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About Florence M Rollwagen
(Top Expert on this page)

Expertise
I can answer questions in biology, microbiology and immunology on the undergraduate or graduate level. I can also address medical and health concerns regarding alternative medicine, autoimmune diseases (lupus, MS) liver disease and intestinal problems.

Experience
I have over 20 years experience in research and teaching at the medical/graduate level, and 5 years teaching college biology and microbiology. My expertise is in microbiology and immunology, specifically the biology of cytokines and soluble immune response modifiers. I also carried out original research in blood substitutes and shock/trauma.

Organizations
American Association of Immunologists (AAI) American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Publications
Journal of Experimental Medicine, Journal of Immunology, Cytokine, Shock, Experimental Hematology

Education/Credentials
BS biology 1966 MS biology 1968 PhD immunology 1979

   

You are here:  Experts > Science > Biology > Biology

Questions Answered By Expert  Florence M Rollwagen 
In Category  Biology

SubjectDate Asked

Green Sea Urchins?7/31/2009
  Q: What makes green sea urchins important in nature? and humans?
  A: Sea urchins are related to starfish (Echinodermata) and are important as feeders and as prey. They ...
circadian rhythm7/28/2009
  Q: Is a biological day the same as a subjective day?
  A: Circadian rhythms are sleep/wake cycles that are endogenous to a species. The rhythm is linked to ...
Biology7/28/2009
  Q: does biology help in learning how to clean water, air? i cant decide between molecular biology, and ...
  A: It's possible to get an undergraduate degree in environmental studies which will prepare you for ...
Biology7/28/2009
  Q: does biology help in learning how to clean water, air? i cant decide between molecular biology, and ...
  A: Sorry again, what does "getting rid of" mean? Do you want to eradicate all bacteria? (not a good ...
MS in MICROBIOLOGY7/25/2009
  Q: SIR I AM DOING MS IN MICROBIOLOGY FROM PAKISTAN.CAN WE DO PH.D FROM CANADA,USA,AUSTRALIA OR ANY ...
  A: Sorry, I don't understand what you are asking. I can't speak for Canada or Australia, but in the ...
Mosses?7/25/2009
  Q: I have 2 questions... What are the necessities of life for a moss? and what happens to moss when ...
  A: Mosses, like every other form of life on Planet Earth require two things: a source of energy and a ...
Diet Help7/22/2009
  Q: Recently I have been getting extremely tired after I eat. I can't concentrate and it makes it ...
  A: I'm not a physician, so I can't give you any medical advice. Besides, I don't know anything about ...
Biology7/21/2009
  Q: does biology help in learning how to clean water, air? i cant decide between molecular biology, and ...
  A: A good undergraduate degree in environmental biology with emphasis on biochemistry will certainly ...
microbiology7/15/2009
  Q: I'm Mia. I know that catalase test not done directly on blood agar cause it will give false positive ...
  A: The reason catalase tests are not done on blood agar is that red blood cells (erythrocytes) contain ...
water purification7/12/2009
  Q: what sort of education would i have to get to learn how to clean water, air, hazardous ...
  A: You would probably need an undergraduate degree in chemistry/biology or environmental science. ...
Spider map7/12/2009
  Q: Hai, do you know any "mind map"/"spider map"/"concept map" website for biology subject suitable for ...
  A: The map I like the most is "The Brain" at http://www.thebrain.com/ Others include: Mindjet; ...
How much can a Masters in Microbiology can pay?7/1/2009
  Q: I am a graduate of Microbiology from India,& want to pursue Masters in the same in US.I am not sure ...
  A: A microbiologist with a Master's degree can earn about $40-$60 thousand dollars per year, depending ...
skin and hair color!6/30/2009
  Q: can the environment affect the baby traits,like hair and skin color. as there is a fair blonde ...
  A: Inheritance of skin, hair and eye color are polygenic. That means that several genes contribute to ...
biology6/29/2009
  Q: when human dies,which dies first, heart or mind
  A: When you say "die" do you mean loss of awareness? What I mean is that people can be rescued from a ...
Molecular Clocks6/26/2009
  Q: I'm an undergraduate working towards a degree in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Through my ...
  A: It's true, the use of molecular clocks as evolutionary tools has become more refined over the years. ...
evolution nonsesnse6/26/2009
  Q: a while ago I wrote and you said that there is no evidence of creation at all and that evolution is ...
  A: Kevin: I see you are still asking questions that have no answers. 1. There is plenty of evidence ...
Hello6/23/2009
  Q: What is another name for Megasporangium?
  A: I don't think there's another name. It is part of the female reproductive organs of plants. ...
Biology6/21/2009
  Q: Transcription: During the process of transcription, the information in the DNA codons of a gene is ...
  A: This is obviously a homework question, but I'll send you to a couple of websites that will help. ...
lowering pressure during the drying process6/18/2009
  Q: I would like to know if lowering pressure will decrease the boiling point of water , will this also ...
  A: Yes, lowering the pressure will decrease the boiling point of water. People who live at high ...
Antibody6/15/2009
  Q: outline the hybridoma method for the production of a monoclonal antibody. Thanks a lot
  A: Warm, when are you going to stop asking homework problems? Just look on the internet: ...
bacteria - pilus & plasmids6/11/2009
  Q: I was wondering if there would be a way to develop some sort of vaccine or treatment that would stay ...
  A: Alas, bacteria also transfer genetic material via transduction (transfer via bacteriophage) and ...
microbiology - bacteria biofilms6/11/2009
  Q: Would it be possible to develop some sort of vaccine or treatment that would stay in our bodies ...
  A: Bryan: Bacterial biofilms are almost universal, occurring in nature on rocks, leaves and boats. ...
infectious diseases6/9/2009
  Q: What features of small pox made its eradication possible where as we have made little progress in ...
  A: There are several differences in infectivity between smallpox and the other two. First, human ...
immunology6/9/2009
  Q: Why should an individual be able to reject and destroy grafted tissues from another individual of ...
  A: As you know, the immune system rejects grafted tissue, infectious agents and other foreign material. ...
biology6/6/2009
  Q: What about biology that interest you most and why?
  A: Originally, what interested me was finding things out, how nature worked, and why things were the ...
sponges and plants6/2/2009
  Q: why were sponges once classified as plants?
  A: I suspect that sponges were once classified as plants on two bases: 1. They seem to "grow" in a ...
Shark Studies/Degrees5/28/2009
  Q: Can you tell me which are the best marine biology colleges or universities in Florida and California ...
  A: Although I'm not a marine biologist, I can give you some links where you can get more information. ...
Testing Water5/27/2009
  Q: I am a grade 11 chemistry student. For my assignment i must test the water qualities of two ...
  A: There are many things that can be tested for in water, such as pH, as you mentioned. There are also ...
fungi5/26/2009
  Q: I have a fungus in my lab(I think it's Trichophyton mentagrophytes) which grows moderately slow on ...
  A: Sorry, I can't help with this. Here are a couple of sites you could try: ...
Flaxseed oil and breast enhancement5/25/2009
  Q: I'm not sure if this question is within your area of expertise, but I thought I'd give it a try! I ...
  A: You're right, I really don't know anything about this topic, but I can find out! As far as clinical ...
Immune system response against Cholera5/24/2009
  Q: I would like a detailed description, including sources(preferably Internet or possibly literature), ...
  A: Jack: I'm not sure what you mean by "second and third" lines of defense. Phagocytes and NK cells ...
Immune system response against Cholera5/24/2009
  Q: I would like a detailed description, including sources(preferably Internet or possibly literature), ...
  A: When you ask for detailed responses and scholarly articles from the literature you are asking for ...
Bacteria5/21/2009
  Q: I've seen a lot of commercials about yogurt, that say that it has "10 billion bacteria!" How does ...
  A: The short answer is that they don’t survive, at least not in high numbers. Aside from the acid in ...
bio5/21/2009
  Q: my question is that which one out of these is called as Universal recepient AB positive or AB ...
  A: No: Rh negative has no antibodies against the Rh factor. Rh positive has antibodies against Rh. O ...
Blood Brain Barrier5/20/2009
  Q: I have been searching the internet and my extensive library on nutrition and can not find a list of ...
  A: I don't know of any list of substances that can pass the BBB. The rules for entry are highly ...
Blood brain barrier5/20/2009
  Q: Today in my psych class we discussed the blood brain barrier. We were told the blood is toxic to the ...
  A: Blood, as such, is not harmful, and transmits oxygen and glucose to the brain. Cells in the blood, ...
Effects of salt on canker sores (mouth cares)5/17/2009
  Q: Hope this is not too basic a question. It has been my experience that one of the fastest way to get ...
  A: I'm taking a guess here, since studies on this particular phenomenon have not been done. Viruses ...
E. coli in a nutrient agar5/16/2009
  Q: coli has the color of yellow in a nutrient agar?
  A: If E coli is grown on media that contains lactose, it will have a yellow color. What sugar(s) are ...
Protein Syntesis5/15/2009
  Q: How are scientists able to piece together the process of protein synthesis and the effects of ...
  A: Actually, they do use direct observation. I’m giving you the example of the lactose operon in E ...
agent orange5/14/2009
  Q: My boyfriend just told me his dad was in the vietnam war and exposed to agent orange. He said this ...
  A: I looked for information as well, and asked a few experts I know about your question. As far as I ...
chemoautotrophy5/11/2009
  Q: My understanding is that autrotrophs use RuBiCo to fix carbon during the carbon cycle. To be able ...
  A: One thing that I like so much about answering questions on this site is that people throw me curve ...
Genetics5/11/2009
  Q: structures and one thing I don't understand is where is the shine-dalgarno site on a negatively ...
  A: The Shine-Dalgarno Sequence is a conserved sequence in prokaryotic mRNAs that helps orient the ...
how to make a gud model related to a circulatory system5/10/2009
  Q: sir can you please help in giving me good ideas about how can i make a good bio model of a ...
  A: The first thing to remember is that the circulatory system is a double pump. One pump goes to the ...
Artificial blood5/10/2009
  Q: I am an Army medic and have an interest in artificial blood. How close are researchers to developing ...
  A: Artificial blood Hemoglobin based blood substitutes have been under development by the Army for ...
Experimental procedures for detection of proteins5/9/2009
  Q: question. I am a third year Biology undergraduate student and am trying to get some ideas of how ...
  A: You are definitely running before walking in this question, but no matter, it shows you are ...
Viral integration5/8/2009
  Q: I was just wondering is there an assay or some way to determine where within a genome a retrovirus ...
  A: The virus will integrate anywhere in the genome, but to detect its location, you need special tools. ...
height shrinkage5/4/2009
  Q: Hey, I'm 19 yrs old & around my birthday when which was a little bit over 3 months ago I had a ...
  A: The only solution I can think of is that when you're working out, your muscles were in good shape ...
transcriotion5/3/2009
  Q: Those are the facts that I am sure of: RNA Pol II reads the template from 3' to 5' Direction. the ...
  A: I think this is a question better left to your professor. Because I can’t see your diagrams, it ...
Lactate degradation5/2/2009
  Q: I am a graduate student in maths trying to understand biological process for modelling. My question ...
  A: Although this is WAAAY outside my expertise, I do have a few thoughts, based on my primitive ...
bio4/30/2009
  Q: hi tell me please what is the difference between shoulder and clavicle
  A: Jon: The shoulder is a joint consisting of three articulations: The glenohumeral, ...
bio4/30/2009
  Q: my question is that which one out of these is called as Universal recepient AB positive or AB ...
  A: AB positive is the universal recipient. AB because they have no antibodies to A or B antigens, and ...
Eye color4/29/2009
  Q: I was wondering what would be the outcome if me, hazel eyes (brownish-greenish) had a baby with my ...
  A: Eye color, like hair color is polygenic. That means the color is controlled by several genes. That ...
Biology4/28/2009
  Q: During a class on sexual reproduction, the instructor asked how many sex chromosomes does a neuron ...
  A: Yes, all the cells of the body (except the gametes) have the same number of chromosomes. So a ...
Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase: Flu.4/28/2009
  Q: Can you explain how Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase are used by the flu virus? I understand that the ...
  A: What a timely question! You are correct, the H allows the virus to bind to the cell. Then the cell ...
metabolism4/26/2009
  Q: I am 67yrs old and have always been very skinny (~118lbs 5'10"). When I tell people "I could eat ...
  A: You’re in luck! Recent scientific discoveries have shown that the ratio of brown fat to white fat ...
High School Interview4/25/2009
  Q: This is Britney Sayers a senior at Turlock High School in Turlock, Ca. I am doing a term ...
  A: here goes: 1. Why did you choose this major? ANS: I liked science and the mental discipline that ...
High School Interview4/25/2009
  Q: This is Britney Sayers a senior at Turlock High School in Turlock, Ca. I am doing a term ...
  A: I went to college in 1962, so I'm not sure if my answers will be current. When I went to college, ...
Cells4/23/2009
  Q: I was wondering. What is a large number of cells grown from a single cell. Is it a Bud mutant?
  A: First, I have questions for you. If you're talking about bacteria, a large number of cells growing ...
experimental viral protein question4/22/2009
  Q: I have a question at the end of the chapter that states the following: Borna disease virus produces ...
  A: This one I can answer! Luc is not the only label that can be used to localize proteins. I would ...
Viruses and Latency4/22/2009
  Q: On the molecular level, how do viruses control replication in latency? How do they maintain being in ...
  A: This is a very lengthy and complex subject which can't be fully addressed in this format. I'll give ...
Disk diffusion4/16/2009
  Q: Is the disk diffusion method measuring bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal action? Also in the ...
  A: There's no way to tell if the disc diffusion is bacteriostatic or -cidal until you take away the ...
Interferon methods in viruses4/15/2009
  Q: If a virus can reproduce effectively in a culture of cells that produce interferon, what methods can ...
  A: the cell undergoes activation and protein synthesis, making interferon which will inhibit the ...
Deletion mutants and vaccines4/15/2009
  Q: I have a question in regards to vaccines and mutants. First off, what is a "deletion mutant"? It ...
  A: Jasmine: A deletion mutant is when a part of the genome is lost. It can happen in any organism, ...
enzyme activity units4/15/2009
  Q: I am familiar with enzyme activity units as U/mg, but what is IE/mg? In an article the enzyme ...
  A: Sorry about the delay, I've had a bad cold. Units of enzyme activity are measured in terms of ...
Simultaneously infected cells with 2 viruses?4/15/2009
  Q: My question is somewhat unusual- but I'm curious. I'm currently studying viruses and I was ...
  A: Sorry I was so long in answering it, I have a bad cold. Yes, it is certainly possible to have a ...
beggining of life4/14/2009
  Q: when, scientifically, does the life of an individual begin?
  A: If you mean the life of an individual human, this is a philosophical question, not a scientific one. ...
digestive system4/14/2009
  Q: In gastric bypass surgery, what is the doctor's reasoning in connecting the duodenum to the jejunum? ...
  A: The duodenum is already connected to the jejunum in the normal small intestine. In most of these ...
medical science4/13/2009
  Q: why cancer does not affect the heart cells?
  A: Actually, there is a cancer of the heart called cardiac sarcoma. Here's a link: ...
Spores4/11/2009
  Q: How do spores form? I really don't understand the terns "germination" or "vegetative" cells. ...
  A: Spores are reproductive cells that help an organism survive adverse conditions. They can occur in ...
when the immune system acts a bit too smart?4/9/2009
  Q: No one has been able to answer this Q of mine satisfactorily. I asked an allergy expert, but got no ...
  A: Windy: Yes the onset of egg allergy in adults is indeed rare. In fact a case was written up just ...
Biology4/9/2009
  Q: is inhaling dry ice safe for my lung if I have no lack of oxygen ? and when we inhale it what happen ...
  A: Dry ice is solid carbon dioxide. So inhaling it will give you an increased amount of CO2 in the air ...
genetics4/8/2009
  Q: I have lupus (sle) and I have one eye that is half green and half blue. When I was at the Dr.s for ...
  A: I couldn't find anything about a link between eye color and lupus either. I did find some ...
planaria4/7/2009
  Q: I am trying to see if there is a way of raising the blood pressure of planaria? I have been reading ...
  A: Natasha: I admire your attempt to do experiments at home. But before you start, make sure you have ...
Dictyosetlium Discoideum4/7/2009
  Q: I'm having a problem trying to figure out if "Dicty" is an organism or a group of cooperating cells? ...
  A: "Dicty" is classified as a social amoeba. It is free living, but when starved it forms a ...
planaria4/7/2009
  Q: I am trying to see if there is a way of raising the blood pressure of planaria? I have been reading ...
  A: Alas, you cannot do this experiment. Planaria don't have circulatory systems or hearts. I don't ...
Bacteria in broth4/6/2009
  Q: I've been reading some of the old questions and answers in your pages. I've always had a weird Q ...
  A: Windy: I often say to my students that there are no stupid questions, only the ones you don't ask. ...
biology4/2/2009
  Q: why do you think that you can perceive some sounds as loud and others as very soft
  A: Sound is carried by the movement of air compressions. If there is a loud sound, the air moves a ...
microbiology3/31/2009
  Q: I am a student, doing my 4th semester project. I study (M. Sc) biotechnology in India.We're working ...
  A: Windy: As I said, I'm not an expert on this subject. But I'll give you the information I have. I ...
Can bacteria convert milk to "butter"?3/30/2009
  Q: I've heard that bacteria can easily digest and metabolize carbohydrates and proteins but cannot ...
  A: An interesting question, but based on a false premise. Bacteria can indeed metabolize (synthesize ...
bio3/29/2009
  Q: would the diagnosis of turners syndrome in a single cell zygote necessarily mean that every cell of ...
  A: In Turner's syndrome (45, XO) an error in gametogenesis results in a sperm or egg missing an X ...
Glycolysis3/26/2009
  Q: Is glycolysis an ancient method for extract energy from molecules?
  A: Scientists think that the atmosphere of the early Earth was reducing (without oxygen). In that kind ...
Biology3/26/2009
  Q: How many moles of water are produced during dehydration synthesis of 3 moles of lysozyme a protein ...
  A: The answer to your question is in the synthesis of lysozyme. As you know, a dehydration synthesis ...
Microbiology: Enviromental Sample3/25/2009
  Q: I have an enviromental sample of bacteria from dog saliva. I have checked the Bergey manaual to ...
  A: To identify environmental bacteria all the way to genus and species is a big job, and I admire your ...
Different Eyes3/24/2009
  Q: I have two different color eyes and I was wondering how that happened. I have one hazel eye and one ...
  A: This condition is called heterochromia (hetero = different, chromia = color). It is an uncommon ...
Microbiology3/24/2009
  Q: What would happen if you underdecolorize a gram positive organism? And the same question for gram ...
  A: If, by "undercolorize" you mean you didn't leave the crystal violet on long enough, you would get a ...
fats3/23/2009
  Q: why fats are not transported directly in blood?
  A: Fats cannot be transported in directly in blood because blood is mostly water. Oil and water don't ...
Human Biology3/22/2009
  Q: Question Steroid and non-steroid hormones differ in how they affect target cells. How do they ...
  A: OK, I'll get you started. But you really need to use the information in your textbook (helpfully ...
worms3/22/2009
  Q: Found your site by looking for info.on the net.Like Mary,I also have 'worms'around my bathroom ...
  A: There is no way to tell what these worms are without actually seeing them. My advice is to take one ...
Human Biology3/21/2009
  Q: Question Steroid and non-steroid hormones differ in how they affect target cells. How do they ...
  A: Trust me on this, there are entire courses on just that subject. Scientists spend 40 years studying ...
Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum3/21/2009
  Q: How can Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum be controlled/destroyed?
  A: Both these organisms can be transmitted by water. The best way to prevent infection is to drink ...
Question about Gram stains?3/21/2009
  Q: I am trying to figure out the effect of a gram stain if you reversed the crystal violet and the ...
  A: The purpose of the Gram stain is to differentiate various kinds of bacteria for identification. It ...
Physical Contact - Carcinogen3/20/2009
  Q: I am a biology student. I was working a little after lab this evening, and I came into physical ...
  A: Do you know what carcinogen it was? Also how did you contact it? Breathing, eating, skin exposure? ...
bio3/20/2009
  Q: what does all matter compose of?
  A: All matter is composed of atoms. There are many kinds of atoms, for example, oxygen, carbon, ...
science3/18/2009
  Q: A group of tissues working together as a unit for a particular purpose in the body is called what?
  A: It's obvious you're taking an anatomy class. This really isn't the site for homework questions. ...
DNA3/18/2009
  Q: I have an extra credit project in my Biology class to come up with 10 questions about DNA and ask an ...
  A: This is a little odd, but I'll try to answer and to give you a link so you can research further. ...
biology3/17/2009
  Q: How does the size of an organism and its structure relate to its surface area to volume ratio?
  A: The surface area to volume ratio is a calculation made by biologists to define the limits on size of ...
How long cells last3/17/2009
  Q: My classroom is wondering how long cells stay intact after the organism is dead. For example, are ...
  A: By the time cells get made into manufactured products, they are certainly dead. Plant cells have a ...
bio3/17/2009
  Q: why is it undesirable to x-ray the reproductive organs? and why is it undesirable to x-ray pregnant ...
  A: X-rays are high energy radiation and can cause mutations in the DNA of cells. Cells that are in ...
Definition of life3/17/2009
  Q: I found this definition at www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/life an organismic state ...
  A: Paul: 1. Reptiles generally regulate their internal temperatures by behavior. They seek out warm ...
biology 1313/17/2009
  Q: where do i find out the number of chromosomes, chromatids, homologous pairs, and sets in mitosis, ...
  A: Humans have 46 chromosomes, 23 from each parent. The rest of your question is very involved and ...
hair3/16/2009
  Q: what is porous hair?
  A: Porous hair refers to the density of the cuticle surrounding the hair shaft. In normal hair, this ...
hiar care3/16/2009
  Q: what are the four bonds of the hair?
  A: Hair is made up of protein. These are long chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds. ...
question3/16/2009
  Q: i have a series of questions 1. Once mRNA has been made, the copy needs to be translated. How does ...
  A: Although this sounds like a homework question to me, here’s a link you can use: 1 & 2. RNA ...
Human Bioogy3/14/2009
  Q: This is a re-submission of a question that I asked and somebody said..they answer it before??? Where ...
  A: This may be a re-submission for you, but it’s the first time I’ve seen it. Insulin and glucagon ...
Human Biology3/13/2009
  Q: Question Steroid and non-steroid hormones differ in how they affect target cells. How do they ...
  A: Although I think this is a homework question, I'll direct you to a website that you can use: ...
Definition of life3/13/2009
  Q: I found this definition at www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/life an organismic state ...
  A: Biologists don’t usually use a dictionary for their definitions. Generally the 7 aspects of life as ...
genetics3/12/2009
  Q: I wanted to ask that other than transformation being a method of introducing Dna into prokaryotic ...
  A: These processes are easily confused and my students have a lot of trouble with them as well: ...
gene count3/10/2009
  Q: just so you know I am an young earth creationist and do not believe in the Darwinian myth.My ...
  A: Kevin. I'm really busy right now and cannot give your answer the thought it deserves. Sit tight ...
Honors Biology3/8/2009
  Q: I have been searching the internet and my text book and can't seem to come up with the correct ...
  A: What you need to do is determine the definitions of each pair of choices and decide if they apply to ...
Bilology3/4/2009
  Q: How can ADP be "recycled" to form ATP again?
  A: The ADP-ATP recycling takes place using the enzyme ATP Synthase, found in the mitochondria and ...
Medical innovation3/1/2009
  Q: Could human hair (the patient's or someone else's hair) be used by surgeons to perform surgical ...
  A: Victor: The keratin containing hairs are not in contact with the body, they are enclosed within a ...
Medical innovation2/28/2009
  Q: Could human hair (the patient's or someone else's hair) be used by surgeons to perform surgical ...
  A: It's unlikely that hair can be used inside the body because it is non-absorbable and would create a ...
Child Hair Pigmentation from dark Brown to blonde?2/26/2009
  Q: Is it possible for a child born with dark brown hair (almost black) and having that dark brown hair ...
  A: Yes, it is absolutely possible for a baby's hair color to lighten with age. Hair color is ...
gene count2/21/2009
  Q: just so you know I am an young earth creationist and do not believe in the Darwinian myth.My ...
  A: Kevin: Not just mutation, gene duplication and mutation. That way the original gene is still ...
Grafting on plants2/21/2009
  Q: Is it possible to graft flowering plants with fruit-bearing plants?
  A: Your question is somewhat confusing to me. Flowering plants are also fruit bearing plants. So, ...
bio2/21/2009
  Q: leather and leather shoes are biodegradable or not??
  A: Biodegradation in landfills is carried out by anaerobic respiration in bacteria. This is a slow ...
bio2/20/2009
  Q: hey... i did this lab i was wondering a 50% sucrose solution is half sucrose and half water. Only ...
  A: Noor: I think the computer ate my first answer. The water will move from an area of high ...
peptoglycan containing Murien2/19/2009
  Q: My Bio lab instructor said that peptoglycan is made of murien and 2 disaccharides. The queston I ...
  A: Peptidoglycan is the outer layer of bacteria. It is composed of sugars and proteins lined up in a ...
biology2/18/2009
  Q: How do terrestrial insects balance the need to exchange gases with the need to conserve water?
  A: Insects have open circulatory and respiratory systems. Air is taken in directly via spiracles in ...
gene count2/18/2009
  Q: just so you know I am an young earth creationist and do not believe in the Darwinian myth.My ...
  A: Gene duplication is common in plants and animals. So to answer your short question, gene ...
gram staining..2/16/2009
  Q: Why will old gram-positive cells stain gram-negative?
  A: The gram stain differentiates between different kinds of bacteria and is the key test in any ...
blood types..2/14/2009
  Q: I am concerned about my blood type,it is AB negative,I was wondering if you had any information ...
  A: I'm not sure what you're asking here. Your blood type does not give you any disease or symptoms. ...
No taste2/13/2009
  Q: My friend can't eat as food does not taste good to him. Is there any reason for this? He throws out ...
  A: I believe your friend suffers from a condition called anosmia. This is the loss of the ability to ...
Dominant and recessive genes2/11/2009
  Q: As a student in a high school biology class, we are covering basic genetics. While we learned of ...
  A: When we teach introductory genetics, we like to stick to black-and-white genetic inheritance. Alas, ...
Molecular Formulas2/10/2009
  Q: I took physical science last year but for the life of me I cannot remember the terms in the ...
  A: Hmmmm..... not sure exactly what you're asking. The letters are the symbols that refer to the ...
biology2/9/2009
  Q: what is the differece between carbohydrates and lipids?
  A: All organic molecules are made of C (carbon), H (hydrogen) and O (oxygen). Proteins in addition ...
microbiology2/8/2009
  Q: since the genome of e.coli is inside the cell, how it recognizes the lactose present in the medium?
  A: The lactose diffuses into the cell and activates the lac operon. Operons are ways that the cell can ...
Golden Algie2/6/2009
  Q: I live in the Fort Worth, Texas area. There is a golden algie in thia area. What can you tell me or ...
  A: Golden algae are single celled photosynthetic organisms that can be quite invasive and cause fish ...
My science fair project2/6/2009
  Q: my name is joey and for my science fair im doing how cigarette smoke affects for plants so i was ...
  A: I couldn't find anything on houseplant sensitivity to cigarette smoke, just information on the ...
reproduction and contraception1/31/2009
  Q: during which trimester of fetal development can sex be determined?
  A: To answer fully, we have to determine which method we are using. For ultrasound, the most common ...
Membranes in respiration & photosynthesis1/31/2009
  Q: Describe the role of membranes in respiration & photosynthesis. What points i need to include in my ...
  A: I'm sure this information is in your textbook. If you're having trouble accessing it, look at this ...
immunology1/29/2009
  Q: Do Antigen presenting cells (APC)have constitutively expressed MHCI and MHCII molecules on their ...
  A: The MHC cell surface molecules function to alert the immune system to exogenous and endogenous ...
hormones1/28/2009
  Q: at what age/s do the hormones testosterone and oestrogen start to be produced and when do they start ...
  A: Although this is obviously a homework question, here's a link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puberty ...
hair strength1/24/2009
  Q: 1. Can we remove entire hair on our scalp by pulling it instead using scissors? 2. Can we remove all ...
  A: Q1: Yes, there have been industrial accidents in which hair got caught in machinery. Instead of ...
biology -- osmosis1/22/2009
  Q: When you put too much fertilizer in a house plant and it dies is that because the water couldn't ...
  A: Fertilizer burn, or overdose of fertilizer can have many effects, depending on just how much ...
genetics1/18/2009
  Q: I will try to ask this question without confusing the both of us. I am an expectant mother. I have ...
  A: Thanks also for providing such a nice pedigree of hair color in both your families. You are ...
Biology1/16/2009
  Q: How do the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis relate to the calvin cycle?
  A: Photosynthesis is the process of synthesizing sugars using the energy of light to power the ...
BIOLOGY1/13/2009
  Q: I have a few.... 1) What is an in-depth examination of an actual investigation? 2) What is a type of ...
  A: Actually, I have a question for YOU. What is the source of these questions? Are you taking a ...
Bacteria1/11/2009
  Q: SimpleMy daughter is trying to grow bacteria for her science project. I've researched how to grow ...
  A: Yes, growing bacteria at home is a labor intensive project requiring purchased agar or agar plates. ...
El Alto, Bolivia1/11/2009
  Q: In what way are the inhabitants of El Alto, Bolivia different from other people? Thanks
  A: El Alto, Bolivia is one of the highest inhabited places in the world. ...
aids1/8/2009
  Q: I was wondering if it was possible to cure the aids virus using a certain amount of steroid into ...
  A: Injected steroids distribute themselves throughout the body, without accumulating in white blood ...
biology / medical1/6/2009
  Q: What are the different types of cardiac tissue. ?
  A: If you mean what types of tissue are in the heart, then cardiac muscle, connective tissue, nerve ...
details about the epidemic Cholera1/5/2009
  Q: .. can you give me the details about the parameters of water that will be affected when vibrio ...
  A: Aarthi: Well today is your lucky day! I worked for the Navy for many years in the field of rapid ...
details about the epidemic Cholera1/4/2009
  Q: .. can you give me the details about the parameters of water that will be affected when vibrio ...
  A: Aarthi: The easiest way to determine bacterial counts in a sample of water is by membrane ...
details about the epidemic Cholera1/4/2009
  Q: .. can you give me the details about the parameters of water that will be affected when vibrio ...
  A: I don't know what you mean by "parameters" of water. Vibrio is a bacteria, and will be killed by ...
Cells1/3/2009
  Q: In what stage does the cell grow to its mature size? ANSWER: Hi Andrew: Thanks for your question. ...
  A: Andrew: First, it seems that you've asked me a homework question, which I won't answer. Second, if ...
homocysteine and cardiovascular disease1/2/2009
  Q: Elevated levels of Homocysteine has been shown to significantly raise the risk of cardiovascular ...
  A: An excellent question, and one that drives to the heart of government recommendations for our ...
Cells1/1/2009
  Q: In what stage does the cell grow to its mature size?
  A: The cell grows in both G1 and G2 phases, but reaches its mature size in G2. Here's a reference: ...
trihybrid cross12/30/2008
  Q: I have to do a trihybrid cross for science ,but i dont know how to set up and figure out the punnett ...
  A: WOW, nobody does trihybrid crosses. Even in my college genetics classes, I only give dihybrid ...
eye color and traits12/29/2008
  Q: me and my husband are trying to have children. however im slightly concerned with one thing. when i ...
  A: Inheritance patterns for many conditions have not been worked out. Most of the time, this is ...
coagulation cascade12/29/2008
  Q: "Factor VII is a zymogen which is converted to VIIa by thrombin" This is what the lecturer put in ...
  A: Musa: Residency programs in the US vary by state, and can last from 3 to 10 years (for a ...
coagulation cascade12/26/2008
  Q: "Factor VII is a zymogen which is converted to VIIa by thrombin" This is what the lecturer put in ...
  A: As you know, the coagulation cascade is a dangerous process in which inactive enzyme precursors are ...
filaria12/8/2008
  Q: does filaria cause someone to increase in weight.and if someone with filaria is increasing normally ...
  A: Usually when we talk about "boosting" the immune system, we mean the innate immune system. Immunity ...
biology12/8/2008
  Q: My questionm is: I am researching vitamin c/common cold. I am taking some bacteria and placing it on ...
  A: If you are researching the common cold, then you know it is caused by a virus (rhinovirus), not a ...
Biology/Genetics12/7/2008
  Q: I am studying for my final and am confused about how to perform two and three point crosses. I do ...
  A: Alas, I can't answer this one, it's beyond what little I know of genetics. Try this website: ...
filaria12/7/2008
  Q: does filaria cause someone to increase in weight.and if someone with filaria is increasing normally ...
  A: Pascal: Filariasis can block lymphatic drainage and cause an increase in fluid in the affected ...
Excema12/7/2008
  Q: Im wondering if parents who both have siblings with excema but dont have it themselves have a chance ...
  A: Mary: Asthma and eczema are related in that they both are malfunctions of the immune system. All ...
Excema12/6/2008
  Q: Im wondering if parents who both have siblings with excema but dont have it themselves have a chance ...
  A: Eczema is a collective term for many kinds of skin problems. All of them have a genetic component, ...
masturbation12/6/2008
  Q: if you dont hold long say you can only go at it for a minute does that make somebody infertile ...
  A: Jack. Some men say that thinking about something else (football?) keeps their mind busy so they ...
masturbation12/6/2008
  Q: if you dont hold long say you can only go at it for a minute does that make somebody infertile ...
  A: I don't think there is any relationship to quick ejaculation and sperm count. Generally, younger ...
nutrient agar12/5/2008
  Q: halo sir/mam, I'm doing my project in marine with copper resistant bacterial ...
  A: I think that what you are seeing are precipitated salt crystals, perhaps calcium salts which are ...
chlorophyll and haemoglobin porphyrins12/4/2008
  Q: Do chlorophyll and haemoglobin porphyrins react with one another when introduced...is there a bond ...
  A: Wow, it took me a long time to research your question! Here’s what I found out. As you know, the ...
chlorophyll and haemoglobin porphyrins12/3/2008
  Q: Do chlorophyll and haemoglobin porphyrins react with one another when introduced...is there a bond ...
  A: I looked for studies that examined the interactions of the various porphyrin molecules and couldn't ...
immunity12/1/2008
  Q: when someone has not been sick of illness like malaria & cholera for about 1.5 or 2 years but suffer ...
  A: Studies have shown that the worm can be killed in the test tube in a few days. I don't know how ...
Im having trouble with this study guide question.11/30/2008
  Q: color blindness is a sex-linked recessive trait. Alice has normal color vision, and her husband is ...
  A: Carlos: I can't answer questions privately. If you have more questions, please submit them through ...
immunity11/29/2008
  Q: when someone has not been sick of illness like malaria & cholera for about 1.5 or 2 years but suffer ...
  A: Pascal: Thanks for your kind words. As I understand it, the itching is because the immune response ...
height11/29/2008
  Q: a boy 175cm at age 19yrs is it a beautiful,normal and healthy hieght and might growth continue to ...
  A: A boy at 19 years of age has just about finished growing. A height of 175 cm is in the 50% ...
itching and filaria11/28/2008
  Q: why does filaria(itching) prolongs in the body of some people is it genetics ,natural or ortherwise
  A: You seem to have an interest in itching and filariasis. Have you seen a doctor? There are many ...
immunity11/28/2008
  Q: when someone has not been sick of illness like malaria & cholera for about 1.5 or 2 years but suffer ...
  A: Filarial diseases can cause severe skin itching when the worm is encysted or migrating through the ...
masturbation11/28/2008
  Q: mastubating 12 times per week in boys is normal or healthy and the detailed account on advantages ...
  A: Young men and women have a strong sex drive. It is not abnormal to masturbate, and it will cause ...
filaria11/28/2008
  Q: does filaria hampers your your growth or it will favour your growth please
  A: You seem to have an interest in itching and filariasis. Have you seen a doctor? There are many ...
itch11/28/2008
  Q: does prolonged itching of the body generally leads to cancer
  A: I've never heard that itching can cause cancer. Some cancers can make your skin itchy, as well as ...
Bacteria on raw poultry11/26/2008
  Q: While at the supermarket I picked up a packet of fresh cut poultry. I used a clean plastic produce ...
  A: I'm guessing that one of two things happened: one, you did actually touch the chicken package. ...
microbiology11/18/2008
  Q: Why some bacteria appear to be more resistant to irradiation or heat stress than anther bacteria? ...
  A: Endospores are highly resistant to radiation, chemicals and other harsh environmental treatments. ...
microbiology11/17/2008
  Q: Why some bacteria appear to be more resistant to irradiation or heat stress than anther bacteria?
  A: Radiation resistance as well as heat stress are related to the particular genes that bacteria carry. ...
Evolution of hair question11/17/2008
  Q: I was thinking recently about how hair relates to evolution. Would you know why black people have ...
  A: Many scientists believe that humans lost their body fur as a result of increased hunting during the ...
genetics11/16/2008
  Q: why aren't all the sperm in a human genetically identical?
  A: In gametogenesis (sperm and egg) the chromosomes are distributed to the gametes in random fashion. ...
What are Xanthones?11/15/2008
  Q: I have been hearing alot of things about the phytochemicals called xanthones (from the juice Xango), ...
  A: Xanthones are a class of phytonutrients related to flavenoids. They are said to possess antioxidant ...
gum disease in older adults11/15/2008
  Q: could you please help me with the followingwhy is gum disease more common in older adults? my ...
  A: My dentist tells me that neglect is the single greatest factor, but here's a paper that found ...
membrane protein diseases11/14/2008
  Q: Before I ask my question, I would like to thank you. So here it goes: What are some of the diseases ...
  A: X. When I need to look up medical information on the net, there are two good sites I use: Medline ...
osmosis and diffusion11/14/2008
  Q: tnx ANSWER: Hi again X. From your question, I get the feeling that you want me to write your ...
  A: OK, good. Organs taken from donors need to have their metabolism maintained. Usually this is done ...
Microbio - B. subtilis vs B. cereus11/14/2008
  Q: I'm taking Microbiology 1 lab and I'm trying to ID some unknown organisms. I think one of them might ...
  A: You can look at colony morphology. B. cereus forms colonies that are dull and frosted and usually ...
Biological science11/13/2008
  Q: does color affect the perception of taste?
  A: It sure does. Look here for more information: ...
Phloem sieve tubes11/12/2008
  Q: I want to know characteristic of phloem sieve tubes. Is it high or low solute potential of the cell ...
  A: You’ve gotten somewhat beyond what I ordinarily know, but I searched for [“solute potential” phloem] ...
flu and down syndrome11/10/2008
  Q: i need help in describing the biological basis of flu and down syndrome...i need to know how the ...
  A: Signs and symptoms of any condition differ by who is doing the observing. A sign is something that ...
Phloem sieve tubes11/10/2008
  Q: I want to know characteristic of phloem sieve tubes. Is it high or low solute potential of the cell ...
  A: Ling: The sugars are loaded into the phloem tubes by active transport. Remember that active ...
C-shaped cartilage in the trachea11/10/2008
  Q: could you please help me the followingWhat is the benefit of having C-shaped cartilage in the ...
  A: An interesting question, and a good guess on your part. Also remember that the open part of the ...
Mutation11/9/2008
  Q: What are the causes of mutation?
  A: A mutation is an inherited mistake in the genome. There are many causes (mutagens) usually ...
Phloem sieve tubes11/9/2008
  Q: I want to know characteristic of phloem sieve tubes. Is it high or low solute potential of the cell ...
  A: Phloem is a type of tissue in plants that transports carbohydrates from the leaves (where ...
Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation11/9/2008
  Q: During mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, after the rescuer breathes through the victim's mouth, air ...
  A: One important thing to remember is that the relaxed state of the lungs is in the expired air ...
osmosis and diffusion11/8/2008
  Q: tnx
  A: From your question, I get the feeling that you want me to write your report for you. So let me ask ...
biology11/6/2008
  Q: When does protein synthesis take place during the cell cycle? I would presume it would be during ...
  A: You need to review the cell cycle to answer this question correctly. First of all, the chromosomes ...
Yeast11/6/2008
  Q: Why do galactose and sorbose not breakdown in yeast when glucose, fructose and mannose do? These are ...
  A: You are correct, it has everything to do with enzyme specificity. Remember that all biological ...
Human Diseases11/5/2008
  Q: Can you tell me some details about most common human diseases? such as MALARIA, TYPHOID etc ANSWER: ...
  A: Aswin: If you want someone to summarize the internet for you, this is not the place. You can ...
Human Diseases11/5/2008
  Q: Can you tell me some details about most common human diseases? such as MALARIA, TYPHOID etc
  A: This is WAY too complicated for this website. Instead, I will give you some sites you can use: ...
the tounge11/4/2008
  Q: how dose the human tounge work and please show pictures
  A: There is plenty of information available about the tongue (note spelling) on the internet. I can't ...
blood type11/3/2008
  Q: do you know what type of antigens are present in a person with O+ blood type, and what type of ...
  A: The AB antigens are carbohydrates that are carried red blood cells. They cross react with bacteria ...
some questions about DNA/RNA11/3/2008
  Q: i am a student in Canada. i have difficulty solving some questions... Q1. Sickle-cell anemia is a ...
  A: This problem is answered by remembering the base-pairing rules. A pairs with T, G pairs with C. In ...
biology11/3/2008
  Q: I need to summarize the roles of osmosis and diffusion in the preservation of body organs donated ...
  A: Organs for transplant need to be kept alive as long as possible while the recipient is being ...
Mold Project11/2/2008
  Q: I have been trying for 2 months to get several brands of white bread to mold. I placed them in my ...
  A: If your bread has dried out in the garage that could be an explanation. Are you keeping it moist? ...
human biology11/2/2008
  Q: I am doing my science GCSE early but I am only in year 9, do you know how I can revise without ...
  A: Semmelweis was a Hungarian doctor who worked in a maternity hospital. Pregnant women would go to ...
phospholipids10/31/2008
  Q: why do the phospholipids surrounding the cell form a bilayer?
  A: Phospholipids are amphipathic. That means they have a hydrophobic (water hating) end and a ...
Transposons10/31/2008
  Q: If transposons are capable of movement and can "jump" from cell to cell why wouldn't they be ...
  A: Transposons (also called 'jumping genes') move from place to place on the chromosomes by random ...
Animal cells/Plant cells10/29/2008
  Q: Why are you more likely to see a polar view in animal cells than in plant cells?
  A: I'm assuming that you're looking at onion root tip and fish blastula for your mitosis exercises (at ...
Red Hair10/28/2008
  Q: I have heard all my life that the only way you will have a red haired child is for both of the ...
  A: Red hair is a recessive allele, that means the color is hidden if one parent has an allele for brown ...
nutrient agar10/27/2008
  Q: I am a seventh grader doing a science fair project on the five second rule. But before i can get ...
  A: You can buy a small amount of sterile nutrient agar to make your plates. Here is a source: ...
Microbiology10/26/2008
  Q: Why is sterile skim milk used in casein hydrolysis?
  A: Casein is the protein in milk, so it provides a source of nutrients for the bacteria and is used to ...
the circulation of the brain10/26/2008
  Q: This question relates to the circulation of blood throughout the brain. I understand how blood ...
  A: The blood brain barrier (BBB) is a function of the endothelium of the capillaries in the brain, not ...
sun exposer10/24/2008
  Q: what would happen if someone was never expsosed to the sun?
  A: Hmmm…..living in the dark? The thing to determine is what are the sun’s beneficial effects, and ...
Environmental Unknown10/23/2008
  Q: So far, I have determined that my environmental unknown is a gram negative, non motile, aerobic, ...
  A: Phenylobacterium is a newly isolated genus that is yellow in colony color and is a rod, a ...
Genetics - Crossing Over: Three Point Mapping10/23/2008
  Q: I'm reading through my text, and I'm having a difficult time understanding some parts, which is ...
  A: Sorry to hear that your teacher is unresponsive. If you are a biology major, you will have to learn ...
biology10/21/2008
  Q: genes produce instructions only for?
  A: Although I think this is a homework problem, I'll point you in the right direction. Look here: ...
human biology10/21/2008
  Q: Do biologists consider the human zygote a child or person during the first eight weeks of ...
  A: The biologists that I know usually don't consider the fertilized egg a person. When the fetus is ...
Genetics - Crossing Over: Three Point Mapping10/21/2008
  Q: I'm reading through my text, and I'm having a difficult time understanding some parts, which is ...
  A: [grin] Not that I'm putting you off, but you CAN ask your teacher! I just love it when my students ...
Infectious diseases10/20/2008
  Q: I dont understand what exactly this question talking about can you explain and how should i write ...
  A: This is obviously a homework problem which I won't do for you. I searched the internet under ...
human health10/18/2008
  Q: . i need to write about a few enviromental factors which affect human health.. so far iv done air ...
  A: Umayr: You could say that, but a better answer would be how pesticides are stored in the body (in ...
human health10/18/2008
  Q: . i need to write about a few enviromental factors which affect human health.. so far iv done air ...
  A: You have a good start. How about adding something about food additives? Or pesticide use? Take a ...
rods and cones10/16/2008
  Q: please do you know why the adaptation of rod and cone photoreceptors play a role in the generation ...
  A: This is a little out of my expertise, but I have some ideas: As I understand, afterimages are the ...
masturbation10/16/2008
  Q: Biologically, is it possible to quit masturbating even though i have been doing it for years, and my ...
  A: I'm guessing that you are a young man, perhaps a teenager? The sex drive is at its highest in men ...
DNA chains10/15/2008
  Q: I'm on vacation and my biology teacher is making me build a DNA chain model and present it to the ...
  A: Here are some sites w/ paper DNA model templates. Have fun! ...
dna replication10/15/2008
  Q: we have a homework ? that I am stumped - can you give me guidance where to find information - book ...
  A: DNA replication can seem daunting the first time you study it. It's really not that hard if you ...
Enzyme Kinetics...10/14/2008
  Q: All enzymes are highly specific both in the reaction they catalyze and in their choice of ...
  A: To answer thie question, you need to search the charge and pH of each amino acid. Enzymes bind the ...
Smell Harmful?10/14/2008
  Q: Following loss of power during Ike, my refrigerator/freezer retains a stench. I have products inside ...
  A: The smell is from decaying food that spoiled while in the refrigerator. Some of it has probably ...
effect of histidine10/14/2008
  Q: I do a project. if we have a histidine-rich enzyme, in which ph (high or low)does this enzyme have ...
  A: To answer this, you need to look up the structure of histidine and determine its pH. Here is a ...
BIO: Thermodynamics10/13/2008
  Q: I have to complete a writing assignment for my biology class. My professor wants us to answer this ...
  A: The laws of thermodynamics describe the characteristics of matter/energy. The first, that ...
Questions about hypertonic,hyportonic and isotonic solutions10/11/2008
  Q: i am glad to find a great educational site. i want to know what type of solution would be an ...
  A: If you don't want to use a commercial weed killer, you can use a salt solution (hypertonic) or ...
inherited diseases10/11/2008
  Q: . i wanted to know how gene therapy can be used to prevent inhertied diseases? im having trouble ...
  A: This is a very complex problem. First, it would depend on the inherited disease we're talking ...
Mold growth in outside hay bales10/9/2008
  Q: I am trying to research mold growth when feeding big bales to horses outside on the ground(which ...
  A: This is somewhat outside my expertise, but let me say that mold generally grows in warm humid ...
does my daughter have albinism?10/8/2008
  Q: my question is about Albinism. i am an african lady. i am very light skinned and my hair is brown ...
  A: Skin color in humans is a very complex subject. The density of melanin (skin pigment) is variable ...
agar10/4/2008
  Q: i am just wondring if you would know the composition of Oxoid agar no. 3e(i.e.Carbs,protein,fat %) ...
  A: Agar is a complex polysaccharide derived from seaweed. It is a non-nutritive agent that gives ...
biology10/4/2008
  Q: is it generally better to detect enzyme activity by measuring the reduction in the amount of ...
  A: If I were a student, I'd say to measure whichever (product or substrate) that was easiest to ...
enzyme10/4/2008
  Q: hey, please i wanted to know what happens to an enzyme after the enzyme has completely converted ...
  A: Enzymes are not changed in the course of a reaction. After the substrate has been consumed, only ...
Gaseous exchange!10/2/2008
  Q: How do you calculate the total volume of gas that the person breathed in from the graph that show a ...
  A: Warm: How about blowing up a balloon and measuring the volume? Formula for volume of sphere: ...
biology9/30/2008
  Q: Could you explain to me how photosynthesis and cell respiration forms a cycle because one process ...
  A: Photosynthesis collects CO2 from the atmosphere and turns it into sugars. Respiration takes sugar ...
biology diabetes mellitus9/30/2008
  Q: i know that plama glucose are frequently measured if a person is suspected of hving diabetes ...
  A: Diabetes mellitus (or just diabetes) occurs in two forms. Type I is characterized by an ...
degradation and excretion of extracellular proteins9/30/2008
  Q: Generally, what is the rate of degradation for an extracellular protein in the human body? ...
  A: You are making some assumptions in your question which, I think, are not warranted. Protein ...
Biology9/29/2008
  Q: . I want to ask you a question that is disturbing me alot..Recently we studied in our ...
  A: I think I know what you're asking. You've confused "lytic cycle" with "lysogenic cycle" in ...
Biology help9/29/2008
  Q: I am a 37 year old college student who needs assistance with 3 questions. Here are my questions. ...
  A: I'd like to help you, but these questions are very detailed and obviously homework problems. Why ...
Biology9/29/2008
  Q: . I want to ask you a question that is disturbing me alot..Recently we studied in our ...
  A: I don't understand exactly what you're asking, so let me try to clarify and you can get back to me ...
science!!9/28/2008
  Q: .. i need you to help me understand the patterns in group 1-7 in the periodic table..what am i meant ...
  A: This is somewhat out of my league, but here’s a website. ...
Botany9/27/2008
  Q: We know that if we increasing the amount of carbon dioxide is good for photosynthesis, but if the ...
  A: I'm not sure exactly what you're asking, but remember that plant metabolism is always a balance ...
Kreb Cycle9/24/2008
  Q: in the Krebs cycle, the breakdown of one glucose in glycolysis provides substrate for how many ...
  A: Although I believe this is a homework question, I'll give you a video to help you answer ...
hi9/21/2008
  Q: can u explain briefly to how mosquito transmits pathogen
  A: Mosquitoes transmit many diseases, viruses, etc. Do you have a specific disease in mind? Here's a ...
deoxygenated blood9/19/2008
  Q: Question Could deoxygenated (fresh or frozen) blood re-oxygenated after exposing to Oxygen? If yes, ...
  A: The short answer is yes. The blood will re-oxygenate relative to the rate that oxygen dissolves in ...
biology9/17/2008
  Q: what is the differentiation of the light independent reaction and Calvin cycle...?
  A: The light independent reactions of photosynthesis (also called the dark reaction) are also called ...
Helpppp...lol9/14/2008
  Q: Why is it that when someone burns themself they yell after they pull their hand back, do they feel ...
  A: A person feels pain immediately in the skin after a burn because pain receptors (nociceptors) have ...
single-celled organisms9/11/2008
  Q: why do single-celled organisms lack the ability to preform special functions such as respiration
  A: Single celled organisms DO perform respiration. They use the electron transport chain, and (most of ...
Microbiology- Gram Staining9/10/2008
  Q: I feel like i should be able to answer this,but i need some help. So my question is, What would ...
  A: It's true that we use the gram stain for bacteria, but its components can be used to stain other ...
microbiology9/10/2008
  Q: a sample of pure culture that was gram stained - saw a field of red and purple cocci? Adjacent ...
  A: First let me ask if this is a culture given to you by your instructor to practice the Gram stain, or ...
biology9/9/2008
  Q: 1. A food manufacturer is advertising a new cake mix as fat-free. Scientists at the U.S. Food and ...
  A: First, let me say congratulations for going to college! It will be a great achievement. A bit of ...
microscopes9/9/2008
  Q: explain why light of shorter wavelength will produce a clearer image then light of a longer ...
  A: Although this sounds like a homework problem, let me get you started. We see things when ...
black worm in toilet9/9/2008
  Q: My family and I live in Africa. Last night I found a black worm in my toilet. It was about 3 ...
  A: There's no way I can tell what kind of worm it is without looking at it. You should take it to your ...
science9/9/2008
  Q: Sir I've multiple queries.. 1. Why hair become white with the passage of age? 2. Why carbon mono ...
  A: Pooja: I see you're still thinking! Hair becomes white/gray with age because the pigment (melanin) ...
biology9/8/2008
  Q: What is the main concept of the Orgin of membranes. Please help this stuff is so confusing to me. ...
  A: It's hard for me to figure out exactly what you're asking and what you're confused about. In ...
Carbondioxide..9/5/2008
  Q: . I've a question that during respiration we take in oxygen and give out carbondioxide ...
  A: Ah, Pooja, you must be doing respiration in your biology class. But you have been given only part ...
need help9/4/2008
  Q: I am a BSC-Medical student .Having subjects botany,zoogoly,chemistry. After my BSC ,I want to do ...
  A: I don't understand your education system, it's different from what we have in the USA. However, if ...
Taste buds9/1/2008
  Q: . I've again a question..am very thankful to u for answering me..thankew so much! ...
  A: Are you taking a biology class? Perhaps you should ask your teacher some of these questions. If ...
Bubbles8/31/2008
  Q: How are bubbles formed when we use soap or shampoo?
  A: Pooja. Thanks for your questions. Soap is a molecule that is amphipathic. That means that it has ...
need your help badly..8/30/2008
  Q: I'm kris and im a 2nd year highschool and i just want to ask your help. I cannot come up with a ...
  A: I don't know anything about you, your school, or the equipment that is available to you, so I can't ...
biology8/29/2008
  Q: i recently finished an experiment in which i tested the effectiveness of disinfectants. I mixed in ...
  A: The problem with interpreting your experiment is that you have too many variables. In science, we ...
fever8/29/2008
  Q: I have diverticulitis of the intestine. I watch my temp like a hawk. Sometimes it is low, 96.3 the ...
  A: First, let me say how sorry I am for your condition. I know this can be very stressful. Second, ...
Biology8/29/2008
  Q: What is the MAJOR characteristic of all organisms?
  A: We generally list a few things that are required to classify something as living. I guess those ...
Alveoli8/27/2008
  Q: In alveoli, gases can diffuse into living cells if the gases are in liquid solution, so the surface ...
  A: Actually, it's the cells that have to remain moist to stay alive. Don't forget, we are all water ...
bees - color vision?8/26/2008
  Q: Karl von Frisch studied the interactions between bees and flowers. He wanted to know how bees select ...
  A: von Frisch was essentially "training" the bees to associate food with the blue color. After he took ...
biology8/26/2008
  Q: we highly appreciate your help and thank you we are group of syrian teachers,we want to ask you ...
  A: It is not possible to answer fully in the space allotted here, but I will point you in the right ...
Cells8/25/2008
  Q: . As cells are similar of different tissues of the body, how do they perform different ...
  A: Pooja: It's true that cells have many of the same structures: membrane, mitochondria, nucleus. The ...
Fossils8/23/2008
  Q: How can we determine the age of those fossils which are quite old and their radioactive isotopes ...
  A: Most of the time when scientists analyze the age of rocks (containing fossils), they use more than ...
Human cells8/21/2008
  Q: Hallo, I would like to know how long does a human cell(no matter which one) live outside of the ...
  A: As I said above, viruses are not really "alive" or "dead". They are a gray area between those two ...
Human cells8/20/2008
  Q: Hallo, I would like to know how long does a human cell(no matter which one) live outside of the ...
  A: Diana: The 24 hour rule is not cast in stone, I'm just saying that cells die very quickly outside ...
CD2008/19/2008
  Q: I recently asked this question of another expert and although he said it was one of the most ...
  A: RA and CD 200 Hi Kieran: Thanks for your question. For me to answer fully, you need to do some ...
Human cells8/18/2008
  Q: Hallo, I would like to know how long does a human cell(no matter which one) live outside of the ...
  A: This is a very broad subject, and we'll need to specify somewhat exactly what we're talking about. ...
q8/18/2008
  Q: How the diferent fragments obtained from gel after adding ddNTP helps the Sequencing of DNA?
  A: I'm sorry, I don't understand what you're asking. Is it related to the elution of DNA bands from a ...
microbiology question8/17/2008
  Q: In terms of house cleaning I am thinking of using superoxygenated water and steam to disinfect my ...
  A: I couldn't get into that website either. I haven't forgotten your question, just still working on ...
microbiology question8/17/2008
  Q: In terms of house cleaning I am thinking of using superoxygenated water and steam to disinfect my ...
  A: First, let me address the cleanliness issue. Most immunologists think that excessive cleaning may ...
Tongues8/16/2008
  Q: What are the uses of a tongue? And are there any animals that dont have tongues?
  A: The tongue has two main uses, one is to taste food. The other is to move food around the mouth for ...
cellular absorption8/15/2008
  Q: do you think it is possible for any type of oligonucleotide to be absorbed into gastric cells (eg by ...
  A: To answer your question we first have to define oligonucleotide. Cells will readily take up small ...
Human Body8/14/2008
  Q: What percentage of our total body is comprised of non-human material (bacteria, parasites, etc.)? ...
  A: First, in a healthy person, there are no parasites or bacteria outside the intestines. The ...
science8/14/2008
  Q: sir, what is the minimum time interval that a healthy humen eye can record?
  A: I couldn't find out exactly, but can come close with some published research. In the late 19th ...
Microbiology (Oxidase test)8/13/2008
  Q: Please ignore the previous questions because i forgot to say they were about oxidase test. ...
  A: In the oxidase test, we are making the determination whether bacteria have cytochrome oxidases in ...
career in biology8/13/2008
  Q: i had passed 12 this year.got 88.4% in pcb.what can i pursue further ??????
  A: I don't know what your educational achievements mean, in the US we use a different system. As for ...
how we see color.8/11/2008
  Q: This is difficult for me to understand so I'm going to explain as best as i can. When we are little ...
  A: The colors of the visible spectrum (think: rainbow) are determined by the wavelength of light. For ...
old age and scar8/11/2008
  Q: i have noticed from everything i read that scar tissue and old age tissue (cellular and extracelular ...
  A: What a complex question! Let's look at it in two ways: First, when we are young and growing, ...
Biology8/9/2008
  Q: what is the formula which shows the sequence of events that results in the production of a new ...
  A: I don't know of any formula, but the sequence of events is DNA to RNA to protein. The DNA codes for ...
healthcare8/7/2008
  Q: how many nerves are there in the human body. Also can a man get pregnant.
  A: The nervous system is usually divided into the peripheral ns (nerves of the body) and the central ns ...
biology.8/5/2008
  Q: Assume that a section of double-stranded DNA contains 100 base pairs. If 40 of the base pairs ...
  A: Although this sounds like a homework problem to me, I'll give you some clues as to how to figure it ...
bacteria8/4/2008
  Q: which of the following contains both chlorophyll a and b? i am a undergrad science student.
  A: This looks like a homework problem to me. Besides, you didn't give any choices after the question. ...
bioloy model7/24/2008
  Q: method to make a working model of heart
  A: I don't really understand what you're asking. Do you need to build a pump, a working heart? What ...
Sexual Maturity7/23/2008
  Q: I realized that humans reach sexual maturity around 12-14 years of age for both sexes-which seems ...
  A: Humans have a very long span between birth and sexual maturity, but they are not the longest. ...
E. coli on MacConkey7/22/2008
  Q: Does e.coli always show on MacConkey as red/pink? Can it show as colorless colonies as well?
  A: MacConkey agar was originally made with lactose to distinguish Salmonella from coliform bacteria ...
Deworming humans7/21/2008
  Q: How often should humans be dewormed, and how can one go about doing that?
  A: Deworming frequency depends somewhat on where you live. In the US, the major worms are pinworms, ...
Immunology of introduced viruses when two previously separated populations meet7/19/2008
  Q: Rollwagen, I am a high school student here in Australia and had a question about viruses in ...
  A: An excellent question, by the way, and one that shows that you have been thinking about things. The ...
biology7/18/2008
  Q: why is it necessary for a cell's chromosomes to be distributed to its daughter cells in such a ...
  A: The chromosomes have to be distributed precisely to ensure that the daughter cells inherit exactly ...
claw sharpening7/18/2008
  Q: i watch squirrels during the day. they constantly claw there way up and down trees and telephone ...
  A: Squirrel Claw Sharpening Hi Feiv: Thanks for your question. It took me some time to find out about ...
microbiology7/17/2008
  Q: I have two questions: 1. What is the medical significance of DNase, coagulase and catalase? 2. A ...
  A: DNase may help bacteria escape from phagocytes such as neutrophils that have engulfed them. DNase ...
microbiology7/17/2008
  Q: Why does the incubator in the lab have to stay at 45 degrees at all times, and cannot be changed to ...
  A: First of all, I hope we're talking about Centigrade degrees, not Farenheit degrees, right? The ...
can I choose the color of my baby's eyes and how?7/14/2008
  Q: I always wanted to have blue eyes. My father and both of his parents had blue eyes. My mom has ...
  A: You cannot select the color of your baby's eyes because the outcome of fertilization will always be ...
2 Questions7/14/2008
  Q: 1. How is it possible for an organism to grow on starch agar if it does not hydrolyze starch? 2. ...
  A: Starch agar is usually composed of nutrient agar with starch added. Organisms can grow on it w/o ...
biogly7/13/2008
  Q: wasps are multicellular consumers with complex organ systems. to what kingdom do they belong
  A: Although this sounds like a homework problem to me, I’ll get you started on the right track so you ...
nerve cell7/13/2008
  Q: we are group of biology teachers we would be happy if you answer our questions related regarding ...
  A: Unfortunately, this is a very large question that cannot be answered in a forum like this one. I ...
gram stain deterioration7/11/2008
  Q: I am a medical technologist in a hospital laboratory. My question is: can the stain from a Gram ...
  A: I know that stained slides can be kept for a few days without deterioration, but exactly how long I ...
Biology7/5/2008
  Q: What is the relative success of internal and external fertilisation in relation to the colonisation ...
  A: Although I think this may be a homework problem, I'll give you some hints to answer it yourself. ...
does human colour receptor work the same or differently among each other?6/30/2008
  Q: When we look at the same colour, do our eye work similarly or different? Is our colour receptor ...
  A: Rambo: The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible wavelengths of light and energy. ...
does human colour receptor work the same or differently among each other?6/29/2008
  Q: When we look at the same colour, do our eye work similarly or different? Is our colour receptor ...
  A: Retinal color receptors (cone cells) come in three different kinds of sensitivity, long, which ...
I also found a worm in the toilet.6/29/2008
  Q: Like Nik asked on 6/8/08, I too saw a worm in our toilet. There were no "contributions" by the ...
  A: If you read my response to Nik you will note that there is no way to identify the worm in question. ...
Son drank urine6/27/2008
  Q: my 2yr old son just drank our 4mnth old dog's urine, is this dangerous? Will he need to get special ...
  A: As long as your puppy is healthy (i.e., doesn't have a urinary tract infection or worms) there ...
microbiology6/27/2008
  Q: how and why heterotrophic bacteria fixes nitrogen?
  A: Nitrogen fixation occurs via the following formula: N2 + 8H+ + 8e− + 16 ATP → 2NH3 + H2 ...
Genetics and Colorblindness6/25/2008
  Q: Can a normal vision father and a normal vision mother produce a daughter with any type of ...
  A: Belle: If your sister has not been tested for color blindness type, how do you know she's color ...
Genetics and Colorblindness6/24/2008
  Q: Can a normal vision father and a normal vision mother produce a daughter with any type of ...
  A: I'm assuming that you're referring to ordinary X-linked color blindness, not any of the other more ...
Biology6/19/2008
  Q: If you're using an up to date light microscope to examine animal cells, you won't be able to detect. ...
  A: You can detect all of those structures with the light microscope. Ribosomes look like little dots ...
Microbiology6/18/2008
  Q: Which would be expected to be more effective against common childhood diseases active or passive ...
  A: Natural passive immunity occurs when a mother breast-feeds an infant. Special antibodies (IgA) pass ...
Coursework Task at school.6/17/2008
  Q: my name is John; I need help with some coursework that was set for us about a week ago. I am sure ...
  A: The biggest problem with spending too much time in the sun are skin cancers. Ultraviolet light is a ...
inter species breeding6/17/2008
  Q: At A level i was led to believe that a defining point of a species was the ability to have fertile ...
  A: James: First you have to consider the nature of hybrids. The software of this site doesn't let me ...
Biology- formulas6/17/2008
  Q: This is my problem: Write the formula which shows the sequence of events that results in the ...
  A: The structure of DNA is a double helix. That means it looks like a twisted ladder, with deoxyribose ...
inter species breeding6/17/2008
  Q: At A level i was led to believe that a defining point of a species was the ability to have fertile ...
  A: When we define a species, one of the considerations is whether or not they can produce fertile ...
Biology- formulas6/16/2008
  Q: This is my problem: Write the formula which shows the sequence of events that results in the ...
  A: It would help me to answer you if you told me what grade you were in, what is this course, and how ...
pet urine in homes6/16/2008
  Q: My elderly mother has 3 dogs and several cats who live in her home. She allows them to urinate and ...
  A: Animal waste inside a home is not recommended for several reasons. Not only can it spread disease, ...
anatomy6/14/2008
  Q: why is the pitutary gland known as the master gland? and what is meant by hirsuitism?
  A: The pituitary is often called the "master gland" because it controls the secretions of many other ...
Biology6/13/2008
  Q: I've been stuck on this question for so long, and I have been needing some help. Here's theA pea ...
  A: I'm not sure I understand the question, but I'll give it a try. Just write back if you need more ...
hair color6/13/2008
  Q: ok i was just wondering what color hair my baby will have me-brown my mother-blonde my father-brown ...
  A: Hair color is difficult to predict because there are multiple genes that code for color. The ...
Do we human taste the same?6/12/2008
  Q: Do we share the same sense of taste as we share the same taste bud? Will food taste the same if we ...
  A: The sense of taste is limited to the tongue, which can taste only four (sometimes five) sensations: ...
Microbiology6/10/2008
  Q: What bacteria is used for a control in Gram Staining? Also how do you compare DNA with RNA? ...
  A: When we teach the Gram Stain to students, usually we give them a variety of bacteria so they can ...
Black worm in toilet6/8/2008
  Q: I was hoping you could shed some light on a worm I found in the toilet. It looked like a leech with ...
  A: and thanks for your interesting question. There are some possibilities for the organism you ...
Aquatic Diet5/27/2008
  Q: In the islands where normal food is unavailable Will the abundantly available Aquatic Food meet the ...
  A: I believe the question you’re asking is “can humans survive on fish and seaweed”? The answer is ...
Science5/21/2008
  Q: what would provide the best evidence that a particular virus caused a certain disease?
  A: When we attempt to identify the causative agent for a particular disease, we use a set of rules ...
Microbiology5/21/2008
  Q: What is the current status on Cystic Fibrosis also what does the word Homosapien stand for?
  A: All organisms are identified by their genus and species. This is a classification system which ...
night vision5/19/2008
  Q: I have recently found myself very interested that cats and other animals can see much better in the ...
  A: If environmental forces were such that humans had to become nocturnal (note I didn't say CHOSE to ...
Candle Light5/18/2008
  Q: I conducted an experiment with candle light. I put the lit candle light under sealed glass in a dark ...
  A: First, think of the chemical reaction that combustion represents. Organic molecules consist of ...
Biology5/18/2008
  Q: How might an earthworm's lack of appendages be an adaptation to burrowing?
  A: Earthworms belong to the phylum Annelida, which are segmented worms. They never had appendages to ...
night vision5/18/2008
  Q: I have recently found myself very interested that cats and other animals can see much better in the ...
  A: Your statement "if humans are meant to be the most advanced animals..." is an anthropomorphic way of ...
poor circulation5/17/2008
  Q: I always feel very cold. I have to wear more warm clothes than an avg. person ans still my hands and ...
  A: Sorry you don't feel well. Your body weight and hemoglobin levels seem within normal levels. You ...
What is the name of my specific bacterium?5/16/2008
  Q: I am looking for any type of bacterium that fits all the following categories: 1. Obligate-anaerobe ...
  A: AHA! More information. So when we consider the normal flora of the body, we have more to go on. ...
What is the name of my specific bacterium?5/16/2008
  Q: I am looking for any type of bacterium that fits all the following categories: 1. Obligate-anaerobe ...
  A: First, I have two questions for you: 1. What does "attracted to sulfur-containing organic ...
O2 binding profiles5/15/2008
  Q: What's the difference between Hemoglobin and Myoglobins O2 binding profiles?
  A: Hemoglobin and myoglobin are oxygen carring molecules in the blood. Myoglobin is located in the ...
DNA5/12/2008
  Q: what are the components of a nucleotide?
  A: Nucleotides are molecules useful in cells for carrying information, providing energy and ...
Regeneration5/9/2008
  Q: How does a starfish regenerate limbs? Like what are the steps it takes to actually carry out ...
  A: Starfish are able to regrow parts of their body because they have stem cells that are totipotent. ...
biology help please5/8/2008
  Q: what is mutation?
  A: Put simply, a mutation is a change in the DNA sequence. There are several kinds: Deletion - a ...
biology help please5/8/2008
  Q: why does a mutation in sperm or egg cells has different consequences than one in a heart cell?
  A: The most important mutations are those in our sperms or eggs, because they are the changes that will ...
human population5/8/2008
  Q: i want information on human growth and population and its distribution i am a tenth class child my ...
  A: Population growth is based on death rate and birth rate. If the birth rate is higher, then the ...
thermophysiology5/7/2008
  Q: an organism needs to eat to make up for the extra energy required to keep the system in the ...
  A: It is true that the majority of the calories that we eat are used to maintain body temperature. ...
Ionic foot baths5/7/2008
  Q: My experience with science is from grade school nearly 50 years ago, so please excuse my questions ...
  A: No, your questions sound basic, but not silly. I’ve never tried one of these things, but I did a ...
answer my questions5/7/2008
  Q: what are the uses,advantages,disavantages of agrochemicals?
  A: Agrochemicals are a group of products that include insecticide, fertilizer, hormones, fungicides and ...
biology5/6/2008
  Q: Why are people following high-protein diets advised to frink large amounts of water?
  A: The kidneys are filtering organs the process about 200 gallons of blood per day. They are under ...
Biology5/6/2008
  Q: how does an amoeba adapted to live in a hypotonic environment
  A: Amoebas and other freshwater protozoa live in a variety of environments. Those that live in fresh ...
radioactive isotopes5/6/2008
  Q: What is a simple definition of a radioactive isotopes and how can we use them to determine if oxygen ...
  A: What is a simple definition of a radioactive isotopes and how can we use them to determine if oxygen ...
biology essay5/3/2008
  Q: i need help for my extended essay and i'm not sure how im gonna carry out my experiment for this ...
  A: AHA, that explains it! Testing for gases in the atmosphere is far too complicated for a study of ...
biology essay5/3/2008
  Q: i need help for my extended essay and i'm not sure how im gonna carry out my experiment for this ...
  A: A lichen is a mutualistic pair organisms consisting of an alga and a fungus. Usually, you find them ...
viroses5/2/2008
  Q: We ,students working on a project about the development of viruses ,would like to ask you the ...
  A: I'm not sure exactly what question you're asking, but I'll give it a try. Viruses need to be ...
biology5/1/2008
  Q: why is biology consider as a science
  A: Science is a process for finding out what we don’t know. It has strict rules, such as being able to ...
Gasping for air4/30/2008
  Q: Why is is that when we enter cold water we gasp for air?
  A: Cold water shock gasping. When we enter cold water unprepared, out bodies have a series of ...
Human Body4/28/2008
  Q: Is it true that if you take dissolvable parecetamol/asprin with warm water it gets into your ...
  A: When various substances dissolve, they do it via the surface area to volume ratio. That is, a 100 ...
bio4/26/2008
  Q: superman marries lois lane and they have a baby boy. the boy inherits muscles of steel from his ...
  A: The principles of Dominant/Recessive genes still apply to the Superman character. The allele for ...
hormones in chickens4/24/2008
  Q: what are expected effects of injected testosterone and estrogen in chicks and chickens? ANSWER: ...
  A: Generally speaking, injection of sex steroid hormones in immature species accelerates their sexual ...
peptoglycan4/24/2008
  Q: what is peptoglycan? and what does it mean to have it in bacteria's cell wall?
  A: Peptidoglycan is a sugar (N-acetyl glucosamine) amino acid lattice work that forms the outside of ...
Cancer & Metabolism4/23/2008
  Q: My grandfather passed away from cancer. We had learned about metabolic rates in our biochemistry ...
  A: I’m sorry to hear of your grandfather’s death. This is a very broad question that cannot be ...
water molecules4/23/2008
  Q: for a trivia question used for a television program - i need to know: how big are water molecules ...
  A: Size of water molecules 2.75 Angstroms (A) 1 inch = 254 000 000 angstroms 2.54x10*8 divided ...
gaseouse exchange4/23/2008
  Q: explain to me the process of exhalation and please give me some examples.
  A: I need more information to answer your question completely. Do you mean the process of breathing in ...
facilitated transport4/22/2008
  Q: For the facilitated transport of glucose, is an enzyme required?
  A: For the facilitated transport of glucose, is an enzyme required? Hello and thanks for your ...

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