CBS, and didn't start to break even until around 1982.
Main lineup*
Joe Strummer - vocals, guitar (1976-1986)
*
Mick Jones - vocals, guitar (1976-1983)
*
Paul Simonon - bass (1976-1986)
*
Topper Headon - drums (1977-1982)
Other members*
Terry Chimes - drums (1976, 1977, 1982-1983)
*
Keith Levene - guitar (1976)
* Rob Harper - drums (1976-1977)
*
Pete Howard (1983-1986)
Appeared in "New Clash" or "Cut The Crap Clash", after Jones quit:* Nick Sheppard - vocals, guitar (1983-1986)
* Vince White - guitar (1983-1986)
*
Rude Boy (1980) (directed by Jack Hazan and David Mingay)
*
Westway to the World (2000) (directed by Don Letts)
Die Another Day (2003) (Directed by LEE TAMAHORI)
* Gilbert, Pat. 2004.
Passion is a Fashion: The Real Story of The Clash, Aurum Press Ltd. Hardback: ISBN 1845130170. Paperback: ISBN 1845131134. US Paperback: Da Capo Press. ISBN 030681434X.
* Gray, Marcus. 1995.
Last Gang In Town: The Story and Myth of The Clash, Fourth Estate Limited. ISBN 1-857-02146-0.
* Gray, Marcus. 2001
Return of The Last Gang In Town, Helter Skelter Publishing. ISBN 1-900924-16-1.
* Green, Johnny; Barker, Garry; & Lowry, Ray (Ill.).
A Riot of Our Own: Night and Day with The Clash, Indigo. ISBN 0-575-40080-3.
*
Smith, Pennie. 1991.
The Clash: Before and After / photographs by Pennie Smith ; with passing comments by Joe Strummer...[et al.], London: Plexus Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-859-65167-3 OCLC: 24694942
* Yewdall, John Leonard. 1992.
Joe Strummer with the 101'ers and the Clash, 1974-1976, Image Direct. ISBN 0-951-92160-6
*
Blackhill Enterprises (
Peter Jenner and
Andrew King)
*
Live At Bond's Casino*
The Vanilla Tapes*
Official Epic Records Site*
The Clash Online*
Revolution Rock*
Clash Photo Rockers*
TheClash-net
