Wellington Harbour
Wellington Habour is the large natural harbour on the southern tip of New Zealand's
North Island. New Zealand's capital,
Wellington, is located on the western side of Wellington Harbour. The harbour was officially named
Port Nicholson until it assumed its current name in the 1980s.
In the
Māori language the harbour is known as
Te Whanganui-a-Tara (the great harbour of Tara). A Māori name for Wellington,
Pōneke is often said to be a transliteration of
Port Nick, although this etymology is disputed.
Wellington Harbour is an arm of
Cook Strait, covering some 70 km², with a two-km wide entrance at its southern end between Pencarrow Head and the
Miramar Peninsula.
The harbour is of seismic origin, and a major earthquake fault lies along its western shore. At the northern end of the harbour lies the narrow triangular plain of the
Hutt River, which largely follows the line of the earthquake fault to the north-east. The city of
Lower Hutt is located on this plain.
The central city suburbs spread around the hills overlooking the west and south-west of Wellington Harbour and its two large bays: Lambton Harbour and Evans Bay. Lambton Harbour is surrounded by the reclaimed land of Wellington's central business district and contains the majority of the city's port facilities. Evans Bay is an inlet between Mt Victoria and the Miramar Peninsula that serves as a flight path to low-lying Wellington Airport.
To the east of the harbour lie several small bays, most of which are populated by small coastal communities. The largest of these suburban settlements is
Eastbourne, directly to the east of the northern tip of the Miramar Peninsula.
Three small islands are located in the harbour. To the south, close to Eastbourne, is
Makaro/Ward Island. Further north, close to the centre of the harbour, is the larger
Matiu/Somes Island, to the north of which is the tiny Mokopuna Island.
The entrance to the harbour can be quite dangerous, especially since Cook Strait to the south is notoriously rough. Close to the harbour's entrance lies
Barrett Reef, its rocks breaking the water's surface at low tide. It was here in
1968 that the inter-island passenger ferry
Wahine grounded during a storm, with the loss of 51 lives.
During the early years of European colonisation, Port Nicholson became a focus for settlement. The original site chosen for what is now the city of Wellington was at
Petone, close to the foreshore of Lower Hutt. A settlement was established there in early
1840, but the swampy land was unsuitable for development, and the settlement (originally called
Britannia but soon changed to Wellington) was moved to the present site of Wellington later the same year.
