AboutConrad Jalowski Expertise I specialize in the Minoan (Eteocretan) autarchy: 3650-1100 BCE of Gortya, Lyttus and Knossus, and its other peripherals; the Peloponnesian War: 431-404 BCE; the Theban hegemony: 371-362 BCE under Epaminondas, Philip II's Macedonian extension to the Grecian ecumene for his despotate from 351-338 BCE, the 'Successors' to Alexander III 'Eupator' of Macedonia: 335-146 BCE, the Carthaginian Oligarchy: (during the Second Punic War: 219-201 BCE), the Roman struggle between Gnaeus Pompeius 'Magnus' and Gaius Julius Caesar: 49-45 BCE, and the campaigns of Flavius Belisarius of the Grecian Byzantine Empire in its early timeframe: 330-610 CE, from the tetrarchy to Basileus Heraclius: 610-641 CE.
Experience Amateur historian of Greek, Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine Studies.
(I have written conjectural emendations on the concepts of empire from apogee to nadir, from apotheosis to subjugation.) Examples: Hellenistic Despotates: 335-146 BCE, the Roman Principate: 27 BCE-96 CE and Dominate: 96-476/1453 CE, and the Libyo-Phoenicians: 814-146 BCE.)
Publications Molloy College Student Literary Magazine
(Subject Matter): Machiavellian Philosophy
Education/Credentials Honors Level Student at Molloy College
(Sophomore College/University Student)= Undergraduate Level
Question Rome's conquest of the Italian peninsula by 264 B.C. can be attributed to: ?
superb diplomacy
a direct policy of expansion
the use of heavy cavalry
Rome's navy
According to the Roman historian Sallust, the republic's decline was due to: ?
a lack of popular democracy
ambition, corruption, moral decline,and self-interest of politicians
pressure from foreign armies
lack of ships
Answer Thank you for the two questions, I am honored to be of assistance.
Question #1):
The Roman Republic's conquest of the Italian promontory by 264 BCE can be attributed to two of the available choices: "superb diplomacy" and "a direct policy of expansion". For the first position, the Romans followed the concept of "divide and conquer" towards their enemies, and the granting of local autonomy and self-integrity of colonized states that were gradually granted full Roman benefits. There are three methods for the granting of citizenship as applied throughout history: "polity", "sympolity" and "isopolity", or the granting of citizenship, the granting of dual citizenship and the reciprocity of citizenship. For "Divide and Conquer" any inimical or hostile coalitions or leagues were pitted against each other resulting in divergent goals, and great confusion and chaos that would allow the Roman Republic to attack its enemies piecemeal. Rome did this against the Latium League, during the Samnite Wars, during the Pyrrhic Wars, etc. Roman enemies were pitted against each other to sow dissonance and discord amongst her inveterate foes. Rome held all of Italy from the Po River to the north to Calabria in the south by 272 BCE after the departure of King Pyrrhus of Epirus and the capitulation of the Tarentines. The colonies of Rome were given political flexibility that made them devoted to Rome for the majority of their relations. The "direct policy of expansion" most resembled 'defensive aggression' with the Romans establishing defensive perimeters and buffer states for the Roman Republic yet viewing any nearby state as a possible threat and becoming belligerent towards that particular state. The Roman policy of expansion was initially not viewed for sheer conquest and subjugation but for the defense from real and/or imagined threats from abroad.
Question #2):
The Roman historian Sallust (Sallustius Crispus) wrote the Histories, the Jugurthine War and the Catilinarian Conspiracy. The answer to the second question would be "ambition, corruption, moral decline, and self-interest of politicians". Roman politicians were contumelious and arrogant as well as avaricious and sped up the dilapidation of Roman civil society. Sallust though desiring to emulate the great Greek (Athenian) historian Thucydides, was more of a moral historian like Plutarch who described history through internal conflicts and factors as opposed to exact and precise recollections of dates and events.
Thank you for the question, I hope this information will help you in your research,
