United States presidential election, 1952
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Presidential electoral votes by state. |
The
U.S. presidential election of 1952 took place after over two years of stalemate in the
Korean War and a volatile
economy. Incumbent
President Harry S Truman decided not to run, so the
Democratic Party instead nominated
Governor Adlai Stevenson of
Illinois. The
Republican Party countered with war hero General
Dwight D. Eisenhower and won in a landslide, ending twenty years of Democratic control of the
White House.
Republican Party nomination
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Eisenhower presidential campaign in Baltimore, Maryland, September 1952. |
The fight for the
Republican nomination was largely between General
Dwight D. Eisenhower, as candidate of the party's more moderate eastern establishment (led by
New York Governor
Thomas E. Dewey, the party's nominee in
1944 and
1948), and Senator
Robert A. Taft of
Ohio, the candidate of the more conservative party regulars in the Midwest. The primaries had been split fairly evenly between the two men, and the nomination came down to the wire, but ultimately Eisenhower won the nomination based largely on the perception that he was a sure winner. Eisenhower chose as his running mate Senator
Richard Nixon of California, best known for his pursuit of
Alger Hiss. Other Republican candidates in this year were Governor
Earl Warren of
California and former
Minnesota Governor
Harold Stassen, who had both hoped to emerge as a compromise candidate in case of deadlock between Eisenhower and Taft.
Democratic Party nomination
The obvious candidate for the
Democratic nomination was incumbent President Harry S. Truman. He was still eligible to the presidency in spite of the
1951 passage of the
22nd Amendment â€" which limited Presidents to two terms â€" because of that amendment's grandfather clause. Truman entered 1952 with his popularity plummeting, according to polls. The Korean War was dragging into its third year, Senator
Joseph McCarthy's anti-Communist crusade was stirring public fears of an encroaching "Red Menace", and the disclosure of widespread corruption among federal employees rocked the administration.
Truman's main opponent was Tennessee Senator
Estes Kefauver, who had chaired a nationally televised investigation of organized crime in 1951 and was known as a crusader against crime and corruption. The Gallup poll of February 15 showed the weakness of an incumbent: nationally Truman was the choice of only 36% of the Democrats, compared with 21% for Kefauver. Among independent voters, however, Truman had only 18% while Kefauver led with 36%. [David 37]. In the New Hampshire primary Kefauver won the preference poll 19,800 to 15,927 and all eight delegates, making him the front runner. Kefauver graciously said that he did not consider his victory "a repudiation of Administration policies, but a desire...for new ideas and personalities." Truman soon announced that he would not seek re-election.
The Democratic Party was now largely demoralized, associated with the unpopularity of the Truman administration and lacking any obvious candidates. While Kefauver went on to win most of the other primaries, most states still chose their delegates by state conventions, leaving party leaders in a position to choose the eventual nominee. Besides Kefauver, the leading contenders for the nomination were
Averell Harriman of New York (Truman's pick); Senator
Richard Russell of
Georgia as the candidate of the southern bloc; and Governor
Adlai Stevenson of
Illinois, who emerged as the choice of the mainline party leadership. Other minor or favorite son candidates included
Oklahoma Senator
Robert Kerr, Vice President
Alben Barkley, Governor
Paul A. Dever of
Massachusetts, Senator
Hubert H. Humphrey of
Minnesota, and Senator
J. William Fulbright of
Arkansas.
Governor Adlai Stevenson had repeatedly declined to run but was eventually drafted as the Democratic nominee on the strength of his eloquent keynote speech at the convention.
On the first ballot, Kefauver was in the lead, receiving 340 votes to Stevenson's 273, Russell's 268, and Harriman's 123. But as favorite son candidates dropped out, Stevenson began to close, and on the third ballot he was boosted when Harriman dropped out and threw his support to Stevenson. To placate the south at the nomination of a northern liberal, conservative
Alabama Senator
John J. Sparkman was chosen as Stevenson's running mate.
Campaign
Eisenhower campaigned by attacking Korea, Communism and Corruption--that is, the failures of the outgoing Administration, and promising to go to
Korea and resolve the war. His enormous popularity as a
World War II commander made him the leader throughout the campaign.
Both campaigns made use of television ads. A notable ad for "Ike" Eisenhower was an issue-free feel-good
animated cartoon with a soundtrack song by
Irving Berlin called
I Like Ike.
One notable event of the campaign was a scandal that emerged when Vice Presidential candidate
Nixon was accused of receiving various undeclared gifts from wealthy contributors. It must here be said that the democratic presidential nominee Adlai Stevenson had problems with his own campaign contributions. For a while it appeared that Nixon might be dropped from the campaign, but he gave a tearful televised speech (the "
Checkers Speech") in which he defended his political expenses and told the public about a dog named "Checkers" that he had received from a contributor, and how much his children loved it. This speech defused the issue and recovered Nixon's support.
The election was held on
November 4,
1952, and Eisenhower won a decisive victory, sweeping every region but the South.
Results
Source (Popular Vote): Source (Electoral Vote): *
President of the United States*
U.S. Senate election, 1952*
History of the United States (1945-1964)* Paul T. David;
Presidential Nominating Politics in 1952 . Volume: 1954. v1 is summary; vol 2-5 detail every state
*
*
1952 popular vote by counties*
1952 State-by-state Popular vote*
The Decision Not to Run in 1952, an excerpt from a Truman biography from a
University of Virginia*
The Living Room Candidate: Presidential Campaign Commercials: 1952â€"2004
