Tyne and Wear Metro
The
Tyne and Wear Metro is a light rail
metro system based around
Newcastle upon Tyne and
Sunderland, in the
Tyne and Wear county of north-east
England. It opened in
1980, and in 2002-3 provided 40 million journeys. It is operated by
Nexus, previously known as the
Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive (TWPTE). Nexus also operate a passenger
ferry service at the mouth of the
River Tyne between
North Shields and
South Shields, and several
bus services around the Tyne and Wear area.
|
A Tyne & Wear Metrotrain crosses a level crossing. Although nominally "light rail", the high platforms and full segregation from roads and pedestrians place this system at the upper end of the transport genre that includes street trams. |
The Metro is usually described as Britain's first modern
light rail system. However, it can be considered a hybrid system, displaying elements of light rail, heavy underground
metro, and longer-distance, higher speed
suburban and
interurban railway systems.
The Metro began operating in 1980, but can be considered an evolutionary development, as it was a pioneering system in the use of existing rights-of-way to create a modern rail transit system, linking them with purpose-built tunnels under central Newcastle and Gateshead. Much of the Metro's route was part of one of the world's first electric urban railway systems, which opened in 1904 on passenger lines that were then already well established (see
Tyneside Electrics). The Metro alignment comprises most of two of the world's oldest passenger railways, the
Newcastle & North Shields Railway (Metro between Chillingham Road and North Shields) and the
Brandling Junction Railway (between Gateshead and Monkwearmouth, near Stadium of Light), both opened in 1839, making the Metro arguably one of the world's oldest local
rail transport systems. In the case of Metro's Chichester station, the route of an existing mineral railway was chosen instead of the previous passenger railway alignment, as it passed through a more heavily populated area than the previous High Shields station. This is also the oldest section of the Metro route, dating back to 1834.
With the opening of the
Sunderland extension in 2002, the Metro became the first
UK system to implement the
Karlsruhe model, using track shared with mainline trains on the section between
Pelaw and Sunderland. The section from Sunderland to South Hylton was previously part of the Sunderland to
Durham mainline, closed in the wake of the
Beeching Axe in the
1960s, and was the second Metro segment to be built on a completely disused line, following on from the
Newcastle International Airport extension, which was largely built on the former
Ponteland branch line.
When the Metro first opened, it was claimed to be part of the UK's first integrated public transport system. The Metro was intended to cover trunk journeys, while buses were reoriented toward shorter local trips, tightly integrated with the Metro schedule, to bring passengers to and from the Metro stations, using unified ticketing. Much was made of the Metro's
interchange stations such as Four Lane Ends and Regent Centre, which combined a large parking facility with a bus hub and Metro station; this distinction is no longer emphasized. Some passengers complained that the Metro integration was pursued overzealously, and for example, bus passengers to Newcastle would be forced to change to the Metro in Gateshead for a short trip, rather than have the bus route continue for a short distance further into Newcastle. Integration lasted until
deregulation of bus routes in 1986. However, it is still possible to buy
Transfare tickets which combine a Metro and bus journey.
The Metro has drawn criticism from
environmental campaigners as it does not permit the carriage of standard
bicycles, though there are now storage lockers for these at many stations. Only small
folding bicycles are permitted.
There is an ongoing problem with fare-dodging on the system, mostly due to the lack of inspectors in stations and on trains.
|
The prototype Metro car, 4001, has been restored to its original livery (seen here at South Hylton in 2005). |
The Metrocars owe much to similar
German Stadtbahn vehicles, although they were built by
Metro-Cammell in
Birmingham (now part of
Alstom). Prior to opening, the Metro's two prototypes (numbered 4001 and 4002; they are still in service) underwent several years of testing at the Metro's own test track on North Tyneside, opened in
1975. The track was also used to test cars for the
Hong Kong MTR, also built by Metro-Cammell. However, to accommodate the larger size of the Hong Kong cars, a short aboveground test tunnel had to be demolished. The test track was built on the route of an old mineral
wagonway, and it is now home to the
Stephenson Railway Museum.
The Metro system currently consists of two lines:
*
Green line -
Newcastle Airport to
South Hylton via
Newcastle city centre,
Gateshead,
Sunderland city centre and continuing on to
South Hylton.
*
Yellow line -
St James to
South Shields via
North Shields,
Tynemouth,
Whitley Bay, then looping back on itself and going south via the city centre again to Gateshead, the
Jarrow and
South Shields.
|
A schematic map of the Tyne and Wear Metro system. |
Originally there was also a Red line that ran between
Pelaw and
Benton, and a Blue line that ran between St James and North Shields. Additional trains ran on these lines during
peak hours to increase the service frequency at the busier stations; they also made sense in the context of the extensions that were mooted at the time the Metro was opened. Many of these additional services still operate today, but are now considered Yellow line services.
Before
December 11,
2005 the Yellow line was a route that ran from South Hylton to St James and the Green route ran from South Shields to Airport but this was changed to accommodate a new timetable system. The routing shown above was introduced due to lower than expected passenger numbers on some parts of the Sunderland extension, as well as to streamline operations on the section shared with National Rail trains; as the shared section is now part of the shorter Green line, it is expected that delays along that section by mainline trains will have less overall effect on Metro scheduling.
|
Wallsend station is probably the only station in Britain with signs in Latin. |
*The Tyne and Wear Metro was the first railway in the UK to operate using the system; all its speeds and distances are measured in metric units only.
*
Smoking has been forbidden on the entire system since service began; this was one of the first comprehensive
smoking bans.
*
Wallsend station is probably the only public facility in Britain in which the signage is in
Latin. This is a nod to its location near the
Segedunum fort at the end of
Hadrian's Wall.
*Before tunneling could begin, several disused mineshafts in Newcastle and Gateshead, some of them hundreds of years old, had to be filled in.
*Although the Metro opened in
1980, most of its route was previously part of one of the world's first electric suburban railways, which began service in
1904.
*The Metro could also claim to be perhaps Great Britain's oldest commuter railway and one of the oldest in the world. It incorporates almost all of two passenger railways that began operation in
1839: the
Newcastle & North Shields Railway (Metro between
Chillingham Road and
North Shields), and the
Brandling Junction Railway (Metro between
Gateshead Stadium and
Stadium of Light). Apart from engineering breaks, such as the time required for conversion to Metro, the two lines have been in continual use as passenger railways for over 165 years.
*The very oldest part of the Metro alignment has been in use for over 170 years â€" the section between the end of the tunnel approaching
Tyne Dock and
Chichester, which was part of the
Stanhope & Tyne Railway, opened in
1834.
*The Metro is the first underground train network in the UK to install
repeaters allowing customers to use their
mobile phone in tunnels, an achievement that is being closely watched by the
London Underground.
*The Metro pioneered the playing of
classical music in some of its stations, which had a positive effect on reducing vandalism, as it was thought to drive vandals away. In
2005 the
London Underground began to follow the Metro's example.
*For many years, the Metro was the only rapid-transit system in the world with a "
pretzel" configuration in which a line crosses over itself and trains pass through the same station twice at different platforms, as Yellow line trains do at Monument. It was joined in 2006 by the
Vancouver SkyTrain in
Canada and the
RandstadRail tram system in the
Netherlands.
Toronto had previously experimented with a pretzel configuration in 1966.
*Metro employs the
Karlsruhe model between Pelaw and Sunderland, which means it shares tracks with
heavy rail services, so-called because of its initial use in the city of Karlsruhe where the city's trams also operate on conventional railways lines.
The system opened in stages:
*
11 August 1980 -
Tynemouth to
Haymarket (Newcastle city centre) via
Whitley Bay and
South Gosforth*
10 May 1981 -
South Gosforth to
Bank Foot via
Fawdon*
15 November 1981 -
Haymarket to
Heworth via
Monument and
Gateshead*
14 November 1982 -
St James' to
Tynemouth via
Monument,
Wallsend and
North Shields*
24 March 1984 -
Heworth to
South Shields via
Pelaw and
Jarrow*
17 November 1991 -
Bank Foot to
Airport*
31 March 2002 -
Pelaw to
South Hylton via
Sunderland*
11 December 2005 -
Northumberland Park station
*
11 December 2005 - Altered route:
Airport to
South Hylton/
St James' to
South Shields* Expected
2007 -
Simonside station between Bede and Tyne Dock
|
Alterations to the service introduced by Nexus mean that the Green line now runs to Sunderland and South Hylton rather than South Shields. The Yellow line no longer runs to Sunderland, instead it operates to South Shields. |
Timetable constraints
Since the opening of the Sunderland extension, Nexus found that the standard of service across the Metro network fell. This was mainly due to
Network Rail stipulations requiring metro services to be timetabled at least three minutes apart from the mainline trains at Pelaw and Sunderland. The stipulations mean that it is difficult for Metro services to run to a regular timetable.
Nexus
decided to reduce the number of mainline services between Sunderland and Newcastle from 36 per day to 22 effective from
11 December 2005. This allows metro trains to run at evenly spaced 12-minute intervals throughout the day between Sunderland and Newcastle.
Poor patronage on Sunderland extension
The patronage on the section of the route between University and South Hylton has failed to meet targets. In 2004/5 less than half the passengers predicted to use the service between these two points did so. In addition, passenger numbers have fallen on this section since 2003/4. This has led Nexus to introduce a 50% reduction in services between University and South Hylton, again effective from December 2005. One possible reason for the lack of patronage is that there are only 4 stations outside of the town centre making the extension virtually useless to the vast majority of people who live in Sunderland. Some one who dosen't live in South Hylton and wants to get to Newcastle has to get a bus to the town center and then possibly a metro or train.
From the beginning, the Metro system employed a distinctive
design and
corporate identity, in part to distinguish itself from the decrepit rail system it replaced, but also to match the livery of the bus system then in use. The Calvert
typeface, used for signage and in printed materials, was designed specifically for the Metro by
Margaret Calvert (see [
1]). The corporate identity was revised in
1998, de-emphasizing the Calvert font, and adding the word Metro to its M
logo.
The Metro fleet was initially painted in a two-tone
livery of cadmium yellow and white that matched the Metro station design of the time, as well as the livery of the Tyne and Wear bus fleet until 1986. In the mid-
1990s a new colour scheme was introduced, with Metrocars painted solid red, green, or blue, with a yellow wedge at each end and yellow triangles on the doors. This scheme was modified slightly in
2005, in part to comply with safety regulations (the doors are now solid yellow).
In addition, many Metrocars have carried full-body advertising. The initial prototype, number 4001, has been repainted in its initial yellow-and-beige livery from
1975.
|
Yellow, Green - existing Metro lines run by Nexus. Black - Tyne passenger ferry run by Nexus. Dark grey - proposed extensions on existing rail lines. Light grey - proposed extensions requiring new track. |
The system's newest station,
Northumberland Park, opened on
December 11,
2005. It serves a new housing development between
Shiremoor and the
A19 Holystone Interchange, and is located adjacent to existing track between Palmersville and Shiremoor on the northern loop section of the yellow line. It also acts as a feeder station for Nexus' R19 bus service, supporting Cobalt Park business park, the Silverlink retail park, and North Shields.
A further infill station at
Simonside, between
Bede and
Tyne Dock, has been planned for many years, and is scheduled to open in
2007.
Further plans call for Haymarket station in Newcastle city centre to be renovated as part of an overall improvement of the site; it will include leisure and retail facilities.
There have been many suggestions for further Metro extensions, but none of these are likely to be built in the near future. There are several reason for this. The Metrocars will need to be replaced by around
2015. The Sunderland extension was built without requiring any new trains, but any significant new extension would require new rolling stock.
In
2002 Nexus unveiled
Project Orpheus, an expansion plan that would extend the Metro system by adding new sections using street running, thus changing the Metro into a high-end
tram system. Nexus argued that this would provide a cost-effective way to introduce rail service to parts of Tyne and Wear the current Metro did not reach. The plan listed a number of routes, not all of which were to be built as rail lines; transitional bus services were envisioned that could be replaced by trams as demand increased.
However, the future of Project Orpheus is in doubt, because of the government's present "value-for-money" policies for public transport. This increased scrutiny has affected expansion plans for other light-rail systems such as
Manchester Metrolink, where an expansion scheme was halted even after construction had begun. Critics have said that government policies now overtly favour bus schemes. A Metro link to Washington failed to gain government backing, despite the existence of substantial railway rights of way to both Pelaw and Sunderland; preliminary support was offered only to a
guided bus scheme.
Another project, to remove the last section of single track in the Metro system, between Pelaw and Bede, would cost around 12 million pounds, and would allow freight trains to use the Metro infrastructure. Again, the government has expressed doubts as to whether it considers this would be cost-effective.
As of
2005, there has been discussion of a
public-private partnership to raise the funds necessary to modernize the Metro system.
Suggested extensions
Among extensions proposed at various times, none of which is currently being considered, are:
*
Washington, either via the disused
Leamside Line or a new route. Present planning may lead to the Leamside Line being opened as a conventional passenger rail line instead. The government favours guided-bus service to Washington.
*
Blyth &
Ashington, running on existing little-used freight lines. Northumberland Park station is being built to provide a link to a potential new rail service to these communities; if opened, it will not be a part of the Metro system.
*
Tyne Dock to
East Boldon along one of two dismantled railway alignments could easily be added, as only a short distance lies between two Metro lines. This may be the most likely future Metro extension, but the lack of rolling stock makes it unlikely at present.
*
Killingworth and
Cramlington have been planned since Metro was on the drawing board, but would require widening of the busy East Coast main line to four tracks, which would be expensive, or a new alignment involving street running.
*Newcastle's west end would require entirely new track involving tunneling and bridging in hilly terrain; this would be very costly and is pehaps least likely to receive funding, though would probably have the highest potential ridership.
*
Ryhope, in southern Sunderland, has been mooted as an extension using existing railway lines. This route is shown in the current Project Orpheus plans.
*
List of rapid transit systems*
List of Tyne and Wear Metro stations*
Collection of Google Earth locations of Tyne & Wear Metro stations (Requires
Google Earth software) from the Google Earth Community forum.
*
Official Tyne and Wear Metro website*
Tyne and Wear Transport Group (fan site, with historical and technical information)
