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About Stephen Bernhard
(Top Expert on this page)

Expertise
I can assist with answering or finding the answers to questions involving first aid, CPR, emergency first response, and general procedures of the emergency medical services (not specific to any specific organization, but I may be able to shed some light on why they do the things they do).

Experience
I am a former EMT-Basic, Police Officer whose duties included medical first response,Basic Life Support and Automated External Defibrillator instructor, Bloodborne pathogens instructor, and I have taught hundreds of students, including hospital, fire and rescue, and police personnel.

Education/Credentials
EMT- Basic certification, American Safety & Health Institute (ASHI) and Emergency Care and Safety Institute (ECSI) certified Basic Life Support (BLS) Instructor-Trainer, Ohio Peace Officers Training Academy certified. I also own and direct HSTA LLC, a BLS instruction company in Southwest Ohio, which also serves as a certified training center through ASHI and an educational center through ECSI.

   

You are here:  Experts > Parenting/Family > Protecting your Home and Family > First Aid

Questions Answered By Expert  Stephen Bernhard 
In Category  First Aid

SubjectDate Asked

Wilderness First Aid1/1/2008
  Q: Are you able to share with an Akron, Ohio area Boy Scout Troop any local contacts of Wilderness ...
  A: I was unable to locate anyone in the available in the Akron area that teaches this course. Below I ...
Slit wrists8/23/2007
  Q: When tries to kill themselves by slitting their wrists, is the normal procedure to cut the vein or ...
  A: However, due to the fact that others can view the questions and answers, I still can not answer the ...
Slit wrists8/23/2007
  Q: When tries to kill themselves by slitting their wrists, is the normal procedure to cut the vein or ...
  A: Unfortunately, I am unable to answer your question due to both moral and ethical reasons. I will ...
diplaced organs8/19/2007
  Q: I was wondering why medics always instruct you not to reposition displaced organs and if the wound ...
  A: This is a very good and interesting question. You are absolutely right that first aid providers are ...
numb index due to deep palm cut8/12/2007
  Q: Last Friday (08/10/07)I cut my hand pretty deep at the bottom of my index (on the palm area). I did ...
  A: I must admit that the situation which you describe is beyond the scope of the first aid caregiver. ...
tetinus8/11/2007
  Q: This morning (Saturday) I accidentally stuck my finger (fairly deep-it bled a lot) with a piano ...
  A: My recommendation is that if you have not had a tetanus immunization in the past 5 years (though 10 ...
puncture on index finger8/9/2007
  Q: Earlier today (5-6 hours ago) I punctured my index finger on a toothpick that had fallen between the ...
  A: The problem with punctures is that they really are hard to treat at home due to the significant risk ...
tingling7/26/2007
  Q: Can you please tell me what could cause episodic symptoms of tingling/pins and needles of hands and ...
  A: I must admit that this is something that would best be asked of a doctor, as it is unfortunately ...
toracic trauma7/23/2007
  Q: I'm writing an espionage book and I need some information about the construction of a particular ...
  A: This subject's ability to perform those various activities will be largely based on the exact extent ...
Abdomenal GSW7/22/2007
  Q: I'm writing a book in which a character gets shot and need help with the details related to the ...
  A: A shot through the upper arm would indeed be more favorable. The main concern here, other than ...
Abdomenal GSW7/22/2007
  Q: I'm writing a book in which a character gets shot and need help with the details related to the ...
  A: Unfortunately, a GSW to the abdomen is pretty much a guaranteed organ shot. From the ribs down to ...
Stiches?7/22/2007
  Q: I fell the other day and I cut my shin. The cut is small but very deep. The cut bled a lot, but it ...
  A: It is my opinion that you should seek medical attention for this wound. Puncture type injuries, ...
Office First Aid7/20/2007
  Q: I am currently employed by a company that does Risk Management. We are a international company. I ...
  A: If you are looking for an organization to go through in order to be authorized to instruct a first ...
finger numbness7/15/2007
  Q: my sister cut her finger about 2 weeks ago and now she cant feel the skin around and she feels like ...
  A: Numbness, such as what you describe, may indicate that there was nerve damage. My recommendation is ...
Difference between cuts7/7/2007
  Q: I'm wondering about a person's wrists if they were cut. What is the difference between vertical cuts ...
  A: I must admit that I am hesitant to answer this question, as the ramifications of giving the answer ...
Gun Shot Wound To The Shoulder6/29/2007
  Q: I am writing a story about hikers miles away from EMS. A man gets shot in the shoulder by a Browning ...
  A: again, Lonnie, Now, I must admit that this question is actually out of my expertise. As a first ...
Gun Shot Wound To The Shoulder6/28/2007
  Q: I am writing a story about hikers miles away from EMS. A man gets shot in the shoulder by a Browning ...
  A: Theoretically, it would be possible for him to travel as described. There is another thing to put ...
Gun Shot Wound To The Shoulder6/28/2007
  Q: I am writing a story about hikers miles away from EMS. A man gets shot in the shoulder by a Browning ...
  A: Besides the obvious signs and symptoms (pain, bleeding, deformity), a gunshot wound (GSW) can also ...
Cracked Ribs6/11/2007
  Q: I have recently been tackled during a game of football. when i fell, i didn't hear any cracks, but i ...
  A: If the pain is increasing, and you are in pain when breathing, then I do strongly recommend seeing a ...
bee sting6/1/2007
  Q: My son got stung on the upper lip by a bee. it has swollen up. He says it hurts,but does not appear ...
  A: Assuming that your son does not have an allergic response or any signs of difficulty ...
First aids basic4/17/2007
  Q: I have a few questions about first aids. 1)How do you check response? 2)How do you check airway? ...
  A: again, TC... First, let me start by saying that I can quickly tell you the "hows" of CPR (which is ...
first aids for gunshot wounds4/17/2007
  Q: I have a few questions about first aids on gunshot wounds: 1)Are there any first aids to treat ...
  A: Gunshot wounds (GSW for short) are a very serious type of injury, regardless of where the victim is ...
rose bush thorn puncture4/9/2007
  Q: My 12 yr old daughter punctured her knuckle on a large rose bush thorn and its swollen, red and ...
  A: Sounds like the puncture site is possibly becoming infected. Puncture type wounds are particularly ...
first aid4/2/2007
  Q: you are called to a nighbors home and find an individual not breathing, no pulse, what will you do?
  A: Tracy, In short, begin CPR. After you have determined that a person is not breathing and ...
Skin care for rose thorn lacerations4/1/2007
  Q: My elderly mother fell in a rose bush and has lacerations on her arm from the thorns. What is the ...
  A: Skin injuries on the elderly generally can look pretty nasty as opposed to the same wound on a ...
toe cut by glass3/29/2007
  Q: My big toe got cut with glass about 3 days ago, the cut is open and I cannot get closure or scab to ...
  A: Depending on the location of the cut, and the cut itself, either sutures or a chemical called ...
Intubation of Infant3/27/2007
  Q: Stephen, How difficult is intubating a typical 11 month old? If such a child was not intubated for ...
  A: You ask a very good question.... Intubating an infant- or anyone for that matter- can be ...
deep cut on middle finger ... some numbness3/10/2007
  Q: a heavy screw driver from a table while i was picking up an object on the floor ... as it fell it ...
  A: Unfortunately, this can indicate a serious problem that may require a visit to your doctor. There ...
high fever2/27/2007
  Q: Is it ever a good idea to ice down an adult with a fever of 105 degrees? I was always told it could ...
  A: This is an excellent question.... Generally speaking, you do want to bring the body temperature ...
bruised/cracked ribs11/28/2006
  Q: i fell down the stairs & landed on the right side of my back. i have terrible pain when i try 2 get ...
  A: Unfortunately, without x rays it is impossible for me to say whether or not the ribs are broken or ...
Briused toenail10/21/2006
  Q: I went to Disney about three weeks ago and after returning home I noticed that my big toenail has ...
  A: Right now, I would go ahead and keep the bandaid on it. At this point, you risk having it come off ...
Cracked Ribs???9/22/2006
  Q: I read a recent post about possible cracked ribs under the breast bone. I think this is what ...
  A: Good day, I would still recommend going to a doctor just to rule out any other complications. The ...
first aid9/21/2006
  Q: what would a first aider do if one person was not responding and the other was grasping his head ...
  A: Craig, This is an instance where you would have to "triage". By triage, I am referring to the ...
Rib Pain9/1/2006
  Q: During a game of football I got charged into by an opposing player, upon contact I felt a 'pop' in ...
  A: My best recommedation is to seek professional medical evaluation for this injury. Particularly ...
First Aid/CPR Training8/29/2006
  Q: I'm a lay person interested in taking first aid and CPR training. I've found community resources ...
  A: You ask a darned good question which confuses a lot of people! Additionally, I commend you on your ...
first aid if someone cut off his finger8/17/2006
  Q: Recently a friend of mine nearly cut off his finger in a machine (an electric saw). MyWhat is the ...
  A: I am sorry to hear of your friend's unfortunate accident. I wish him the best. First aid for an ...
infection in finger8/5/2006
  Q: My 40 yr old husband was cleaing out a gutter today. He was also spraying weed killer on a few ...
  A: My name is Stephen, and you had asked me a medical question a while back on the AllExperts.com ...
Smashed Finger7/27/2006
  Q: I smashed my finger in a door a broke the nail off. It is really tender and and swollen still after ...
  A: I am sorry that it took so long for me to respond back.... I am in the process of moving, and the ...
stubbed toe7/18/2006
  Q: i subbed my toe, kicking a soccer ball barefoot. when i kicked my toe twisted back in a way. is my ...
  A: Unfortunately, without an exam and possibly image studies, it may be difficult to determine whether ...
first aid7/10/2006
  Q: can u list ten illnesses or injuries likely to cause unconsiousness ? list five causees of asphyxia ...
  A: Here are 10 causes for unconciousness: 1. Head injury 2. Hypovolemia 3. Cardiogenic shock 4. ...
Ear7/6/2006
  Q: I got my ears pierced a while back, and I no longer wear earrings. Recently, my ear developed ...
  A: )...), To me, it sounds like you are describing a blood blister. However, these typically occur as ...
Foot6/28/2006
  Q: my mom was shaving her legs and accidentally made a cut in her finger. Now she's bleeding and it's ...
  A: Maintaining direct pressure to the cut is about the only thing that is recommended for home first ...
stress6/19/2006
  Q: how disabled people display when they are stress
  A: I am assuming that by "disabled", you are referring to those with mental retardation and ...
Help6/17/2006
  Q: I don't know if you are the right person to ask this but, lately my arms and legs and been very ...
  A: From what you describe, it most certainly sounds like an allergic dermatitis that you are currently ...
Emergency cardiac response6/11/2006
  Q: Setup: 43 year old male, 6’ 2”, 212 pounds, reasonable physical condition. Suffers from paroxysmal ...
  A: Atrial fibrillation (A-fib for short) could indeed cause a person to pass out. The reason that he ...
First aid6/7/2006
  Q: The effectiveness of the first aid procedures and improvements that could be made.
  A: I am not sure what exactly you are asking here.... I think that what we can do is review some ...
Swollen right foot after a mosquito bite5/31/2006
  Q: I was bit last night twice from a mosquito once on my back below the right shoulder blade which just ...
  A: I am sending you a link from the Centers for Disease Control that has some valuable info. ...
pain in upper arm5/11/2006
  Q: about 10 days ago i pushed a large piece of furniture with my right palm flat on the edge of the ...
  A: Sounds to me like a soft tissue injury. This can actually be worse than a broken bone, as they take ...
toxic4/5/2006
  Q: That is good news. I was wondering how can people get worms by eating some sea foods?I just ate a 3 ...
  A: I apologize for taking so long on this reply. My computer went down, and also some other personal ...
toxic4/4/2006
  Q: I just ate a 3 ounce box of raisins. When there were a few raisins left I looked at the box and ...
  A: Assuming that the insects are not of the poisonous variety, which is most doubtful, you really don't ...
Cracked rib?1/21/2006
  Q: i am righting to c if u can help me with my rib pain, 2day i went dry slop skiing, i lost controle ...
  A: Your symptoms could actually be either a cracked rib or two or bruising. Without xrays, it may be ...
Suicide1/9/2006
  Q: I am currently working on a film script, and I want it to be as realistic as possible. As a ...
  A: Typically, in a situation like this, the medic would first deem the victim viable. In other words, ...
Leg Injury1/4/2006
  Q: My father of 62 years while going up the stairs, tried going up more than one step at a time and ...
  A: Based on the description that you gave of the incident, I fear that there will not be much anyone on ...
first aid8/10/2005
  Q: What are the 10 most common injuries and accidents that occur at home?
  A: This question is actually not all that easy due to the numerous variables that would have to be ...
bullet wound trauma7/31/2005
  Q: I am writing a novel in which a character is shot in the femur, grazing the circumflex vein. How ...
  A: I must admit that this is a question that would actually be beyond my scope of practice, and would ...
thicker blood in one arm7/21/2005
  Q: I dont know if you can help, but I recently had blood drawn and when taken from my left arm, it was ...
  A: I honestly do not think that the blood was any thicker in one arm or the other. I believe that what ...
answer to first aid question please7/16/2005
  Q: if someone has splashed a caustic alkaline cleaning chemical on their skin.
  A: I am assuming that you are wanting to know what to do if someone comes in contact with a caustic ...
CPR7/8/2005
  Q: Is it really true that the layperson is not taught to check for a pulse anymore, but instead, just ...
  A: It is indeed true that, according to the "Guidelines 2000" changes made by the Emergency Cardiac ...
occ. Blood pressure rise due to eating mistake6/11/2005
  Q: sir , what can be done immediately for the patient who has not regular bloodpressure but ...
  A: Good day, Unfortunately, I know of no food that would immediately relieve hypertension. Nor would ...
Triage6/10/2005
  Q: What colors represent what priority in field triage?
  A: Typically the colors are as follows: Green-No injury or superficial injury (scrathes/bruises etc) ...
the 3 ppps4/14/2005
  Q: can you tell me what the three ppps stand for thank you
  A: Typically, I have always seen the 3 "P's" of first aid as being: P - Preserve Life. P - Prevent the ...
finger4/6/2005
  Q: I have an appointment with my doctor, but in the meantime can you help me? I cut my index finger ...
  A: I am glad that you are seeing the doctor.... To me, it sounds like there might be ligament and/or ...
Avulsions, Contusions, & Punctures4/5/2005
  Q: What is the standard protocols for: avulsions, contusions, and punctures?
  A: Typically, avulsions and punctures you treat similar to any bleeding wound.... I like to use the ...
OPOTA3/20/2005
  Q: Im curious on how I become OPOTA certified. Is this a 2 year course? Where do I obtain information ...
  A: Good day Nicholas, My name is Stephen, and I am the Allexperts.com guy that you asked about the ...
First Aid Recovery time3/16/2005
  Q: Statistically, if first aid is rendered immediately, what is the decrease in recovery time as ...
  A: Good day, Frankly, without knowing what aspect of first aid you are referring to, and due to all of ...
Emergency Medical Service Question3/14/2005
  Q: I was just curious, do you know if a paramedic with an ambulance crew is able to pronounce a victim ...
  A: Typically, this is something that is up to a physician to do. Now, remember that protocols may be ...
Bandages2/20/2005
  Q: Do you know why band-aids are the color of white people skin? They do not have a dark person skin ...
  A: Frankly, I can not explain the reasons behind the coloration that the bandage manufacturers use for ...
first aid equipment2/2/2005
  Q: in a care home , who is responsible for the first aid equipment
  A: Assuming that you are referring to a certified nursing care facility (or similar, depending on ...
Heart attack10/4/2004
  Q: A 45-yearold woman who has smoked for 30 years and does not want to stop, but works out. After a ...
  A: The recommended course of action would be to have the victim immediately stop all activity and rest ...
If a person was allergic...9/2/2004
  Q: If a person was allergic to papaya how long would it take for Anaphylactic Reactions?
  A: Unfortunately, there is no set timetable for anaphylaxis. It can happen severely in a very rapid ...
Research8/21/2004
  Q: I am doing rabies research. I understand the basics but am wondering about the pep treatment in rare ...
  A: Good day, First, I would like to clarify that I am not a pathologist of any sort, and this question ...
Breathing In Smoke7/31/2004
  Q: My mother works in a kitchen for 11 hrs. She breathes in a lot of smoke, and her chest is starting ...
  A: I am sorry to say that anything short of getting out of the smoky area would probably prove ...
Hypoxia/Shock7/27/2004
  Q: How would you know if a casualty had hypoxia or shock?
  A: Here are the typical signs of shock and hypoxia: -Cyanosis (bluing of the skin from a lack of ...
Left hand tingling7/19/2004
  Q: OK, so, the pinky, ring finger, and entire left side of my left hand have been feeling like they're ...
  A: Needless to say, tingling in the extremities is a good indicator of some type of neurologic ...
TWO QUESTIONS7/16/2004
  Q: 1-DURING THE SECONDARY EXAMINATION WHAT ARE THE SIX AREAS TO CHECK? 2- WHAT SHOULD YOU DO IF THE ...
  A: Now I have to say that before I can answer these questions, clarification needs to be made: First, ...
EXAMINATIONS TWO7/13/2004
  Q: WHAT ARE THE TWO THINGS YOU SHOULD CHECK FOR IN THE PRIMARY EXAMINATION? THANX FOR ALL YOU HELP ...
  A: There are more than two thing that you look for during a primary exam, so I will list some: Level ...
PULSE RATE7/12/2004
  Q: WHAT IS THE RATE OF PULSE FOR THE FOLLOWING? ADULTS CHILDREN INFANTS
  A: Jaysalee, I would like to preface this answer first by saying that the rates below can vary from ...
CONSCIOUSNESS7/11/2004
  Q: FIRST OF ALL I WOULD LIKE TO SAY SORRY FOR ALL THE QUESTIONS. I AM NEEDING THESE ANSWERS FOR A ...
  A: Glad to help, Jaysalee.... I believe that what you are looking for is called the "AVPU" scale. ...
UNSCONSIOUS/LEAVING7/10/2004
  Q: 1-WHY ISNT IT GOOD TO LEAVE AN UNSCONSIOUS CASUALTY ON ITS BACK? 2-WHEN IS IT PREFERRED TO USE ...
  A: Jaysalee, Leaving an unconscious person on his/her back can cause that person to aspirate if ...
pain7/9/2004
  Q: I was at er on 7/4/04, and had 5 virals (containers) of blood taken from my left elbow area. Since ...
  A: This actually sounds like a pretty normal reaction to a blood draw. I would give it a couple of ...
first aid6/27/2004
  Q: How important do you percieve first aid to be in the role of a beauty therapist?
  A: Please excuse my ignorance, but I am not totally sure as to what a beauty therapist does, exactly. ...
splashed oil in eye6/26/2004
  Q: can you tell me what to do if cooking oil splashes in your eye? and can there be any future problems ...
  A: If the cooking oil is fresh (clean, never used) and not hot, then rinsing the eye out should do the ...
soap in eyes5/4/2004
  Q: what can u do if u get a lot of dish soap in your eyes?
  A: Most likely, what you'd need to do is flush your eyes with running water. However, you should first ...
CPR - Precordial Thump4/30/2004
  Q: Hope you can help? I have worked in hospitals for a couple of years now and I have noticed that ...
  A: This is actually a very good question. Why aren't people being taught "the thump" anymore? Well, I ...
first aid4/18/2004
  Q: My brother accidently put his hand in glass shavings...you can't really see them but you can see is ...
  A: Allow me to first say that it is theoretically possible to "die" from a glass sliver. However, you ...
first aid4/14/2004
  Q: give 2 reasons why your actions could cause further harm if you tried to do something that you were ...
  A: Two reasons... 1) Incorrectly performing a first aid technique can actually cause more damage to ...
Toe stuck4/1/2004
  Q: My wife was playing with a bowling ball this morning with her foot and big toe. She was sitting in a ...
  A: Does sound like something that I'd get yesterday. But I will, of course, take this with the utmost ...
General first aid3/20/2004
  Q: I have a number of brief scenarios that require first aid action. They are: Someone in a class ...
  A: These "brief" scenarios actually can take quite a bit of explanation. Due to the fact that I don't ...
tourniquet question3/14/2004
  Q: I was told that when I apply a tourniquet on someone, I should loosen the tourniquet every 3-4 mins ...
  A: Years ago, it was regularly taught that a tourniquet be loosened every couple of minutes. However, ...
Research3/11/2004
  Q: Stephen--I am a writer and I am working out a scene on a contracted book. A three-year-old child ...
  A: There is a chance that the child could be fine, though most likely she probably would have aspirated ...
Infection from Stiches??3/8/2004
  Q: I recently had approx. 5 stiches in my hand(palm area)...After the stiches were removed i thought it ...
  A: Instead of the peroxide, clean it gently with a mild soap and warm water. Pat it dry and apply an ...
Assessing loss of colour3/2/2004
  Q: How do you assess colour loss in a person with black skin eg. in the case of shock, heart attack or ...
  A: People with darker skin (typically those of asian, african, indian and arab descent)can be a little ...
organs2/24/2004
  Q: Is the major organ of the respiration in the human body the diaphragm and the major muscle of ...
  A: I am a little confused by the question, but I think I know what you are trying to ask ("Is the major ...
breathing2/22/2004
  Q: What are the three things you should do to find out if a person is breathing?
  A: Generally speaking, what is taught in a CPR class when it comes to assessment of breathing is to ...
Basic First Aid1/17/2004
  Q: 1)What are the things we should consider before giving first aid? 2)What are the things we should ...
  A: First, I apologize for not responding sooner. Things got a little hectic.... Anyway, before giving ...
chest tubes7/27/2003
  Q: you may remember me asking you about refusal of emergency treatment a while back. I have done some ...
  A: In my opinion, the patient could exercize the right to refuse. However, doctors may be inclined to ...

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