West Florida
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Map of East and West Florida in the early 1800s. |
West Florida was a region on the north shore of the
Gulf of Mexico, which underwent several boundary and sovereignty changes during its history. Parts of the territory were held at various times by
France,
Spain,
Britain, and the
United States (as well as the short-lived
Republic of West Florida and the
Confederate States of America). Eventually the United States assumed control over the entire region, which now forms parts of the
states of
Louisiana,
Mississippi,
Alabama, and
Florida.
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The expanded West Florida territory in 1767. |
West Florida was from
1682 until
1763 divided between the Spanish who held an outpost at Pensacola as part of their Florida colony, and the French, who garrisoned Mobile as part of the French colony of Louisiana. In the treaty negotiations concluding the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) in 1763, Britain received the Spanish colony of Florida and that portion of the French colony of Louisiana lying between the
Mississippi and
Perdido rivers and north of
Lake Pontchartrain. (The French transferred the remainder of Louisiana to Spain by a separate treaty.) The British reorganized this territory into the provinces of
East Florida, which consisted of most of the present
U.S. state of
Florida, and West Florida, bounded by the Mississippi River and
Lake Pontchartrain in the west, by the 31st parallel on the north and the
Apalachicola River on the east. The British capital of West Florida was in Pensacola]].
In
1764, the British moved the northern boundary to a line extending from the mouth of the
Yazoo River east to the
Chattahoochee River (32° 28′ north latitude), consisting of approximately the lower third of the present states of
Mississippi and
Alabama. In the
1783 Treaty of Paris, which ended the
American Revolutionary War, the British ceded both Florida provinces back to Spain (see
Spanish Florida), but did not specifying the boundaries. Spain wanted the expanded 1764 boundary, while the
United States demanded that the boundary be at the 31st parallel. In the
Treaty of San Lorenzo of 1795, Spain recognized the 31st parallel as the boundary.
In the secret
Treaty of San Ildefonso of 1800, Spain returned France's Louisiana colony, however the boundaries were not specified. After France sold the
Louisiana Purchase to the United States in 1803, another boundary dispute erupted. The United States claimed the territory from the
Perdido River to the Mississippi River, which had been a part of the old province of Louisiana when the French had ceded it in 1763. The Spanish insisted that they administered that portion as the province of West Florida and that it was not part of the territory returned to France in 1800.
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East and West Florida in 1810. |
The United States and Spain held long, inconclusive negotiations on the status of West Florida. In the meantime, US settlers established a foothold in the area and resisted Spanish control. British settlers who had remained also resented Spanish rule, leading to a
rebellion in
1810 and the establishment for exactly ninety days of the so-called
Free and Independent Republic of West Florida. On
September 23, after meetings beginning in June, rebels overcame the Spanish garrison at
Baton Rouge, and unfurled the flag of the new republic: a single white star on a blue field. This flag would later become known as the "
Bonnie Blue Flag".
The boundaries of the Republic of West Florida included all territory south of the 31st parallel, west of the
Perdido River, and east of the
Mississippi River, but north of
Lake Pontchartrain. The southern boundary was of course the
Gulf of Mexico. It included the lower portions of what is now Alabama; the Mississippi counties of Hancock, Pearl River, Harrison, Stone, Jackson, and George, as well as the southernmost portions of Lamar, Forrest, Perry, and Wayne counties; and the Louisiana
parishes of East Baton Rouge, East and West Feliciana, Livingston, St. Helena, Tangipahoa, St. Tammany and Washington. Despite its name, none of present-day Florida lay within its borders. The capital of the Republic of West Florida was
St. Francisville.
The Constitution of West Florida was based largely on the
US Constitution, and divided the government into three branches: executive, judicial and legislative. The legislature consisted of a Senate and House of Representatives. The Governor was chosen by the legislature. According to the constitution, the official name of the nation was the "State of Florida".
The first and only governor was
Fulwar Skipwith, a former American diplomat who had helped negotiate the
Louisiana Purchase. In his inaugural address, Skipwith mentioned the possibility of annexation with the United States:
"…wherever the voice of justice and humanity can be heard, our declaration, and our just rights will be respected. But the blood which flows in our veins, like the tributary streams which form and sustain the father of rivers, encircling our delightful country, will return if not impeded, to the heart of our parent country. The genius of Washington, the immortal founder of the liberties of America, stimulates that return, and would frown upon our cause, should we attempt to change its course."Reuben Kemper led a small force in an attempt to capture
Mobile from the Spanish, but the expedition ended in failure. The marching song of the West Floridian army included the lyrics:
West Floriday, that lovely nation,Free from king and tyranny,Thru' the world shall be respected,For her true love of Liberty. |
The Republic of West Florida, today divided among three states. |
On
October 27,
1810, parts of West Florida were annexed by
proclamation of
U.S. President James Madison, who claimed the region as part of the Louisiana Purchase. At first, Skipwith and the West Florida government were opposed to the proclamation, preferring to negotiate terms to join the Union. However,
William C.C. Claiborne, who was sent to take possession of the territory, refused to recognize the legitimacy of the West Florida government. Skipwith proclaimed that he was ready to "die in defense of the Lone Star flag." However, Skipwith and the legislature eventually backed down, and agreed to accept Madison's proclamation.
Possession was taken of St. Francisville on
December 6,
1810, and of
Baton Rouge on
December 10,
1810. These portions were incorporated into the newly formed
Orleans Territory. The U.S. annexed the
Mobile District of West Florida to the
Mississippi Territory in
1812. Spain continued to dispute the area, though the United States gradually increased the area it occupied until Spain ceded all of Florida to the United States in the
Adams-Onís Treaty in
1819. The United States organized
Florida Territory, consisting of most of East Florida and a small portion of West Florida, on
March 30,
1822.
The portions of West Florida now located in Louisiana are today known as the
Florida parishes. The Republic of West Florida Historical Museum is located in
Jackson. In
1993, the
Louisiana State Legislature renamed
Interstate 12 through the Florida Parishes as the "Republic of West Florida Parkway."
In
2002, Leila Lee Roberts, a great-granddaughter of Fulwar Skipwith, donated the original copy of the constitution of the West Florida Republic and supporting papers to the
Louisiana State Archives.
*
French colonization of the Americas*
British colonization of the Americas*
Spanish colonization of the Americas* Stanley Clisby Arthur,
The Story of the West Florida Rebellion, St. Francisville Democrat, 1935, paperback, 164 pages (Several copies are available on
ABE); Pioneer Publishing, paperback reprint, ISBN 1885480474 (probably not available)
*David A. Bice,
The Original Lone Star Republic: Scoundrels, Statesmen and Schemers of the 1810 West Florida Rebellion, Heritage Publishing Consultants, 2004.
*I. J. Cox,
The West Florida Controversy (1918, reprinted 1967)
*
The U.S. Takeover of West Florida*
West Florida by Ann Gilbert*
Map of West Florida, 1806*
Historical Background Material for the British Period
