Welfare (financial aid)
This article is about financial assistance paid by government organizations. For other uses of term welfare, see welfare.For the means-tested benefit in the United Kingdom, see Income Support.Welfare is financial assistance paid by the
government to certain entities or groups of people who are unable to support themselves alone, or are perceived by the government to be able to function more effectively with financial assistance. Some welfare is general, while some are specific and can only be invoked under certain circumstances, such as a
scholarship. Welfare can be given to both individuals, or be given to
companies or entities, which take place as
corporate welfare.
Reasons for individuals being unable to support themselves alone might be
unemployment,
disability, lack of
education,
substance abuse,
laziness, among others. Assistance may also take form of other relief, such as
tax credits for working mothers. Welfare is known by a variety of names in different countries, all with the fundamental purpose of providing an economic or
social safety net for disadvantaged members of society. Almost all
developed nations provide some kind of safety net of this kind; the governments of those nations where this is especially prominent are known as
welfare states.
The desired outcome and purpose of welfare varies. For individual welfare for the non-disabled, the purpose of welfare often is to provide those who require financial assistance in order to attain a higher income in the first place, especially for those who are perceived to be stuck in the
cycle of poverty. The justification for financial assistance to such individuals often cites the requirement for existing financial resources in order to attain
tertiary education that would allow individuals to gain more income, and thereby get out of welfare eventually. Welfare for the disabled, in contrast, does not eventually expect non-dependency, and the justification is more
philosophical. Welfare may be given to entities as corporate welfare in order to provide
capital to
industry are perceived by the government to need financial assistance in order to survive or to expand but are thought by the government to be valuable industries eventually and will eventually become non-dependent.
Some of these ideal outcomes and purposes, as well as welfare's effectiveness have been challenged by political lobbies such as those who oppose
big government and "forced charity", such as
minarchists or
libertarians.
The amounts paid to individuals are typically very low, and may fall below the
poverty line. Recipients must usually demonstrate a low level of income such as by way of "means testing", or financial hardship, or that they satisfy some other requirement such as
childcare responsibilities or disability. Those receiving unemployment benefits may also have to regularly demonstrate that they are periodically searching for employment. Some countries assign specific jobs to recipients who must work in these roles in order for welfare payments to continue. In the
United States and
Canada, such programs are known as
workfare.
Corporate welfare is supposed welfare on a larger scale for entities and companies. The term is often pejorative, examples of corporate welfare include
See also: Social Security (United States)Welfare is an appropriation of taxpayer money given to a person, business or entity without expectation of goods or services in return. In more direct language, it has been called income redistribution, from the wealthy to the impoverished. It is often accompanied by an admission of dependence on the success of other citizens and their input in the way of taxes or donations. Welfare has many forms and can include personal welfare as well as corporate welfare, which includes subsidies for corporate farms, oil companies, grants for
research in fields such as embryonic
stem cells or
alternative fuels, and grants to institutions such as the
United Nations.
In the United States, personal welfare is normally given to households with children, often headed by single mothers and even these households have only been able to access benefits for a maximum of five years per lifetime of the adult recipient since 1996. Before 1996, United States personal welfare for households with children was first named
Aid to Dependent Children, which was later called
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). In 1996 as part of
welfare reform, AFDC was replaced by
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), which included more limits on the amount of time an individual or family can receive welfare. Since 1996, the
Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), which is arguably not welfare at all in the common United States context of the term, has largely replaced AFDC as the primary anti-poverty program in the United States.
With regard to personal welfare for the individuals without children, most
U.S. states had been providing welfare benefits to single adults and childless married couples since the
Great Depression, but the number of states doing so declined steeply during the
1990s, and many of the states that still provide such benefits use methods other than cash payments to render the assistance. For example, many California counties currently provide only vouchers. At present, only a few states —
New Jersey,
Utah and
Minnesota among them — still provide cash benefits to poverty-stricken adults who do not have child dependents. These programs were often known officially by such names as
Home Relief,
General Assistance, or General Relief.
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Financial aid*
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