Theater (warfare)
In
warfare, a
theater or
theatre is normally used to define a specific geographic area within which armed conflict occurs. A war would have to occur over a large portion of the globe in order to be considered large enough to have separate theaters, and the term is not used in the singular. Typically, each theater would be distinct and separate from other theaters. Very often, the delineation occurs along
continental boundaries or in separate
oceans. Typically, in order to be considered multiple theaters in a single conflict, at least one of the nations involved must be participating in multiple theaters; without this, each area is considered a separate war.
The best (but not first) example of a war with several large and distinct theaters is
World War II. This war had at least three separate theaters:
European,
Pacific, and
African, though the last is considered by some military historians to be an adjunct of the European Theater. The
Eastern Front may be considered separate from the
West European Theater by some.
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Chart 12.- Typical organization of a theater of operations as envisaged by War Department Doctrine, 1940 |
An American
theater of operations was an administrative term for a theater which had both an operational and an administrative command. For example, in the
European Theater of Operations, U.S. forces were under the joint allied operation command of
Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) and the administrative command of the "European Theater of Operations, United States Army" (ETOUSA); but in the
China Burma India Theater, American forces only had an administrative command as the operational command of ground troops was (theoretically) through the
British 11th Army Group which reported to the joint allied command
Southeast Asia Command (SEAC).
The term "theater of operations" was defined in the [American] field manuals as the land and sea areas to be invaded or defended, including areas necessary for administrative activities incident to the military operations (chart 12). In accordance with the experience of World War I, it was usually conceived of as a large land mass over which continuous operations would take place and was divided into two chief areas-the combat zone, or the area of active fighting, and the communications zone, or area required for administration of the theater. As the armies advanced, both these zones and the areas into which they were divided would shift forward to new geographic areas of control1.
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Battlespace#
Chapter VII: Prewar Army Doctrine for Theater
