Windmill
Disambiguation: For the breakdancing movement, see Windmill (breakdancing move). |
Pitstone Windmill, believed to be the oldest windmill in the British Isles |
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Farm windmill, Sheridan County, Kansas, USA, 1939. |
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Double windmill and common Aeromotor windmill in Texas |
A
windmill is an
engine powered by the
wind to produce
energy, often contained in a large building as in traditional
post mills,
smock mills and
tower mills. The energy windmills produce can be used in many ways, traditionally for grinding grain or spices, pumping water, sawing wood or hammering seeds. Modern
wind power machines are used for generating
electricity and are more properly called
wind turbines.
Early history
Windmills have been around for at least 1,300 years. The first windmill had vertical shafts and were reportedly built in
Persia around the
7th century AD. Made of six to twelve sails covered in fabric or palm leaves, they were used to grind corn and draw up water. A similar type of vertical shaft windmill can also be found in
13th century China.
In Europe
In
Europe, windmills were developed in the
Middle Ages. The earliest mills were probably grinding mills. They were mounted on city walls and could not be turned into the wind. The earliest known examples date from early
12th century Paris. Because fixed mills did not suffice for regions with changing wind directions, mill types that could be turned into the wind were developed. With some subsequent development mills became versatile in windy regions for all kind of industry, most notably
grain grinding mills,
sawmills (late
16th century),
threshing, and, by applying
Archimedes' screws, pumping mills.
With the
industrial revolution, the importance of windmills as primary industrial energy source was replaced by
steam and
internal combustion engines.
Polder mills were replaced by steam, or diesel engines. More recently historic windmills are being preserved for their historic value, which requires regular use because the wooden machinery is likely to be destroyed by maggots when the mill remains stationary for too long.
With increasing environmental concern, and approaching limits to
fossil fuel consumption,
wind power has regained interest as a
renewable energy source. This new generation of wind mills produce
electric power and are more generally referred to as wind turbines.
In the United States
The development of the
water-pumping windmill in the
USA was the major factor in allowing the farming and ranching of vast areas of North America, which were otherwise devoid of readily accessible water. They contributed to the expansion of
rail transport systems throughout the world, by pumping water from
wells to supply the needs of the
steam locomotives of those early times. They are still used today for the same purpose in some areas of the world where a connection to electric power lines is not a realistic option.
The multi-bladed wind
turbine atop a lattice tower made of wood or steel was, for many years, a fixture of the landscape throughout rural America. These mills, made by a variety of manufacturers, featured a large number of blades so that they would turn slowly but with considerable
torque in low winds and be self regulating in high winds. A tower-top
gearbox and
crankshaft converted the rotary motion into reciprocating strokes carried downward through a pole or rod to the pump cylinder below..
Windmills and related equipment are still manufactured and installed today on farms and ranches, usually in remote parts of the western United States where electric power is not readily available. The arrival of electricity in rural areas, brought by the Rural Electrification Administration (
REA) in the
1930s through
1950s, contributed to the decline in the use of windmills in the US. Today, with increases in energy prices and the expense of replacing electric pumps, has led to an increase in the repair, restoration and installation of new windmills.
In the heyday of the windmill, there were thousands of windmill manufacturers in the United States; today,
Aermotor Windmill is the only manufacturer of conventional windmills left in the USA.
GE Energy, a unit of
General Electric, manufactures windmills for electricity generation.[
1]
*
Renewable energy*
Land reclamation*
List of windmills*
watermill*
windpump*
wind generator*
Don Quixote*
Molinology*
The International Molinological Society*
klopotec*
Windmills at Windmill World*
The International Molinological Society (TIMS)*
All About The American Water Pumping Windmill*
Danish Wind Industry Association*
Mill database with over 15000 mills from all over Europe*
Windmills in province Limburg, the Netherlands*
Norfolk Mills*
Windmills at the ODP
History*Open Directory Project:
Mills*
Windmillers' Gazette*
History of the Traditional American Farm Windmill*
windmillworld: history*
American Wind Power Center - An American water pumping windmill museum in
Lubbock, Texas USA.
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Shattuck Windmill Museum Thirty-nine water pumping windmills used on the plains; located in
Shattuck, Oklahoma*
Illinois Windmills--history and archives for the Dutch windmills in the state.
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How to construct a WindmillTheory*
Theory of windmills*
How Does a Water Pumping Farm Windmill Work?*
Wind Power and Windmills*
A Wind Turbine for pumping water
