Vertisol
In both the
FAO and
USA soil taxonomy, a
vertisol is a soil in which there is a high content of expanding and shrinking
clay known as
montmorillonite that forms deep cracks in certain seasons or years. This shrinking and swelling causes
self-mulching, where the soil material consistently mixes itself, causing vertisols to have an extremely deep
A horizon and no
B horizon. (A soil with no B horizon is called an
A/C soil). This heaving of the underlying material to the surface often creates microrelief known as
gilgai.
Vertisols typically form from highly
basic rocks such as
basalt in climates that are seasonally humid or subject to erratic
droughts and
floods. Depending on the parent material and the climate, they can range from grey or red to the more familiar deep black (known as
black earths in
Australia).
Vertisols are found between 50° N and 45° S of the
equator. Major areas where vertisols are dominant are eastern Australia (especially inland
Queensland and
New South Wales), the
Deccan Plateau of India, southern
Sudan and adjacent
Chad (the
Gezira), and the lower
Parana River in South America. Other areas where vertisols are dominant include southern
Texas and adjacent
Mexico, northeast
Nigeria,
Thrace, and parts of eastern
China.
In their natural state, vertisols are covered with
grassland or grassy
woodland. The heavy texture and unstable behaviour prevents
forest from growing.
The shrinking and swelling of vertisols can damage buildings and roads, leading to extensive subsidence. Vertisols are generally used for grazing of
cattle or
sheep. It is not unknown for livestock to be injured through falling into cracks in dry periods. However, the shrink-swell activity allows rapid recovery from compaction.
When
irrigation is available, crops such as
cotton,
wheat,
sorghum and
rice can be grown. Vertisols are especially suitable for rice because they are almost impermeable when saturated. Rainfed farming is very difficult because vertisols can be worked only under a very narrow range of moisture conditions: they are very hard when dry and very sticky when wet. However, in Australia, vertisols are highly regarded, because they are the only soils that are not always acutely deficient in available
phosphorus. Some, known as
crusty vertisols, have a thin, hard crust when dry that can persist for 2 to 3 years before they have crumbled enough to permit seeding.
In the USA soil taxonomy, vertisols are subdivided into:
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Aquerts: Vertisols which are subdued aquic conditions for some time in most years and show redoximorphic features are grouped as Aquerts. Because of the high clay content the permeability is slowed down and aquic conditions are likely to occur. In general, when precipitation exceeds evapotranspiration ponding may occur. Under wet soil moisture conditions iron and manganese is mobilized and reduced. The manganese may be partly responsible for the dark color of the soil profile.
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Cryerts (
not classified as vertisols in the FAO classification): They have a cryic soil temperature regime. Cryerts are most extensive in the grassland and forest-grassland transitions zones of the Canadian Prairies and at similar latitudes in the Soviet Union.
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Xererts: They have a thermic, mesic, or frigid soil temperature regime. They show cracks that are open at least 60 consecutive days during the summer, but are closed at least 60 consecutive days during winter. Xererts are most extensive in the eastern Mediterranean and parts of California.
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Torrerts: They have cracks that are closed for less than 60 consecutive days when the soil temperature at 50 cm is above 8°C. These soils are not extensive in the U.S., and occur mostly in west Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and South Dakota, but are the most extensive suborder of Vertisols in Australia.
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Usterts: They have cracks that are open for at least 90 cumulative days per year. Globally, this suborder is the most extensive of the Vertisols order, encompassing the Vertisols of the tropics and monsoonal climates in Australia, India, and Africa. In the U.S. the Usterts are common in Texas, Montana, Hawaii, and California.
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Uderts: They have cracks that are open less than 90 cumulative days per year and less than 60 consecutive days during the summer. In some areas, cracks open only in drought years. Uderts are of small extent globally, being most abundant in
Uruguay and eastern
Argentina, but also found in parts of
Queensland and the "Black Belt" of
Mississippi and
Alabama.
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PedogenesisPedology (soil study)Soil classification
