Thessaloniki

Seal of Thessaloniki

Thessaloniki, Thessalonica or Salonica (Greek: Θεσσαλονίκη) is Greece's second-largest city. It is the capital of the Greek region of Macedonia and is commonly called the 'synprotevousa' (joint or second capital) of Greece due to its history and strategic importance. The Thessaloniki metropolitan area curves round the Thermaic Gulf for approximately 17 km; it comprises of 13 municipalities and has a population of 809,457. The Thessaloniki prefecture has a population of 1,099,598 (2005). Its coordinates are .

The popular Greek name Σαλονίκη Saloniki gives it its alternate English name - formerly the common name Salonika (also spelled Salonica), the Turkish Selânik and the Slavic Солун Solun. Other derivations include Săruna (Aromanian) and Selanik (Ladino).

Thessaloniki is a thriving, vibrant city and it is Greece's second major economic, industrial, commercial and cultural center as well as a transportation hub in southeastern Europe. Its commercial port is of a great importance for Greece and for its southeast European hinterland. The city has several (incuding two large state) universities that host a large student population; it is renowned for its large number of monuments of Byzantine architecture as well as for some Ottoman structures. What is more, the city is eminent for its lively and diverse nightlife.

As the city's population grows at a steady rate so does the emergence of several problems due to the lack of adequate town planning. These include an increasing traffic congestion, the lack of adequate parking facilities as well as an overconstruction of new appartment blocks. The construction of a subway line that will stretch along the city's central districts began on June 25, 2006 and is expected to be completed by the year 2013.

History

The statue of Alexander the Great in Thessaloniki sea front.

Hellenistic era

The city was founded circa 315 BC by Cassander, the King of Macedon (Μακεδών), on or near the site of the ancient town of Therma and twenty six other local villages. He named it after his wife Thessalonica, the sister of Alexander the Great. She gained her name from her father, Philip II of Macedon, to commemorate her birth on the day of his gaining a victory (Gr. Nike) over the Thessalians.

Thessaloniki developed rapidly and as early as the second century BC the first walls were built, forming a large square. It was, as all the other contemporary Greek cities, an autonomous part of the Kingdom of Macedon, with its own parliament where the King was represented and could interfere in the city's domestic affairs.

Roman era

The Arch of Galerius

After the fall of the kingdom of Macedon in 168 BC, Thessalonica became a city of the Roman Empire. It grew to be an important trade-hub located on the Via Egnatia, a Roman road that connected Byzantium (later Constantinople), with Dyrrhachium (now Durrës in Albania), facilitating trade between Europe and Asia. The city was made capital of one of the four Roman districts of Macedonia. It kept its privileges but was ruled by a Praetor and had a Roman garrison. For a short time in the 1st century BC all the Greek provinces were subdued to Thessalonica.

Due to the city's great commercial importance, a spacious harbour was built by the Romans, the famous Burrow Harbour (Σκαπτός Λιμήν) that accommodated the city's trade up to the eighteenth century but covered later. Remnants of the harbour's docks can be found nowadays under Odos Frangon Street, near the Catholic Church.

Thessaloniki's acropolis, located in the northern hills, was built in 55 BC after Thracian raids in the city's outskirts, for security reasons.

It had a Jewish colony, established during the first century AD and was an early centre of Christianity. On his second missionary journey, St Paul preached in the city's synagogue, the chief synagogue of the Jews in that part of Thessaloniki, and laid the foundations of a church. Opposition against him from the Jews drove him from the city, and he fled to Veroia. Paul's Epistle to the Thessalonians was addressed to the Christian community of Thessalonica.

Thessaloníki acquired a patron saint, St. Demetrius, in 306 AD. He was the Roman Proconsul of Greece under the anti-Christian emperor Maximian and was martyred at a Roman prison, where today lays the Church of St. Demetrius, first built by the Roman sub-prefect of Illyricum, Leontios in 463 AD.

Other important remains from this period include the Arch and Tomb of Galerius, located near the center of the modern city.

Byzantine era

A seventh-century mosaic from Hagios Demetrios representing St Demetrius with children.

When the Roman Empire was divided into eastern and western segments ruled from Byzantium/Constantinople and Rome respectively, Thessaloníki came under the control of the Byzantine Empire. Its importance was second only to Constantinople itself. In 390 it was the location of a revolt against the emperor Theodosius I and his Gothic troops. Botheric, their general, together with several of his high officials, were murdered in an uprising triggered by the imprisoning of a favorite local charioteer for pederasty with one of Botheric's slave boys.Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ch.27 2:56 7,000 - 15,000 of the citizens were massacred in the city's hippodrome in revenge â€" an act which earned Theodosius a temporary excommunication.

A quiet and prosperous era follows until repeated barbarian invasions after the fall of the Roman Empire, while a catastrophic earthquake severely damaged the city in 620 resulting in the destruction of the Roman Forum and several other public buildings.Thessaloníki itself came under attack from Slavs (the Byzantine sources call them Sklavinies) in the seventh century; however, they failed to capture the city. Greek brothers Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius were born in Thessaloníki and the Byzantine Emperor Michael III encouraged them to visit the northern regions as missionaries; their adopted South Slavonic speech became the basis for the Old Church Slavonic language. In the ninth century, the Byzantines decided to move the market for Bulgarian goods from Constantinople to Thessaloníki. Tsar Simeon I of Bulgaria invaded Thrace, defeated a Byzantine army and forced the empire to move the market back to Constantinople. In 904, Saracens based at Crete managed to seize the city and after a ten day depredation, left with much loot and 22,000 slaves, mostly young people.

Despite this, the city quickly recovered, and the gradual recovery of Byzantine power during the tenth, eleventh and twelfth centuries meant that Thessaloniki entered a new golden age of peace and prosperity. The population of the city expanded, and according to Benjamin of Tudela , the city even had a Jewish community some 500 strong by the twelfth century. It also hosted the famous fair of Saint Demetrius every October, which was held just outside the city walls and lasted six days. This fair was described as

"the greatest of the fairs held among the Macedonians. It was not just local people who came, but people from all corners of the world: Greeks, Bulgarians, Campanians, Italians, Georgians, Lusitanians, and Celts from beyond the Alps. Its fame reosounded throughout Europe. There were lines of tents opening up into a big square, where merchants did business. It was possible to buy all kinds of cloths from Thebes and the Peloponnese and from Italy; indeed, from Egypt and Spain too. Merchants distributed them to Macedonia and Thessaloniki. The Black Sea sent its own products via Constantinople."

The economic expansion of the city continued through the twelfth century as the strong rule of the Komnenoi emperors expanded Byzantine control into Serbia and Hungary, far to the north. The city is known to have housed an imperial mint at this time, another sign of prosperity.

However, after the death of the emperor Manuel I Komnenos in 1180, the fortunes of the Byzantine Empire began to decline, and in 1185 the Norman rulers of Sicily, under the leadership of Count Baldwin and Riccardo d'Acerra attacked and occupied the city, resulting in considerable destruction. Nevertheless, their rule lasted less that a year, since they were defeated in two battles later that year by the Byzantine army and forced to evacuate the city.

The White Tower of Thessaloniki.

Thessaloniki passed out of Byzantine hands in 1204, when Constantinople was captured by the Fourth Crusade. Thessaloníki and its surrounding territoryâ€"the Kingdom of Thessalonicaâ€"became the largest fief of the Latin Empire, covering most of north and central Greece. It was given by the emperor Baldwin I to his rival Boniface of Montferrat but in 1224 it was seized by Theodore Komnenos Doukas, the Greek ruler of Epirus. The city was recovered by the Byzantine Empire in 1246. For the rulers of Thessaloníki in the Middle Ages, see here.

At that time, despite the various invasions, Thessaloniki had a large population and flourishing commerce. That resulted in an intellectual and artistic florescence that can be traced in the numerous churches and their frescoes of that era and also by the names of scholars that taught there. (Thomas Magististos, Dimitrios Triklinios, Nikiforos Choumnos, Kostantinos Armenopoulos, Neilos Kavassilas, etc). Many fine examples of Byzantine art survive in the city, particularly the mosaics in some of its historic churches, including the basilica of Hagia Sophia and the church of St George.

In the 14th century though, the city was appalled by the Zelotes social movement (1342-1349). It began as a religious conflict between bishop Gregorios Palamas, who supported conservative ideas and the monk Barlaam, who introduced progressive social ones. Quickly, it turned into a political commotion, leading to the prevalence of the Zelotes, who for a while ruled the city, applying progressive social policies.

Ottoman era

The winding Ottoman Streets of Thessaloniki's Old Town (Ano Poli)

The Byzantine Empire, unable to hold it against the Ottoman Empire advance, sold it to Venice, who held it until it was captured by the Ottoman ruler Murad II on 29 March 1430, after a three day long siege of the city.

During Ottoman times the city was multicultural with a population made up of Jews (the majority), Turks, Bulgarians, Albanians and Greeks (around one quarter of the totalMark Mazower, Salonica city of Ghosts : Christians, Muslims and Jews, 2005). Of its 130,000 inhabitants at the start of the century, around 60,000 were Sephardic Jews, whose ancestors had been expelled from Spain and Portugal after 1492. Some Romaniotes Jews were also present. Thessaloníki, renamed Selânik, remained in Ottoman hands for the next five centuries and became one of the most important cities in the Empire, being the foremost trade and commercial center in Balkans. The railway reached the city in 1888 and new modern port facilities were built in 1896-1904. The founder of modern Turkey, Kemal Atatürk, was born here in 1881, and the Young Turk movement was headquartered there in the early twentieth century. Selânik first became a sanjak center in Rumeli eyalet between 1393 and 1402 and again 1430 and 1864, after it became a province. Selânik province constituted from sanjaks of Selânik (Thessaloniki), Drama and Serres (Siroz or Serez).

Architectural remains from the Ottoman period can be found mainly in the Upper Town which has the only traditional wooden houses and fountains that survived the great fire. In the city centre a number of the stone mosques survived, of note are; "Hamza-Bey dzami" on Egnatia (currently being restored), the "Alatza Imaret dzami" on Kassandrou st, "Bezesteni" on Venizelou st, and "Yahoudi Hamam" on Frangon st. Almost all of the more than 40 minarets in the city were removed after 1912, only one survives at the Rotunda. There are also a few remaining Turkish bathhouses, particularly the "Hamam Bey" on Egnatia st.

Modern era

Greek soldiers marching in Thessaloniki in 1916.

Thessaloniki was the main prize of the First Balkan War of 1912, during which it was captured by Greece on 26 October 1912, which is now a local holiday. King George I of Greece was assassinated during a visit to Thessaloniki on 18 March 1913.

In 1915, during World War I, a large Allied expeditionary force landed at Thessaloniki to use the city as the base for an offensive against pro-German Bulgaria. A pro-Allied temporary government headed by Eleftherios Venizelos was established there, against the will of the pro-neutral King of Greece.

Orthodox priests strolling the modern seafront.

Most of the town was destroyed by a single fire on 5 (OS) /18 August (NS) French architect and archeologist Ernest Hebrard. The Hebrard plan swept away the Oriental features of Thessaloníki and transformed it to a European style city.

One consequence of the fire saw close to half the city's Jewish population, their homes and livelihoods destroyed, emigrate. Many went to Palestine. Some stepped onto the Orient Express to Paris. Still others found their way to America. Their numbers were quickly replaced by refugees from another disaster a few years after the war, when huge numbers of ethnic Greeks were expelled from Turkey in 1922 following the Greco-Turkish War. The city expanded enormously as a result. It was nicknamed "The Refugee Capital" (I Protévoussa ton Prosfígon) and "Mother of the Poor" (Ftohomána).

Thessaloniki fell to the forces of Nazi Germany on 9 April 1941 and remained under German occupation until 30 October 1944. The city suffered considerable damage from Allied bombing, and almost its entire Jewish population was exterminated by the Nazis. Barely a thousand Jews survived. However, Thessaloniki was rebuilt and recovered fairly quickly after the war. This recovery included a rapid growth of its population, mainly in the 1950s and 1960s. Most of the urban development of that period was, unfortunately, without the proper planning, causing traffic and zoning problems that remain to this day.

Overlooking the modern part of the city.

The OTE tower in modern Thessaloniki

At 23:04 (local time) on 20 June 1978, the city was struck by a powerful earthquake registering 6.5R. It caused significant damage to many buildings and lots of its Byzantine monuments, as well as forty five deaths.

Early Christian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1988. Thessaloniki became the European City of Culture for 1997.

Thessaloniki is one of the most important university centers in Southeastern Europe with a vibrant student life. The city hosts two universities â€" the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, the largest university in Greece (founded 1926) and the University of Macedonia, as well as the Technological Education Institute of Thessaloniki.

In June 2003 the Summit meeting of European leaders, at the end of the Greek Presidency of the EU, was hosted at a holiday resort near the city instead of within Thessaloniki itself (as originally planned) due to security concerns. In 2004, the city hosted some of the football events of the 2004 Summer Olympics. Thessaloniki unsuccessfully bid for the 2008 World EXPO but another bid for a future EXPO is under consideration.

List of notable residents

*Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius, apostles to the Slavs.
*Manolis Anagnostakis, doctor and leftist writer
*Pavle Savić, Serbian physicist
*Stavros Koujioumtzis (1932-2005), Greek music composer & lyricist
*Dionysis Savvopoulos (b. December 2, 1944), a Greek music composer, lyricist and singer
*Arif Hikmet (died 1978), Turkish architect
*Stratos Dionysiou (died 1990), popular singer
*Zoe Laskari (b.1938), Greek actress
*Marinella (b. May 20, 1935), popular singer
*Kostas Voutsas (b.1930), Greek actor & comedian
*Calliope Tatti (1897 - 1978)
*Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881 - 1938), politician, founder of the Republic of Turkey
*Pavlos Danelatos Theatre director
* Salih Omurtak (1889 - 1954) Turkish general

Mayors of Thessaloniki

* K. Merkouriou
* George Seremetis (1943 - 1944)
* Petros Levis (1944 - 1945)
* Christos Konstantinou
* Michalis Papadopoulos
* Thanasis Giannousis (1982-1983)
* Theoharis Manavis (1983-1987)
* Sotiris Kouvelas (1987-1990)
* Konstantinos Kosmopoulos (1990-1999)
* Vasilios Papageorgopoulos (1999- )

Landmarks

The huge Rotunda - the oldest building in the city centre. In the background can be seen part of The Kastro in the Ano Poli

* The White Tower of Thessaloniki (Lefkos Pyrgos), widely regarded as the symbol of the city. It has been known by many names and is now home to the Museum of Byzantine Cultures. The top of the tower has excellent views of the city.
* The Arch and Tomb of Galerius is more commonly known as the "Kamara", is ornately decorated and made with a reddish coloured stone.
* The Upper Town or 'Ano Poli' is what remains of Ottoman Thessaloniki, beautiful wooden houses overhang the winding streets all the way up to the Eptapyrgio at the top of the city. The Ano Poli also contains some of the city's oldest and most important churches, particularly Osios David, St. Nicolaos Orphanos and Vlatades Monastery.
* The Church of Aghios Demetrios is the most important church in the entire city. Lying above the remains of the agora and the Roman Forum, the church has three side-chapels, a museum, and underground catacombs that also include Saint Demetrios' imprisonment chamber. He is the patron saint of the city.
* OTE Tower, a TV tower is the centre of the Thessaloniki Expo Centre. A revolving restaurant offers great views of the city.
* The waterfront is Thessaloniki's major drawcard. The promenade of Nikis Avenue runs from the White Tower of Thessaloniki to the giant palace that is now a ferry terminal. Numerous shops and cafés line the waterfront.
* The Rotonda or the Church of Aghios Georgios, which is a circular church lacking the classic Orthodox iconostasis. The church is built upon former Roman and Greek pagan ruins.
* Aristotelous Square, extending all the way from Nikis Avenue on the waterfront to the Church of Panayia Halkeion. The square, shaped like a bottle, is lined with tall archondika, or mansions of the rich, that have now been converted to shops and hotels. A large park lies at the north end of the square, and Thessaloniki's thriving old market is just one block away to the east and west.
* The area surrounding the Church of Aghia Sofia, also located in the city centre, includes the large church and paved alleyways that make the few blocks around it famous.
* The extensive Byzantine walls of the Upper City (Ano Poli) and kastro.
* The Kyvernion (little Palace); former residence of the King and Queen of Greece; in the Karabournaki area, in Eastern Thessaloniki
* The modern Concert Hall of Thessaloniki in the East side of the city, near the Posidonion sports center.
* Thessaloniki Intemational Trade Fair held every September, organised by Helexpo.

Museums

* Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki (Museo Djudio de Salonik)
* Macedonian Museum of Contemporary Art
* State Museum of Contemporary Art, Thessaloniki housing an important collection of 1275 Russian avant-garde works of art, collected by George Costakis
* Macedonia-Thrace Folklore and Ethnological Museum, housed in the G. Modiano Mansion
* Museum of Byzantine Culture
* Thessaloniki Archaeological Museum
* Thessaloniki Cinema Museum
* Thessaloniki Museum of the Macedonian Struggle
* Thessaloniki Sports Museum
* Water Museum of Thessaloniki
* White Tower of Thessaloniki, museum and monument
* Thessaloniki Science Center and Technology Museum
* Thessaloniki Museum of Photograpy
* Teloglion Foundation of Art

Archaeological sites

Part of the Hippodrome

* Crypt of Aghios Demetrios
* Agia Paraskevi, Thessaloniki, archaic cemetery
* The Ancient Agora of Thessaloniki
* Monastery of Latomos at Thessaloniki
* The Roman Palace and Hippodrome

Hospitals & Medical Centers

* Interbalkan Medical Center
* AHEPA University Hospital
* Papageorgiou Hospital
* Papanicolaou Hospital
* Hipokration Hospital of Thessaloniki
* George Gennimatas Hospital
* St. Demetrius Hospital

Monuments

Agia Sofia.

* The Arch and Tomb of Galerius
* The extensive city walls
* Trigonian Tower and the Castra area
* The ancient Agora
* The Rotunda
* The Roman Palace and Hippodrome
* The church of Agia Sofia

Demographics

Population Data

Population of the Municipality of Thessaloniki.

Year	Population	Change
1981	406,413	-
1991	383,967	-22,446/-5.52%
2001	363,987	-19,980/-5.20%

Although the population of the Municipality of Thessaloniki (table above) has declined in the last two censuses, the metropolitan area's population is still growing, as people are moving to the suburbs.

The Jews of Thessaloniki

The colourful shopfronts of the Ladadika which used to be the Jewish quarter

Thessaloniki's Jewish community, was largely of Sephardic background, but also included the historically significant and ancient Romaniote community. Thessaloniki's Jewish community, during the city's occupation by the Turks, comprised more than half of the city's population until the early 1900s (in 1912 Turkish occupation ended by the Greek Army that liberated the city), and Jews were dominant in commerce in the city and the region. As a result of the Jewish influence on the city, many non-Jewish inhabitants of Thessaloniki spoke Ladino, the language of the Sephardic Jews, and the city virtually shut down on Saturday, the Jewish Sabbath http://www.ce-review.org/00/4/daskalovski4.html.

The beginning of the end for the Jewish community of Thessaloniki came after the great fire of 1917, when 50,000 Jews were left homelesshttp://www.jmth.gr/web/thejews/pages/pages/history/pages/his1.htm. The Greek government, which had controlled Thessaloniki since 1912, enacted laws to Hellenize the city, and prevented many Jews from returning to their homes in the city (although it did compensate them for their losses). This caused many Jews to emigrate to the United States, Europe and Alexandria, Egypt. In 1922, a law preventing trading on Sunday (but not on Saturday,according to christian customs) caused further financial stress on the Jewish merchants, and yet further Jews emigrated.

Thessaloniki's Jewish community, continued to play an important role in the city up until the city was occupied by the Nazis in World War II. The Nazis murdered approximately 96% of Thessaloniki's Jews in the Holocaust, effectively ending the Jewish community of Thessaloniki.

Today, fewer than 1,000 Jews remain in Thessaloniki, although there are communities of Thessaloniki Jews in the United States and Israel.

Jewish Population of Thessalonikihttp://www.jmth.gr/web/thejews/pages/pages/history/pages/his.htm

Year	Total Population	Jewish Population	Jewish Percentage
1842	70,000	36,000	51%
1870	90,000	50,000	56%
1882/84	85,000	48,000	56%
1902	126,000	62,000	49%
1913	157,889	61,439	39%
1943	align="right" |53,000	-	2000	363,987	1,000	0%

Economy

Thessaloníki is a major port city [1] and an industrial and commercial center. The city's industries produce refined oil, steel, petrochemicals, textiles, machinery, flour, cement, pharmaceuticals, and liquor. The city is also a major transportation hub for the whole of southeastern Europe, carrying, among other things, trade to and from the newly capitalist countries of the region. Most people in the city are employed in small businesses. Official unemployment rates for 2002 were 10%, however the real figure is considered to be much lower.

Festivals

Thessaloniki International Trade Fair

The Thessaloniki International Trade Fair has a long history that dates back to 1926. It is hosted every September for 10 days at the 180,000 m² Thessaloniki International Exhibition Centre, in the heart of the city. It's organised by HELEXPO, which also organises themed exhibitions and congresses throughout the year. The International Trade Fair is inaugurated by the Prime Minister and attended by more than 300,000 visitors every year.

Thessaloniki International Film Festival

Thessaloniki International Film Festival hoarding

The Thessaloniki International Film Festival has become the Balkans' primary showcase for the work of new and emerging filmmakers, as well as the leading film festival in the region. The event features the International Section, the panorama of Greek films, the New Horizons program, the Balkan Survey, and numerous retrospectives and tributes to leading figures in the world of film.

Thessaloniki Documentary Festival

The Thessaloniki Documentary Festival, launched in March 1999, was inspired by Dimitri Eipides. It has benefited from the local public's enthusiastic response -22.000 plus admissions were registered last year (2005)- and from the extensive coverage in the local and international press. The main programme is foccusing on documentaries that explore the social and cultural developments in the world, introducing at the same time a number of new side sections and events based on important works by new documentarists. Films of the main programme will be candidates for the FIPRESCI and also the AUDIENCE AWARDS.

The Festival attracts a film-going public which discovers, year after year, images of the new century, new film ecritures, new directors, new technologies, but also representatives of the film world who find here a reliable organisation, appropriate for promoting their work.The event revolves around the standard sections: stories to tell, views of the world the recording of memory, and portraits but every year's programme is being enriched by several other sections.

The images of 21st Century make a date every March in Thessaloniki with a film-going public that seeks an in-depth reading of the human landscape through a journey into the art of documentary.

Thessaloniki International Festival of Photography

The Thessaloniki International Festival of Photography (Photosynkyria) takes place in Thessaloniki from February to mid-April of every year, attracting the interest both of the photographic world and of the wider public while at the same time functioning as a meeting place for the Greek and the international photographic scene. Photosynkyria exhibitions and events are hosted in a variety of venues around Thessaloniki, such as museums, heritage landmarks, galleries, bookshops and cafes.

Photosynkyria was launched in 1988 by photographer Aris Georgiou and has been organized in the last 5 years by the Thessaloniki Museum of Photography, which annually appoints the artistic director of the festival.

Dimitria

The 3 month long festival of cultural events is held every September-December since 1966. It's named after Aghios Dimitrios (St. Demetrius), that patron Saint of the city, and it has become an institution for the city and very popular with the local population. It includes musical, theatrical, dance events, street happenings and exhibitions. It is organised and overlooked by the Municipality of Thessaloniki [2] and last year it celebrated 40 years of history [3].

Video Dance Festival

The Video Dance Festival started in 2000 at Thessaloniki as an international dance film festival, but soon it widened up to include more kinds of experiment on movement and the moving image.

DMC DJ Championship

The Greek DMC DJ Championship is hosted in Thessaloniki in the International Trade Fair Of Thessaloniki.

DMC's World DJ Championships, sponsored internationally by Technics and Ortofon, has grown through the years and the formats of the competitions have developed along with the demands. Originally meant to be a DJ mixing battle, DJ Cheese in 1986, introduced scratching in his routine, changing the course of the DMC battles. Since that time, the Technics DMC World Champion title has become the most sought after by aspiring DJs and turntablists worldwide.

The only equipment permitted in Technics DJ Championships worldwide are Technics SL1200 turntables and the Technics EX-DJ1200 mixer. The DJs are allowed a period of exactly six minutes to impress the judges.

Communications

Newspapers

*Makedonia-Thessaloniki
*Agelioforos

Radio

* Panorama FM - 98.4 FM
* Star FM - 97.1 FM
* Laikos FM - 87.6 FM
* Mylos FM - 88.5 FM
* Thessaloniki Radio Deejay - 89.0 FM
* Zoo Radio - 90.8 FM
* Ellinikos FM - 92.8 FM
* Heart FM - 93.1 FM
* Radio Thessaloniki - 94.5 FM
* Eroticos FM - 94.8 FM
* Cosmoradio - 95.1 FM
* Athlitiko Metropolis - 95.5 FM
* ERT 3 95.8 FM - public - 95.8 FM
* ERT 3 102 FM - public - 102.0 FM
* Extra Sport - 103.0 FM
* Banana FM - 104.0 FM
* Rock Radio 104.7 - 104.7 FM
* 1055 Rock - 105.5 FM
* City International -106.1 FM
* Safari FM - 107.1 FM
* Republic Radio - 100.3 FM

Television

*ERT3 [4] - division of Elliniki Radiophoniki Tileorasi (ERT)
*TV Macedonia [5]
* TV100
* Apollon TV
* Best TV (local)
* TV Balkania
* Europe One
* Omega TV
* Orion TV
* Panorama TV
* Gnomi TV
* TV Thessaloniki
* Vergina TV
* 4E, Church TV Station

Transportation

Thessaloniki did not have a motorway link until the 1970s. Thessaloniki is accessed with GR-1/E75 from Athens, GR-4, GR-2, (Via Egnatia)/E90 and GR-12/E85 from Serres and Sofia. In the early 1970s, the motorway reached Thessaloniki and was the last section of the GR-1 to be completed. In the 1980s construction begun on the 4-lane bypass of Thessaloniki, which was finally opened to traffic in 1988, running from the west industrial side of the city up to the other side of Thessaloniki to its southeast approaching Thermi and Halkidiki. It has recently been upgraded with new junctions and improved motorway features. The latest motorway expansion was Via Egnatia northwest of Thessaloniki. The construction of the much promised 9.6km long Metro network, will start in June 2006 as was announced by the Minister of Public Works, George Souflias. Works will last around 6,5 years and when completed in late 2012, it will greatly improve traffic congestion in the city centre. Public transport in Thessaloniki is currently served only by buses [6].

The city is a major railway hub for the Balkans, with direct connections to Sofia, Skopje, Belgrade, Moscow, Vienna, Budapest, Istanbul as well as Athens and other major destinations in Greece.

Air traffic of the city is served by Makedonia Airport with both International and Domestic flights. The short length of the airport's two runways means that it can not support long-haul flights, although there are plans for major expansion.

Sport clubs

*Iraklis FC [7] Playing in the First Division. (2005-2006: 4th place)
*PAOK FC [8] Playing in the First Division. (2004-2005: 5th place)
*Aris FC [9] The club is playing in the First Division. (2004-2005: 14th place)
*Apollon Kalamarias [10] The pride of the suburban city Kalamaria, First Division. (2004-2005: 12th place)
*Agrotikos Asteras - third division
*Epanomi (former ILTEX Lykoi,the clubs were merged) - third division
*Pavlos Melas FC - third division

Climate

The city experiences a Mediterranean climate. Those north of Thessaloniki experience a Balkan climate, with cold winters.

Month| style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Jan| style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Feb| style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Mar| style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Apr| style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | May| style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Jun| style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Jul| style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Aug| style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Sep| style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Oct| style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Nov| style="background: #99CCCC; color:#000080;" | Dec
Maximum. [°C]| style="background: #FFFF99; color:#000080;" | 9| style="background: #FFCC66; color:#000080;" | 10| style="background: #FFCC66; color:#000080;" | 13| style="background: #FFCC66; color:#000080;" | 18| style="background: #FFCC00; color:#000080;" | 23| style="background: #FF9900; color:#000080;" | 28| style="background: #FF9900; color:#000080;" | 31| style="background: #FF9900; color:#000080;" | 30| style="background: #FFCC00; color:#000080;" | 26| style="background: #FFCC66; color:#000080;" | 21| style="background: #FFFF66; color:#000080;" | 14| style="background: #FFFF66; color:#000080;" | 10
Minimum temperature [°C]| style="background: #FFFFCC; color: black;" | 1| style="background: #FFFFCC; color: black;" | 2| style="background: #FFFF99; color: black;" | 5| style="background: #FFFF99; color: black;" | 7| style="background: #FFFF99; color: black;" | 12| style="background: #FFFF99; color: black;" | 16| style="background: #FFFF66; color: black;" | 18| style="background: #FFFF66; color: black;" | 18| style="background: #FFFF99; color: black;" | 15| style="background: #FFFF99; color: black;" | 11| style="background: #FFFF99; color: black;" | 6| style="background: #FFFFCC; color: black;" | 2
Rainfall (mm)	40	38	43	35	43	30	22	20	27	45	58	50
Record temperatures [°C]	20	22	25	31	36	39	42	39	36	32	27	26

Twinnings

(in chronological order)
* Hartford, Connecticut, United States, since May 5 1962
* Plovdiv, Bulgaria, since February 27 1984
* Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, since March 19 1984
* Limassol, Cyprus, since June 30 1984
* Leipzig, Saxony, Germany, since October 10 1984
* Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, Italy, since October 20 1984
* Bratislava, Slovakia, since April 23 1986
* Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, since May 3 1988
* Constanţa, Romania, since July 5 1988
* San Francisco, California, United States, since August 6 1990
* Nice, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France, since March 20 1992
* Alexandria, Egypt, since July 12 1993
* Tel Aviv, Israel, since November 24 1994

See also

*History of Greece
*Jews in Greece

External links

*Municipality of Thessaloniki
*Thessaloniki City Guide
*Thessaloniki Film Festival
*Mapquest - Thessaloniki
*Thessaloniki guide
*www.saloniki.org Thessaloniki
*Thessaloniki guide for visitors
*Thessaloniki Photo Gallery
*Thessaloniki - Old postcards
*Contemporary Thessaloniki
*Map of Thessaloniki
*Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
*University of Macedonia
*Thessaloniki photos - an unforgettable impact

References

* Apostolos Papagiannopoulos,Monuments of Thessaloniki, Rekos Ltd, date unknown.
* Apostolos P. Vacalopoulos, A History of Thessaloniki, Institute for Balkan Studies, 1972.
* Thessaloniki: Tourist guide and street map, A. Kessopoulos, Malliarēs-Paideia, 1988.
* Mark Mazower, Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews, 1430-1950, 2004, ISBN 0375412980.
* Thessaloniki City Guide, Axon Publications, 2002.
* James C. Skedros, Saint Demetrios of Thessaloniki: Civic Patron and Divine Protector, 4th-7Th Centuries (Harvard Theological Studies), Trinity Press International (1999).
* Vilma Hastaoglou-Martinidis (ed.), Restructuring the City: International Urban Design Competitions for Thessaloniki, Andreas Papadakis, 1999.

Notes