United Artists
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The current United Artists logo (a variant was used during the 1980s). |
United Artists Corporation (aka
United Artists Associated,
United Artists Pictures, and
United Artists Films, Inc.) is a movie studio and a subsidiary of
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc., which is owned by
Sony Pictures. It is currently "branded" as an art-house studio.
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Founders: Fairbanks, Griffith, Pickford, Chaplin |
UA was incorporated as a joint venture on
February 5,
1919 by four of the leading figures in early
Hollywood:
Charles Chaplin,
Douglas Fairbanks,
Mary Pickford, and
D. W. Griffith. The idea for the venture originated with Fairbanks, Chaplin, Pickford, and cowboy star
William S. Hart a year earlier as they were traveling around the U.S. selling
Liberty bonds to help the
World War I effort. Already hardened veterans of Hollywood, the four film stars began to talk of forming their own company to better control their own work as well as their futures. With the addition of Griffith, planning began, but Hart bowed out even before things had formalized. When he heard about their scheme,
Richard A. Rowland, head of
Metro Pictures, said, "The inmates are taking over the asylum." The four partners, with advice from former Secretary of the Treasury
William G. McAdoo (son-in-law of then-President
Woodrow Wilson), formed their distribution company, with
Hiram Abrams as its first managing director.
The original terms called for Pickford, Fairbanks, Griffith and Chaplin to produce five pictures each year. But by the time the company got under way in 1920-1921, feature-films were becoming more expensive and more polished; running times had settled at around ninety minutes (or eight reels). It was soon clear that no one, no matter how popular, could produce and star in five films a year. By 1924, by which time Hart and Griffith had dropped out, the company was facing a crisis: either bring in others to help support a costly distribution system or concede defeat. The veteran producer
Joseph Schenck was hired as president; not only had he been producing pictures for a decade, but he brought along commitments for films starring his wife,
Norma Talmadge, his sister-in-law,
Constance Talmadge, and his brother-in-law,
Buster Keaton. Contracts were signed with a number of independent producers, especially
Samuel Goldwyn,
Alexander Korda and
Howard Hughes. Schenck also formed a separate partnership with Pickford and Chaplin to buy and build theaters under the United Artists name.
Still, even with a broadening of the company, UA struggled. The coming of sound ended the careers of Pickford and Fairbanks; Chaplin, rich enough to do what he pleased, worked only occasionally. Schenck resigned in 1933 to organize a new company with
Darryl F. Zanuck,
Twentieth Century Pictures, which soon provided four pictures a year to UA's schedule. Pickford herself produced a few films, and at various times Goldwyn, Korda,
Walt Disney,
Walter Wanger and
David O. Selznick were made "producing partners" (i.e., sharing in the profits), but ownership still rested with the founders. As the years passed and the dynamics of the business changed, these "producing partners" drifted away, Goldwyn and Disney to RKO, Wanger to Universal, Selznick to retirement. By the late 1940s, United Artists had virtually ceased to exist as either a producer or distributor.
In 1951, two lawyers-turned-producers
Arthur Krim and
Robert Benjamin approached Pickford and Chaplin with a wild idea: let them take over United Artists for five years. If, at the end of those five years, UA was profitable, they would be given an option to buy the company. Since UA was barely alive, Pickford saw nothing to lose and agreed. Chaplin, unfavorable at first, came around after being forced to leave the US permanantly in late 1952 when the US government revoked his re-entry visa.
In taking over UA, Krim and Benjamin created the first studio without a "studio." Primarily acting as bankers, they offered money to independent producers. UA leased space at the Pickford/Fairbanks Studio, but did not own a studio lot as such; thus UA did not have the overhead, the maintenance or the expensive production staff which ran up costs at other studios. Among their first clients were
Sam Spiegel and
John Huston, whose "Horizon Productions" gave UA two major hits,
The African Queen and
Moulin Rouge. Others followed, among them Stanley Kramer, Otto Preminger, Hecht-Hill-Lancaster, and a number of actors, newly freed from studio contracts and anxious to produce or direct their own films. UA production-head
Arnold Picker could do no wrong in selecting the properties which the company would back. With UA's new success, Pickford saw a chance to exit gracefully, though she still held out for top dollar, walking away with $1.5 million in 1955.
UA went public the following year, and as the other mainstream studios fell into decline, UA prospered, adding relationships with the
Mirisch brothers,
Billy Wilder,
Joseph E. Levine and others. In the 1960s, UA introduced U.S. audiences to
The Beatles by releasing producer
Walter Shenson's
A Hard Day's Night (
1964) and
Help! (
1965). At the same time it backed two expatriate Americans in Britain, who had acquired screen rights to Ian Fleming's Bond novels. For $1 million, UA backed
Harry Saltzman and
Albert Broccoli's Dr. No (which was a sensation in 1962) and served as the launching point for the
James Bond series. That franchise has outlived UA's life as a major studio, still running forty years later. Other successful projects backed in this period included
Blake Edwards's
Pink Panther series, which began in 1964, and
Sergio Leone's
Spaghetti Westerns, which made a star of
Clint Eastwood.
Borrowing the idea of financial backing for television,
UA's television division was responsible for shows like
Gilligan's Island,
The Fugitive,
Outer Limits,
The Patty Duke Show, and
thirtysomething. The television unit also had begun to build up a substantial rental library, having purchased
Associated Artists Productions, owners of
Warner Bros. pre-1948 shorts and cartoons as well as Popeye cartoons, purchased from
Paramount Pictures a few years earlier. (See note below at '"The Fall and Slight Rise of UA"' for more on this).
There was also a
record division, later sold to
Thorn EMI.
On the basis of its fantastic string of film and television hits in the 1960s, the company was an attractive property, and in 1967 Krim and Benjamin sold control of UA to the San Francisco-based insurance giant,
Transamerica Corp.
What Transamerica got was not just the UA name and library, but the expertise and experience of Krim, Benjamin and a team of others. For a time the flow of successful pictures continued. New talent was encouraged, including
Woody Allen,
Robert Altman,
Sylvester Stallone,
Saul Zaentz,
Miloš Forman, and
Brian De Palma. In 1973 UA took over the sales and distribution of
MGM's films.
But insurance companies are a cautious, steady business. The ups-and-downs of movie making made them nervous. And then there were the costs; Hollywood has always been based on image, so executives had to be pampered a bit. All of this drove the insurance company crazy. Finally in 1978, following a dispute over administrative expenses, UA's top executives, including chairman Krim and president Benjamin, walked out. Within days they announced the formation of
Orion Pictures, with backing from Warner.
The inexperienced new leadership of UA, anxious to show that they could make quality pictures too, agreed to back
Michael Cimino's pet project, a big-budget western,
Heaven's Gate. After a tumultuous two-year gestation, the picture proved to be a colossal failure, angering critics and alienating audiences. The publicity about runaway costs far overshadowed any appeal the film might have. United Artists recorded a major loss for the year; to Transamerica, it was only a blip on a multi-billion dollar balance sheet, but it soured the relationship forever. To the greater Hollywood community, it also signalled that this was a company that could no longer produce pictures. Within a year, UA was sold to Kirk Kerkorian, who merged it into his MGM. Film editors replaced UA logos on all prints to remove any reference to former owner Transamerica.
Despite the financial ruin, UA's blockbuster franchise films (Rocky and James Bond) were emphasized more heavily than financial flops.
In 1975, Harry Salzman sold UA his 50% stake in
Danjaq, LLC, the holding-company for the Bond films. UA was to remain a silent partner, putting up money, while Albert Broccoli took producer credit. John Cork, producer of dozens of documentaries for the Bond films on DVD, claims that UA sold this 50% stake back to Broccoli in the mid-1980s. It has also been claimed that MGM/UA kept a distribution deal with Danjaq said to be far better than that given Broccoli and Salzman in 1962.
Under Kerkorian, United Artists became a shell. The studio, which was essentially bankrupt following the disaster of Heaven's Gate, cut its production schedule sharply. MGM and UA were merged into MGM/UA Entertainment Co. from 1981 to 1987. UA was essentially dormant after 1989, releasing no films for several years. In part this was due to the continuing turmoil at MGM/UA; bought by Ted Turner in 1986, he could not get financial backing to complete the deal and, seventy-four days later, re-sold UA and the MGM trademark to Kerkorian, while keeping the MGM/UA library for himself (with the exception of those MGM/UA releases by United Artists). (See below for a note on the film library.)
In 1990 came the farcical sale to the Italian promoter
Giancarlo Parretti; having bought MGM/UA by wildly overstating his own financial condition, within a year Parretti had defaulted to his primary bank,
Crédit Lyonnais, which foreclosed on the studio in 1992. In an effort to make MGM/UA saleable, Credit Lyonnais ramped up production, reviving two long-running franchises, the
Pink Panther and
James Bond films. MGM was sold in 1997, again to Kirk Kekorian. During the 2000s, UA was repositioned as a boutique or specialty studio, while the Bond francise was moved to MGM. UA (re-christened United Artists Films) distributed a few "art-house" films, among them
Michael Moore's
Bowling for Columbine, 2002's foreign-film
Academy Award winner,
No Man's Land, and 2004's
Hotel Rwanda, a co-production of UA and
Lions Gate Films.
On
April 8,
2005, a partnership of
Comcast,
Sony and several merchant banks bought United Artists and its parent, MGM, for a total of
$4.8 billion.
Since then, Sony has said little about UA's future. While Sony announced that the MGM name will continue to be used on selected features, their plans for UA seem unclear. A few pictures in the pipeline at the time of the Sony takeover are being "jointly" released by UA and Sony Classics. These include films such as
Capote and
Art School Confidential. In March 2006, MGM announced that it would return once again as a distribution company. Striking distribution deals with
The Weinstein Company,
Lakeshore Entertainment,
Bauer Martinez and other independent studios, MGM will distribute films from these companies on its own, separate from its partner Sony. However, MGM will continue funding and producing projects that will be released through Sony.
It is unclear where this leaves "the studio of the stars," United Artists. During MGM's slight revival it was mentioned that the UA logo and company will still be used on a limited basis. As of April 2006, United Artists has not announced any new films.
Art School Confidential was released in May 2006 through Sony Pictures Classics. This leaves the long shelved film
The Woods to be UA's only film. It has been said that they hope to release during the last quarter of 2006. UA's website lists
Romance & Cigarettes as a film that they plan to distribute.
1920s
*
Way Down East (1920)
*
The Three Musketeers (1921)
*
Robin Hood (1922)
*
The Thief of Bagdad (1924)
*
The Gold Rush (1925)
*
The General (1927)
1930s
*
City Lights (1931)
*
Scarface (1932, plus
Universal Studios remake in 1983)
*
Modern Times (1936)
*
Dodsworth (1936)
*
The Prisoner of Zenda (1937)
*
Nothing Sacred (1937)
*
Stella Dallas (1937)
*
A Star Is Born (1937)
*
Wuthering Heights (1939)
*
Stagecoach (1939)
1940s
*
Rebecca (1940)
*
The Thief of Bagdad (1940, Korda's version)
*
The Great Dictator (1940)
*
That Hamilton Woman (1941)
*
To Be or Not to Be (1942)
*
Since You Went Away (1944)
*
Spellbound (1945)
*
Red River (1948)
*
Africa Screams (1949)
1950s
*
The African Queen (1951)
*
Moulin Rouge (1952)
*
Suddenly (1954)
*
Vera Cruz (1954)
*
Marty (1955)
*
Night of the Hunter (1955)
*
A Kiss Before Dying (1956)
*
Around the World in Eighty Days (1956)
The Delinquents (1957)
*
Sweet Smell of Success (1957)
*
Saint Joan (1957)
*
Witness for the Prosecution (1958)
*
The Big Country (1958)
*
Some Like It Hot (1959)
1960s
*
Elmer Gantry (1960)
*
The Apartment (1960)
*
The Magnificent Seven (1960)
*
The Misfits (1961)
*
West Side Story (1961)
*
One, Two, Three (1961)
*
Dr. No (1962)
*
From Russia with Love (1963)
*
Tom Jones (1963)
*
The Pink Panther (1963) (plus a variety of sequels and a new prequel in 2006)
*
A Hard Day's Night (1964)
*
A Fistfull of Dollars (1964)
*
Goldfinger (1964)
*
The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965)
*
Help! (1965)
*
Thunderball (1965)
*
The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966)
*
How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying (1967)
*
In The Heat Of The Night (1967) (and later, the 1988-1994 TV series)
*
You Only Live Twice (1967)
*
The Thomas Crown Affair (1968)
*
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968)
*
Yellow Submarine (1968)
*
Midnight Cowboy (1969)
*
On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969)
1970s
*
Let It Be (
1970)
*
200 Motels (
1971)
*
Diamonds Are Forever (1971)
*
The Hospital (1971)
* Fiddler On The Roof (1971)
* Last Tango in Paris (1972)
*The Long Goodbye (1972)
* Live and Let Die (1973)
* White Lightning (1973)
*The Man with the Golden Gun (1974)
* Thieves Like Us (1974)
* One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest (1975)
* Carrie (1976)
* Network (1976, co-prod. MGM)
* Gator (1976)
*Rocky (1976) plus first sequel, Rocky II (1979)
* Annie Hall (1977)
* The Spy Who Loved Me (1977, tenth (10) James Bond title)
* Convoy (1978)
* The Lord of the Rings (1978)
* Apocalypse Now (1979)
* Moonraker'' (1979)
1980s
*
Heaven's Gate (film) (1980)
*
For Your Eyes Only (1981)
*
The Dogs of War (1981)
* Trail of the Pink Panther (1982)
*
Curse of the Pink Panther (1983)
* Rocky III (1982)
* The Secret of NIMH (1982) (plus sequel in 1998)
* Octopussy (1983)
* Rocky IV (1985)
* A View to a Kill (1985) (as MGM/UA Entertainment Co.)
* The Living Daylights (1987)
* Child's Play (1988)
* I'm Gonna Git You Sucka (1988)
* Rain Man (1988)
* All Dogs Go to Heaven (1989) (plus sequels in 1996 and 1998)
* Licence to Kill'' (1989)
1990s
*
Rocky V (1990)
*
Son of the Pink Panther (1993)
*
GoldenEye (1995) (co-production with
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer)
*
Rob Roy (1995)
*
Showgirls (1995)
*
The Birdcage (1996)
*
Tomorrow Never Dies (1997) (co-production with
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer)
*
Ronin (1998)
*
The World Is Not Enough (1999) (silent partner with
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer)
2000s
The Claim (2000)
No Man's Land (2001)
*Bowling for Columbine (2002)
*Igby Goes Down (2002)
Die Another Day (2002) (silent partner with
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer)
Osama (2003)
Pieces of April (2003)
Hotel Rwanda (2004)
Capote (2005)
The Woods (2006)
Casino Royale (2006) (silent partner with
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and
Columbia Pictures)
The value of film libraries has increased exponentially in recent years, even as ownership gets more fractured. Few studios had the foresight or ability to maintain control over every picture they produced or released. United Artists, through various strategic purchases, built up a substantial film library. Included were rights not only to some of UA's own releases, but to the pre-1948 Warner Bros. and RKO libraries. Having passed through numerous hands, this catalog now belongs to Time Warner's
Turner Entertainment division.
Since UA produced very few of the pictures it released, ownership of UA's output often rests with the individual or company producing. Some UA films of the 1930s, 1940s and early 1950s fell into the public domain, to be picked up by
Republic Pictures (today part of
Paramount Pictures) or small boutique houses like
Castle Hill Productions.
Charlie Chaplin's films, features and shorts, are controlled by his estate.
When she retired from pictures in 1933, Mary Pickford wanted to destroy her films; afraid that they would be laughed-at, she was finally made to see that they would have artistic or historic value, and today rights to all of her films are held by the
Pickford Foundation.
All of the Disney shorts released through United Artists in the early 1930s are owned by
The Walt Disney Company. Rights to
Selznick International Pictures and other later productions from David Selznick are held by
ABC (which is also owned by Disney); of course, this excludes
Gone With The Wind, which was released by MGM and is now owned by Turner Entertainment. The Twentieth Century pictures released by UA between 1933 and 1935 rest with the successor company,
20th Century Fox. The pre-1941
Samuel Goldwyn films released by UA are now held by a company with which Goldwyn feuded for years, MGM.
Most of the Beatles' films are owned by the surviving members of the group, through
Apple Corps;
A Hard Day's Night is controlled by
Miramax Films (another Disney subsidiary), but
Yellow Submarine is held by UA. Rights to Mike Todd's splashy
Around the World in Eighty Days and the UA-distributed
Saul Zaentz films are now in the hands of Warner Bros.
But a good number of United Artists' films from the 1920s through the 1940s, in the public domain, have been forgotten. Of the hundreds of fiilms distributed by UA over eighty-plus years, those which it owns outright today are its own productions from 1951 forward (plus a few pre-1951 films such as
1933's
Hallelujah, I'm A Bum and Howard Hawks's
Red River).
*
United Artists Records*
List of Hollywood movie studios* Bach, Steven.
Final Cut. New York: Morrow, 1985.
* Balio, Tino.
United Artists: The Company Built by the Stars. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1976.
* Balio, Tino.
United Artists: The Company That Changed the Film Industry. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987.
* Berg, A. Scott.
Goldwyn. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988.
* Gabler, Neal.
An Empire of Their Own: How the Jews Invented Hollywood. New York: Crown Publishers, 1988.
* Schickel, Richard.
D.W. Griffith: An American Life. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983.
* Thomson, David.
Showman: The Life of David O. Selznick. New York: Alfred A, Knopf, 1992.
United Artists Television*
United Artists website
