Vegetius
Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus was a celebrated military writer of the
4th century. Nothing is known of his life, station and military experience.
His treatise,
Epitoma rei militaris (also referred to as
De Re Militari), was dedicated to the reigning emperor (possibly
Theodosius the Great ). His sources, according to his own statement, were
Cato,
Cornelius Celsus,
Frontinus,
Paternus and the imperial constitutions of
Augustus,
Trajan and
Hadrian.
The first book is a plea for army reform, and vividly portrays the military decadence of the late empire. The third contains a series of military maxims which were (rightly enough, considering the similarity in the military conditions of the two ages) the foundation of military learning, for every European commander, from
William the Silent to
Frederick the Great. When the
French Revolution and the "nation in arms" came into history, we hear little more of Vegetius. Some of the maxims may be mentioned here as illustrating the principles of a war for limited political objects with which he deals:
*"All that is advantageous to the enemy is disadvantageous to you, and all that is useful to you, damages the enemy"
*"No man is to be employed in the field who is not trained and tested in discipline"
*"It is better to beat the enemy through want, surprises and care for difficult places (i.e. through manoeuvre) than by a battle in the open field"
*"Let him who desires peace prepare for war."
These are maxims that have guided the leaders of professional armies in all countries and at all times, as witness the Chinese generals
Sun and
Wu. His "seven normal dispositions for battle," once in honour amongst European students of the art of war, are equally useful if applied to more modern conditions. His book on siegecraft is important as containing the best description of late empire and medieval siege matters, etc., and from it amongst other things we learn details of the siege engine called onager, which afterwards played a great part in sieges. The fifth book is an account of the material and personnel, of the Roman navy.
In manuscript, Vegetius's work had a great vogue from the first, and its rules of siegecraft were much studied in the middle ages. It was translated into English, French (Jean de Meun and others), Italian (
Bono Giamboni and others), Catalan, Spanish, Czech and Yiddish before the invention of printing. The first printed editions are assigned to Utrecht (1473), Cologne (1476), Paris (1478), Rome (in
Veteres de re mil. scriptores, 1487), and Pisa (1488). A German translation by Ludwig Hohenwang appeared at Ulm in 1475. Vegetius's position as the premier military critic was thenceforward assured. As late as the
18th century we find so eminent a soldier as
Marshal Puysegur basing his own works on this acknowledged model, and the famous
Prince de Ligne wrote
"C'est un livre d'or." The more reliable modern edition is that of Michael D. Reeve (Oxford, 2004). An English version through the French was published by
Caxton in 1489. For a detailed critical estimate of Vegetius's works and influence see Max Jahns,
Gesch. der Kriegswissenschaften, i. 109-125.
An English translation of
De Re Militari by Lieutenant John Clarke (1767) is available online #
The Military Institutions of the Romans (De Re Militari)#
The Military Institutions of the Romans (De Re Militari)#
"MILITARY MATTERS"
