Voice (phonetics)
In
phonetics,
voice or
voicing is one of the three major parameters used to describe a sound, along with
place of articulation and
manner of articulation. It is usually treated as a binary parameter with sounds being described as either
voiceless (
unvoiced) or
voiced, although in fact there can be degrees of voicing (see below).
A voiced sound is one in which the
vocal cords vibrate, and a voiceless sound is one in which they do not. Voicing is the difference between pairs of sounds such as and in English. If one places the fingers on the voice box (ie the location of the
Adam's apple in the upper throat), one can feel a
vibration when one pronounces
zzzz, but not when one pronounces
ssss. (For a more detailed, technical explanation, see
phonation.)
Vowels are usually voiced.
Consonants may be voiced or unvoiced.
| Voiceless consonant | Voiced equivalent | | |
| |
| |
| (church) | (judge) |
| |
| (thistle, thigh) | (them, thy) |
| |
| (pressure, Aleutian [in some dialects]) | (pleasure, allusion) |
Consonants which commonly come in voiced and voiceless pairs like these are called '
obstruents'. Voiceless consonants are usually articulated more strongly than their voiced counterparts, because in voiced consonants, the airflow energy used in pronunciation is split between the laryngeal vibration and the oral articulation.
The
IPA diacritic for voicelessness is the under-ring, . This is used where no separate symbol is available, for example for voiceless vowels.
Vowels may be voiceless, usually
allophonically. For example, the
Japanese word
sukiyaki is pronounced . This may sound like to an English speaker, but the lips can be seen compressing for the . Something very similar happens in English with words like
peculiar and
particular.
Beside the pairs of voiceless and voiced 'obstruent' consonants given above, other voiced sounds in English are the
nasals, i.e. ; the
approximants, i.e. (the last spelled
); and the vowels. These sounds are called sonorants. Distinctive voiceless sonorants do occur, but are relatively rare.
In most languages, the difference between and is that are voiced, while are not. However, in English, the main distinction is not that are voiced, but rather that are aspirated. That is, they differ in when voicing starts. In most English dialects, are partially voiceless in some environments, such as word initially. In fact, after an , the contrast between and is lost; when a child learning English has acquired voicing distinctions, but not yet acquired the clusters , the child's pronunciation of spy, sty, sky sounds to an adult like buy, die, guy.There are two variables to degrees of voicing: intensity (discussed under phonation), and duration (discussed under voice onset time). When a sound is described as "half voiced" or "partially voiced", it is not always clear whether that means that the voicing is weak (low intensity), or if the voicing only occurs during part of the sound (short duration). In the case of English, it is the latter.*Phonation
*Voice onset time
*Manner of articulation
*Place of articulation
