Yahtzee
Yahtzee is the trademarked name of a popular
dice game made by
Milton Bradley (now owned by
Hasbro). The object of the game is to score points by rolling certain combinations of numbers with five
dice. The player must roll at least three of a kind of all six die face values (or an equal to or greater score of other combinations so that the total is at least 63 points) to achieve a bonus, and must further attain certain
Poker hands such as four of a kind, full house, and straight. A
Yahtzee is five of a kind.
|
1961 Yahtzee Game Instructions |
The Yahtzee scorecard contains thirteen boxes divided between two sections: The Upper Section and The Lower Section
Upper Section
In the upper section, each box is scored by summing the total number of die faces matching that box and multiplying them by the box number. For example if a player were to roll four "twos", the score would be recorded as 8 in the twos box (4 x 2). If a player obtains or exceeds 63 points, a bonus of 35 points is added to the upper section score. Though 63 points corresponds to three-of-a-kind for each of the six die faces, the easiest and most common way to get the bonus is rolling four (or five) of a larger die number(s) so that not many of the lower ones are needed.
Lower Section
The lower section contains a number of poker-themed combinations with specific point values {
three-of-a-kind (sum all dice),
Four-of-a-Kind (sum all dice) ,
full house 25pts, small
straight 30pts, large
straight 40pts, five-of-a-kind (Yahtzee)
50pts, and chance
(sum all dice) }. Chance often acts as discard box for a turn that will not fit in another category (thus the name), though during a lucky game can be used as another box to place a high score.
Game Play
On each turn, a player gets up to three rolls of the dice out of the cup. He or she can save any dice that are wanted to complete a combination and then re-roll the other dice. After the third roll, the player must find a place to put the score (though can after one or two rolls instead). If the resulting combination of dice will not fit in any unused scoring category, the player must place a "zero" in one of the unused boxes.
Yahtzees and bonus chips
|
Evolution of the Yahtzee logo over time. |
A
Yahtzee occurs when all five dice have the same value during a player's turn. Yahtzee is the most difficult combination to throw in a game and has the high score of 50 points. If a player scores one or more additional yahtzees during the same game, that player is awarded bonus points and given
bonus chips that correspond to each additional Yahtzee that a player rolls. Bonus yahtzees are worth 100 points each. Bonus chips are only awarded for subsequent Yahtzees if the first Yahtzee was placed in the 50pt Yahtzee score box in the lower section. Additional Yahtzees may be used as jokers in the lower section provided that the corresponding upper section box has been filled. For example, if a player rolled out five threes (a Yahtzee in the threes), the player could only use it as a joker in the lower section if he or she already had a score in the "threes" box in the upper section. If the "threes" box was still open, the player must score 15 in the threes (sum of five threes).
(The original game rules released in 1956 contain a discrepancy in this rule. The booklet states that additional Yahtzees must be used as Jokers in the lower section and does not allow for their use in the upper section. However, the booklet also declares the highest possible score as 375 which would require the placement of Yahtzees in the upper section. This problem was corrected when the game was re-copyrighted in 1961.)Each player's total score is calculated by summing all thirteen score boxes. The maximum raw score (without Yahtzee bonus scoring, which is optional) is 375.
Game Played Solitaire
Yahtzee may also be played solitaire with the player attempting to reach the maximum possible score of 375. This form of this game has been solved by computer analysis. The computer program can tell the player what score choice to make for any possible configuration of the dice and for any possible partially filled score card. The program maximizes the player's expected score. Computer programs, however, have not solved the game as it is played against other players.
|
Original 1956 Yahtzee Game |
E.S. Lowe filed Yahtzee as a trademark with the U.S. Patent Office on April 19, 1956. The first commercial usage of the name Yahtzee was a few weeks earlier on April 3. Lowe classified his product as a "Poker Dice Game".
According to
Hasbro, the game was invented in
1954 by an anonymous
Canadian couple, who called it "The Yacht Game" because they played it on their yacht with their friends. Two years later they asked toy and game entrepreneur Edwin S. Lowe if he would make up some sets to be given as gifts to their friends who enjoyed the game. Lowe perceived the possibility of marketing the game, and acquired the rights to the game from the couple in exchange for 1,000 gift sets. This story is expanded by E.S. Lowe in the 1973 book
A Toy is Born. According to Lowe, the game did not initially do well commercially, since the rules and appeal were not easily conveyed in an advertisement. Eventually he had the idea of organizing "Yahtzee parties" where people could play the game and thereby gain a firsthand appreciation for it. The idea was successful, and enthusiasts quickly popularized the game through word of mouth.
However, the overall concept of Yahtzee traces its roots to a number of traditional dice games. Among these are the Puerto Rican game Generala, and the English games of Poker dice and Cheerio. Most notable is the dice game named
Yacht which is an English cousin of Generala. This game is fully explained in
The Complete Book of Games by Clement Wood and Gloria Goddard (1940). This predecessor is extremely similar to Yahtzee in both name and content. The game's rules differ from those of Yahtzee in the following ways
it does not have an upper section bonus,
both straights are a sequence of five (must attain 23456 and 12345),
full house is scored by summing all dice,
there is no three-of-a-kind category, and
the highest possible score is 302. Wood classifies Yacht and a similar three dice game called Crag as sequence dice games.
The E.S. Lowe company sold Yahtzee from 1956 to 1973. During Lowe's ownership, a number of changes were made to the game's packaging, contents, and appearance. Between 1956 and 1961, the game's advertising slogan was changed from:
The Game That Makes You THINK While Having FUN to the new slogan
The FUN Game That Makes THINKING fun! The game and its contents were copyrighted by E.S. Lowe in 1956, 1961, 1967, and 1972. In 1973,
Milton Bradley purchased the E.S. Lowe Company and assumed the rights to produce and sell Yahtzee. During Lowe's ownership over 40 million Yahtzee games were sold in America and around the globe. The game has maintained its populatrity. According to current owner
Hasbro, fifty million Yahtzee games are sold each year.
Over time, the Yahtzee logo has taken several forms. The original version of the Logo was used throughout the entire period that the game was produced solely by the E.S. Lowe company. After 1973, the logo changed various times. This logo is found on the scorecards and the game boxes. (See image of the logos in the "Rules" section above)
Over the time period from the first sale in 1956 to the present day, many changes have been made to the packaging and contents of the game. This is a brief overview of the evolution of the packaging from 1956 to 2004. The dates here denote the latest copyright date on each version of the game. Often the latest copyright date is only stated on the instruction booklet, not on the box. All boxes prior to 1973 only have the original copyright date of 1956. The following gallery exhibits the evolution of the Yahtzee game box over time. The differences in same-date varieties stem from the use of different dice cups (paper cup with rim, paper cup no rim, plain plastic, ridged plastic etc.) and box differences. Click on images for a detailed description of each game.
Image:Yahtzee_1956.JPG|1956Image:Yahtzee_1961.jpg|1961Image:Yahtzee_1967_a.jpg|1967 aImage:Yahtzee_1967_b.jpg|1967 bImage:Yahtzee_1967_c.jpg|1967 cImage:Yahtzee_1972.jpg|1972Image:Yahtzee_1973.JPG|1973Image:Yahtzee_1975.jpg|1975Image:Yahtzee_1978.jpg|1978Image:Yahtzee_1980.jpg|1980Image:Yahtzee_1982_a.jpg|1982 aImage:Yahtzee_1982_b.jpg|1982 bImage:Yahtzee_1982.jpg|1982 cImage:Yahtzee_1996.jpg|1996Image:Yahtzee_1998.jpg|1998Image:Yahtzee_2004.jpg|2004Deluxe edition games have been sold alongside the regular issue games since the early 1960's. They all contain components that are more luxurious that standard game parts. In recent years, a number of collector issue Yahtzees have been sold as well. These editions, which represent a more expensive alternative to standard Yahtzee, are pictured here
Image:Yahtzee_1961_deluxe.jpg|1961Image:Yahtzee_1996_40th_Anniversary.jpg|1996 40th AnniversaryImage:Yahtzee_1997_Deluxe.jpg|1997Image:Yahtzee_2003_Michael_Graves_Design.jpg|2003 Michael Graves EditionImage:Yahtzee_2004_Deluxe.jpg|2004Image:Yahtzee_nostalgia_collection.jpg|2004 Nostaligia EditionImage:Yahtzee_classic_game_collection.jpg|2005 Classic Game CollectionSince the 1970's, Travel Yahtzee has been sold in various forms as part of Milton Bradley's line of travel games. Currently, a zip-up cloth deluxe folio edition is sold instead of the old travel game edition. Various Yahtzee console games have been sold over the years including an early version on the TI-99 4A computer. In 1996, the game was first released to PC and Mac customers. This "Ultimate Yahtzee" CD-rom game contained standard Yahtzee as well as other varieties. There are also several electronic versions of the game such as a handheld
LCD version, and a
cell phone version called
Yahtzee Deluxe, which features the original rules along with several other modes.
|
1974 Challenge Yahtzee with Jack Klugman and Tony Randall |
A number of related games under the Yahtzee brand have been produced. These include: Triple Yahtzee (1972), Word Yahtzee (1978), Challenge Yahtzee (1974), Casino Yahtzee (1986), Jackpot Yahtzee (1980), Showdown Yahtzee (1991), Yahtzee Texas Holdem' (2005), and Yahtzee Deluxe Poker (2005).
The 1970s
TV game show Spin-Off was based on the game. Another, similarly short-lived, TV game show adaptation,
Yahtzee (Game show), was syndicated to local stations during the 1987 season.
*
Kismet has rules almost identical to those of Yahtzee but have dice with multiple colors. Numbers and colors are taken into account when scoring in these games.
*
Red Hot Yott, a game produced by Fundex Games, has rules almost identical to Yahtzee, but with aces being wild. For effect, Japanese
dice, which have oversized, red-colored aces, are used in this game.
*
Poker Dice*
Classic Yahtzee© official Hasbro page*
The Rules of Yahtzee (Sourceforge) page*
Yahtzee alone, against computer or with people online. You can talk with your opponent using net*
Multiplayer Yahtzee against other people online*
Yahtzee to play online (needs registration)*
Yahtzee online with high score lists (needs java)*
Very simple and lightweight Yahtzee (42kb needs flash 6)*
Yahtzee History*
Games with the word "Yahtzee" in the title*
Triple Fun Yahtzee game for Mac and Windows*
Optimal Player and Proficiency Test for Solitaire Yahtzee (on-line)*
h2g2 Yahtzee - The Game Edited Guide Entry*
Yahtzee at Board Game Geek
