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About C. Robert Reszka, Jr.
(Top Expert on this page)

Expertise
I can answer any general geology question (rocks, minerals, stratigraphy, geomorphology etc.). My expertise is in the geology of the Michigan Basin, PreCambrian, Paleozoic and Recent. I can answer questions concerning mining and petroleum exploration and production and the laws concerning those activities. I can also answer questions concerning stratigraphy of the Michigan Basin. I will also answer questions about mineral and rock collecting in the Basin. I won`t be able to answer many specific questions on hydrology, geophysics or geochemistry. I may be able to answer very general questions in those venues.

Experience
I have been working for the State of Michigan for 24 years as a Geologist and a Resource Analyst. I have experience with Subsurface Geology and Petroleum Geology, mining in Michigan, and Sand Dune Mining and Protection issues.

Organizations
Michigan Basin Geological Society

Publications
Decade of North American Geology.
Bedrock Geology of Michigan

Education/Credentials
BS Wayne State University

   

You are here:  Experts > Science > Geology > Geology

Questions Answered By Expert  C. Robert Reszka, Jr. 
In Category  Geology

SubjectDate Asked

Question11/10/2009
  Q: ...sir can u tell me what do you think about 2012...is it real or not ANSWER: No Farrukh, it is NOT ...
  A: It is the job of an entertainment business to "entertain". Youtube and National Geographic do just ...
Question11/9/2009
  Q: ...sir can u tell me what do you think about 2012...is it real or not
  A: No Farrukh, it is NOT real. At least not in the premise put forth in the movie. The Mayans were ...
Degree concerns11/8/2009
  Q: Sir, hope u r fine and in good health,i would like to know ur suggestion about this common issue now ...
  A: This is just my personal opinion but I think that "practical" education is just as important as that ...
Identify rock11/4/2009
  Q: I am looking to have this rock identified. I was under the assumption it was a selenite. Have my ...
  A: This is an easy one. Yes it is selenite. It looks like a piece of a selenite rose, perhaps from ...
Rock or Meteorite10/31/2009
  Q: I found this rock that is black and is nothing close to being round it has little white spots that ...
  A: In order to get an idea of what you have I am going to need a picture. There are too many rocks ...
diamond.10/29/2009
  Q: please tell the diamond is hardest mineral in moh's hardness scale then what other mineral can cut ...
  A: Good question. So far the only substance that we have that will cut a diamond is another diamond. ...
strange rock10/26/2009
  Q: I found a rock in a field in southern Quebec that is different than anything I have ever seen ...
  A: I'm really going to need to see a picture to get a better idea of what you have. Not too many rocks ...
Where does "new water" come from10/25/2009
  Q: Is there a geophysical/chemical process that creates "new water" or is all water simply reprocessed ...
  A: Interesting question. All the water, or most of it, that is on the Earth today was here since the ...
What the heck10/5/2009
  Q: I teach in a Native Village in the North Slope of Alaska. Recently, a mom brought in this large ...
  A: This is very interesting. When I read your question I hadn't seen the photo yet but it sounded very ...
black rock found10/1/2009
  Q: After the hurricane off the east coast this summer, my son found a big, heavy black rock in the ...
  A: I won't be able to give you a really good idea of what your rock is without a picture. A heavy, ...
gems9/27/2009
  Q: could you tell me which is the Rarest Mineral / Gem on our planet ??? after the Diamond, which is ...
  A: Painite is considered to be the rarest gemn on Earth. It's basically a boron oxide. Here's its ...
Minerals9/18/2009
  Q: Im going a 50 question review for my geology class on a chapter concerning Minerals. I think I have ...
  A: First one's kind of tricky. You are correct. A crystal will grow to it's euhedral form if it's ...
Michigan Basin9/15/2009
  Q: I have a few questions about the Michigan Basin. First one is, what is it? Is it just a large crater ...
  A: Yours is a VERY complex and difficult question to cover here. There just is no simple answer. It ...
geology7/28/2009
  Q: what is oil window and water window?also what depth,time,presure to form oil and gas?are they equal ...
  A: Your question is too long and involved to properly answer here but this website is pretty good and ...
Interesting specimen7/15/2009
  Q: We found an interesting specimen in a field in Tennessee. It is mostly rust colored but does NOT ...
  A: Kewl looking rock! I have seen specimens very like this before. Is it very hard? If it is, then I ...
Boulders7/12/2009
  Q: This may be odd...but I want to use a red surface boulder, what I would describe as rounded, not ...
  A: There are many minerals that are red but you probably won't find any large enough for a headstone. ...
Geodes7/8/2009
  Q: We have a cottage in the tip of the thumb of Michigan on Lake Huron - sunrise side. There are LOTS ...
  A: The short answer is, I would not expect to find geodes on your beach. Although they can be found in ...
Bimodal vocanic rocks7/7/2009
  Q: Would you please explain how bimodal vocalnics formed?
  A: Bimodal volcanic rocks are formed when both felsic and mafic material is emplaced from a single ...
mineral identification6/30/2009
  Q: I'm always difficult to tell the difference between biotite amphibole and pyroxene from a rock ...
  A: This is a difficult question and, unfortunately the best way to tell the difference is just through ...
Field Geology6/29/2009
  Q: I often go in the field but I can not recognize the thrust fault. Please explain that how "thrust ...
  A: A thrust (or reverse) fault is one in which one side of the fault is pushed up over the other side. ...
ID rock6/28/2009
  Q: Can you tell me what this rock is? I've never seen one on any of the rough rock sites yet I have ...
  A: Nice rock you have there. You don't mention where you are from but I am pretty sure you have a type ...
How common is it to find lava rock6/18/2009
  Q: I was gardening in my yard and just below the surface I found what appear to be lava rocks. Now, I ...
  A: Your description, jet black, glassy, and hard, could be a couple of things. I would first suspect ...
What rock is this?6/7/2009
  Q: I found this rock years ago when I was a kid, near our beach. I always thought it was pretty and ...
  A: Your rock certainly can be displayed out doors. It's melting point is between 1,100 and 1,200 ...
What rock is this?6/6/2009
  Q: I found this rock years ago when I was a kid, near our beach. I always thought it was pretty and ...
  A: It's pretty clear from the picture that your specimen is a "vesicular basalt". That is an igneous ...
Question6/5/2009
  Q: Could you please define what drilling and test pit excavation are and what they are used for THanks
  A: These are ways to get underground to see what is there. "Drilling" is just what you'd expect; ...
Obsidian6/4/2009
  Q: I heard on TV that only diamonds are hard enough to cut granite, such as for, say, tombstones. What ...
  A: Obsidian will NOT cut granite. Obsidian is volcanic glass and so has hardness of about 5 to 5.5 on ...
Rock Cycle5/24/2009
  Q: Does the rock cycle happen in places like the Arctic or Antarctica?
  A: Your question makes me wonder if you are sure of what the "Rock Cycle" is. Just in case I will give ...
Unusual Rock5/16/2009
  Q: Reszka, My sons dug up this rock around 20 years ago, they brought to me because they know I'm into ...
  A: The picture is a little blurry but I can see some detail. The outside looks glassy and somewhat ...
rock?5/15/2009
  Q: We discovered a large rock in our backyard, L.A. area. I feel it is much too heavy to be petrified ...
  A: You definitely have a petrified wood specimen. A very nice one too. They can feel heavier than ...
petrolium geology4/30/2009
  Q: Can you please tell me the difference between play and trap. i am working in an exploration ...
  A: A "trap" is the physical structure into which the petroleum product has accumulated. Sometimes the ...
regarding a stone4/28/2009
  Q: sir,i found a stone,it appears to be colorless and it weighs about 14.5 grams. could you please help ...
  A: It is a little hard to tell from just a photo but it looks like quartz to me. It could also be ...
Heavy Weights4/27/2009
  Q: Sir my question is: How is the weight of large rocks and large animals like elephant determined?
  A: The weight of large things is usually determined by weighing them. There are very large scales that ...
Identificaiton of a rock with a mineral component.4/24/2009
  Q: I would appreciate it if you could identify a rock in my possession. The rock has a firm, but not ...
  A: Nice specimen, and the picture is pretty good. But with a picture alone it is very difficult to ...
geology questions4/23/2009
  Q: during the big san francisco earthqauke in the 1900s how were the plate techtonics involved? Why did ...
  A: This is an interesting question but it is too long to answer here. Go to this website. It's ...
Mountains4/20/2009
  Q: Is it scientifically accurate to suggest that Mountains are, partly, responsible for the equilibrium ...
  A: Good question. It would not be accurate. Mountains are the result of the action of the moving ...
Rock Identification4/12/2009
  Q: Was wondering if you could help identify this rock. Found it in a dried up creek bed in western ...
  A: What I think you have there is a granite, or more correctly a "leuco-granite". Leuco means light ...
volcanoes4/10/2009
  Q: Is it possible for geologists to travel to the middle of an inactive volcano? If so, what is the ...
  A: If by "middle of an inactive volcano" you mean below it's surface and not just to the middle of the ...
fossil fuels3/18/2009
  Q: hey,look this isn't a sophisticated question I'm just a curious 14 year old and i hope I'm not ...
  A: Fine question Vicken, unfortunately the answer is all too easy. You can make hydrocarbon based ...
Rock identification3/17/2009
  Q: I found this rock on the shore of Lake Washington recently. It appears to be igneous, and globular, ...
  A: VERY interesting rock!! I am not completely certain what it is. I haven't seen anything precisely ...
Sand?3/12/2009
  Q: I have to compare sand samples and slides next week. Now i just don't no where to start and what to ...
  A: Normally, when doing an analysis of a sample you look for things like color, quantity, luster, ...
Michigan rock collecting laws for State Land3/8/2009
  Q: Mr. Reszka, I am an avid rock and fossil collector as well as a general outdoorsman. I am curious ...
  A: Sorry it took so long; I've been battling the flu... Yours is a good question. Michigan has no ...
quartz3/5/2009
  Q: i have a rock that is lightly yellow in color, and looks like quartz. it is very rough.i found it on ...
  A: Sorry it took so long to get back to you; I've been battling the flu. The little triangles make me ...
quartz3/2/2009
  Q: i have a rock that is lightly yellow in color, and looks like quartz. it is very rough.i found it on ...
  A: Without a picture it is very hard to determine the kind of rock or mineral you have. I can take a ...
Rock3/1/2009
  Q: I have found a rock that my husband has been packing from house to house with him. This particular ...
  A: That's a GREAT picture. It's clear and you have something as a size reference. Great job! Thanks. ...
what type of rock is "river rock"2/27/2009
  Q: My wife is an interior desogner and has used "river rock" as a facade one the chimmney, kitchen and ...
  A: "River rock" is a generalized term that is not meant to describe any particular type of rock. It's ...
Rock2/22/2009
  Q: I have found a rock that my husband has been packing from house to house with him. This particular ...
  A: Is there any way you could take a picture and send it along with a followup question? That would ...
rock found, unusual2/20/2009
  Q: I found this unusual rock on the beach last summer and I have no idea what it might be. It is black ...
  A: Sending a picture would be the best idea. However, I think I might know what it is. You mention it ...
fulgurites2/12/2009
  Q: Reszka, I am inquiring as to what I believe is a fulgurite which I found on the beach of Lake ...
  A: You certainly could have a fulgurite. Is the center glass or at least glassy? Most fulgurites have ...
ROCKS!!!!2/5/2009
  Q: A gentleman at my work gave me this rock that was on his desk, he doesn't know where it came from ...
  A: The picture is a little blurry but I think I can tell what it is. Does it look very shiny, or ...
Type of rock2/4/2009
  Q: Hi I would just like to know what kind of rock this is and how it was formed -is it unusual?
  A: It's usually hard to give a definitive ID of a rock without actually holding it. The best we can do ...
Obsidian1/24/2009
  Q: I have read on obsidian and I found it quite interesting. I will like to know more about obsidian, ...
  A: Good to hear from you again. I hope you were able to use the suggestions I gave you last time. ...
Rocks & Mineral1/22/2009
  Q: I am taking Earth System Engineering Course and I am interested in rocks & minerals. Could you ...
  A: Here are some of the sites that I use. There are many more but these are good, general sites that I ...
coal12/2/2008
  Q: i was told that coal was mined in flint michigan any help .thank you
  A: There was never very much coal mining in that section of the State. Take a look at the map at this ...
glacial formations11/30/2008
  Q: Was wondering what the glacial till gravel deposit formation that runs threw ogemaw county official ...
  A: Your best bet to find out an answer is to borrow Helen Martin's "Outline of the Geologic History of ...
metamorphic processes11/21/2008
  Q: I had a question dealing with metamorphic rocks. I was told that garnet- mica schist and granite ...
  A: First let's discuss the Rock Cycle a little bit. It's called a "Cycle" because there really is no ...
geology11/20/2008
  Q: Hi my question is that how minerals form
  A: “How do minerals form?” This sounds like a simple question but it really is very complicated, for ...
about Engg geology9/30/2008
  Q: What is the role of civil engineer geology
  A: I’m not a geological engineer nor a civil engineer so I can’t speak from experience. I do know that ...
unusual rock9/29/2008
  Q: I live in northeast Arkansas where I recently found a rock out in the one of our fields where I ...
  A: Sounds like a very unusual rock. You say it's made of gravel....I have seen oddly shaped structures ...
porosity & oil entrapment9/15/2008
  Q: sir, could you tell me correlation between porosity & permeability & availability of oil in traps ? ...
  A: This is a question worthy of years of study and books of information so I can't give you a complete ...
oil reservoirs9/9/2008
  Q: has anyone ever used a camera cable to look inside an empty oil reservoir? would not some of these ...
  A: Cameras are routinely used to check boreholes in wells. In most cases reservoirs are not open ...
Geology- 'The Core' movie9/2/2008
  Q: I read in a previous answer you gave someone, that you haven't see the movie 'the core' but i was ...
  A: As you say Sarah I haven't seen the movie but I can answer your questions anyway. - Can the liquid ...
Querry- Chromite, mining9/1/2008
  Q: Mr. Reszka, What resources result in chromite as a by-product during mining(eg. platinum)?
  A: You have to look for chromium minerals such as Benitorite, Chomite, or Crocoite. There are more ...
Obsidian in Southeast Michigan8/14/2008
  Q: I've read your previous answer about Obsidian being rare in Michigan. I live in Milan Michigan and ...
  A: The easiest way to tell the difference between obsidian and flint is that obsidian really does look ...
birth of earth8/13/2008
  Q: reg my theory that earth is expanding because it is alive like a tree.it is taking energy in ...
  A: I'm afraid I can't help you Suresh. I believe your theory is incorrect and I really have no idea ...
metallic rock found8/9/2008
  Q: Some children found a large rock. On the outside it looks just like a rock. Then when you wpe away ...
  A: A picture would be helpful. You can send it to my gmail account at geologyexpert@gmail.com. I can ...
Supermountains8/8/2008
  Q: What do you think of the new theory about supermountains appearing for a short while, many millions ...
  A: This is a pretty new theory. Ian Campbell and Charlotte Allen of the Australian National University ...
Iron Pyrite vs Gold8/6/2008
  Q: How do you differentiate between gold and Iron pyrite? I was hoping that a magnet would do the trick ...
  A: The quickest way to tell is by pushing on it with your fingernail or a knife blade. Gold is much ...
black sand6/20/2008
  Q: i live in the desert of southern calif almost directly on the fault line and was wondering about ...
  A: Sorry Diane, I won't be able to help you too much; I am not expert in California Geology. I do ...
silver metallic rock6/8/2008
  Q: I found a small metallic rock on the shore of Lake Ontario today and am very curious as to what it ...
  A: You can go ahead and send me a picture at geologyexpert@gmali.com. But I'll bet I know what it is ...
Agates6/7/2008
  Q: How can I tell if the agate in my yard is worth any money?
  A: There are many types of agate, I think the technical term is "zillions" so the only way to reliably ...
Silver Rock6/2/2008
  Q: Today I found a strange rock in my garden by coincidence. It is a small rounded rock that is ...
  A: Good description. I'm going to assume you found this rock in Ireland since you went to school there ...
obsidian6/1/2008
  Q: I found a rock in Ogemaw County, MI. (about the middle of the lower peninsula) that is baffling me. ...
  A: You're right it would be unlikely to find obsidian here in Michigan but your find might be flint. ...
geological maps5/20/2008
  Q: would you please tell me about the usefulness of geological maps for civil engineers.
  A: Geological information can affect the location, construction, design, and operation of most ...
glacial gold in texas5/19/2008
  Q: were the glaciers ever as far south as Blunzer Texas? the reason i ask is because i ordered a load ...
  A: The ice sheets never reached far enough south. At various times the Earth has been covered in ice ...
Volcano and Sea5/16/2008
  Q: what would happen if we dug an underground tunnel from a sea to a volcano?
  A: Well, what happens if you dug a tunnel into a volcano would depend on the type of volcano, and how ...
GEOLOGY FOSSILS5/15/2008
  Q: Why is it desirable to use more than one fossil in a rock unit to determine its relative age?
  A: The reason we use more than one indicator is that so many things can mess up our deductions. ...
World's Lowest Island5/8/2008
  Q: Not sure if this is a geology question, but it's worth shot. According to Guinness (U.S. edition, ...
  A: Not much info on this island. It is an island in a lake in Ethipoia that goes by the jaw-breaker ...
gold flake ?4/10/2008
  Q: I live in ST-Zotique Canada, I was in my crawl space, under my house ( bungalow on stilts "earth ...
  A: Gold is found in Canada but I am not an expert in where. However, a good way to find out if you ...
empty oil areas3/28/2008
  Q: What happens after oil has been tapped out of a said area? does the loss of the weight of the oil ...
  A: Good question and one that's been worked on, at least to my knowledge, since the 1970's. Turns out ...
What in the world is it?3/25/2008
  Q: Hey i have a question about this rock i found. I was in Arizona at a hotel in Pheonix and i saw this ...
  A: Sounds like an interesting rock. Sometimes you'll find a rock that has what's called a "Contact". ...
Iron Mineral3/13/2008
  Q: Where is the iron mineral originally formed?
  A: I'm not certain what your asking but I think you mean where, on Earth, does iron come from. ...
The Triassic Period3/11/2008
  Q: I would like to know if you could possibly help me on my science project. What was the hydrology ...
  A: Afraid I can't be too much help since this area is a little outside my expertise. Go to this site ...
Geology3/7/2008
  Q: The magma create new rocks at central ridge, why doesn't our earth keep on growing?
  A: Good question and like all good questions the answer is very complicated and long. We will distill ...
are minerals also considered rocks?3/6/2008
  Q: I am trying to find out if minerals are also considered rocks. In a book at school about rocks it ...
  A: Good question and one I get asked a lot. Seems like you did a lot of research and it turned out a ...
Rocks2/9/2008
  Q: I come across a rock that is inky-black and has purple sparkles. Can you help declaring what kind of ...
  A: Without a picture or some more information it will be very hard to tell what kind of rock you have ...
unknown rock1/7/2008
  Q: I live in a northwest suburb of chicago,and i found a rock that i can't find an example of anywhere ...
  A: Sounds to me like you have a piece of JASPER. That's a variety of cryptocrystalline Quartz (SiO2): ...
river rocks1/4/2008
  Q: I found a beautifully shaped river rock from Minnesota. It is about 4" long. It had a little black ...
  A: I think you have a piece of BASALT. It's a black, volcanic rock with mineral grains to small to be ...
silver mirrorish rock12/31/2007
  Q: Honestly I have had this rock since I was pretty young and I have never truly know the name of it. ...
  A: Sounds like a pretty odd specimen to me. Your description makes me think of something in the MICA ...
rock collecting12/26/2007
  Q: What laws (if any) cover collecting rocks from beneath the great lakes adjacent to public lands? Can ...
  A: The Great Lakes bottom lands, below the high tide mark, belong to the people of Michigan. That ...
shiny rock12/23/2007
  Q: I found a shiny silver rock that chips if you strike it and it does not tarnish when you touch it. ...
  A: It's very difficult to tell what your rock is from your description. I could use some more ...
Volcanoes12/19/2007
  Q: Reszka, My name is Rachel. I am eight and a half years old. I am doing a project in school on ...
  A: “The most destructive volcano”….not as easy a question to answer as you might think. By that do you ...
i found an odd rock12/3/2007
  Q: i have found a small chunk of white quartz it has a silver coloration mineral growth on its sides ...
  A: Unfortunately I can't find any of your images at the site. Your specimen sounds like it was part of ...
Darcy's Law11/30/2007
  Q: I am a sixth grade student. I am doing a science fair project for school and I am experimenting the ...
  A: Sorry but your question covers a different geological discipline than the ones with which I'm most ...
Radioactive Decay11/20/2007
  Q: what happens? What makes it happen?
  A: This is a REALLY complex topic but maybe we can simplify it. Radioactive decay is a process by ...
minerals11/3/2007
  Q: Why are minerals so useful?
  A: Minerals are so useful because, well, the truth is if you can't grow it you must mine it. Nearly ...
Science or Rocks9/30/2007
  Q: I could never really understand why rocks are made of minerals and how rocks even get the minerals ...
  A: A general definition of a rock is that it is an aggregate of minerals. So anytime a group of ...
Geology9/22/2007
  Q: Are there emeralds in Greenland?
  A: There are no emerald localities in Greenland. I should say that no one has found any emerald ...
granite9/12/2007
  Q: If I was to melt a piece of granite, what would melt first, then second, then third?
  A: Quartz, and the other "lighter" silicates like K-feldspar, would melt first at about 600 C. The ...
engineering geology9/10/2007
  Q: what is the importance of engineering geology in civil engineering
  A: I’m not a geological engineer nor a civil engineer so I can’t speak from experience. I do know that ...
ice age - reversal of magnetic pole8/14/2007
  Q: In a study book about human prehistory I read the following: 'about 780.000 years ago, the earth's ...
  A: There isn't any correlation that I am aware of. We just don't know what causes an ice age and I ...
7.5 pound agate8/12/2007
  Q: Three weeks ago I found what I think is a huge agate while snorkeling in Lake Michigan in Sturgeon ...
  A: Sure Lori, send the picture to : geologyexpert@yahoo.com But I'll bet you have a sample of the ...
found boulder8/11/2007
  Q: I have a farm about 5 mi from the ind boarder cent 49032 mi. I've found a laccolith with a band of ...
  A: Do your really mean a laccolith? That's described as a low hill that could be 5 miles wide and ...
geodes7/26/2007
  Q: I cracked open a geode yesterday and there was a perfectly round "ball" about the size of a walnut ...
  A: Sounds like a really interesting geode you've got there! It's odd but pretty near anything can ...
black rock with sparkles6/30/2007
  Q: I found a black rock (about 40 years ago). I believe in Michigan, but it might have been on a trip ...
  A: Without seeing the rock it is somewhat hard to tell but I suspect that, almost certainly, your rock ...
michigan black sand6/28/2007
  Q: Dr Rob On the typical Northern Michigan beach, the sand is tan, however there is always a few ...
  A: The black material you see is usually mde up of iron rich minerals. Much of it will even be ...
Found 1972, Burton, Mi a large dark green rock6/11/2007
  Q: With out seeing it, could you tell me what it may be. I plowed it up during grading.
  A: Without seeing the rock it's really difficult to tell what it is but I could hazard a guess that ...
Mountain forming5/21/2007
  Q: What is the most COMMOM way for mountains to form? A)2 plates come together (this is true). ...
  A: Actually, A, B, and C are the same thing; geologically speaking. When continents collide they will ...
Ice-Age4/27/2007
  Q: How much of the Earth's land area was covered by ice in the last Ice-Age? Thanks Geoff
  A: The last ice age, about 10,000 years ago, covered some 32% of the Earth's surface. Check out this ...
geology4/19/2007
  Q: How does the plate tectonic theory explain mountain belt formation?
  A: When plates move around and crash into one another they can become deformed. Think of a tablecloth; ...
a rock found3/29/2007
  Q: It is hard to ask a question about this rock so if you are any good at identifying rocks by pic I ...
  A: Just send the picture files to: geologyexpert@yahoo.com If I can identify them I'll let you know. ...
Interview2/28/2007
  Q: My 4th grade student is doing and independent study project on rocks and fossils. She is required to ...
  A: 1. Why did you choose to study geology? I've always enjoyed the outdoors and I always wondered why ...
earth flares2/18/2007
  Q: Recently i asked professor James Gort thisDo you think it's feasible that earth could produce "earth ...
  A: Unfortunately I can't help much. What little research I did couldn't turn up anything on earth ...
"earth flares"2/17/2007
  Q: Recently i asked professor James Gort thisDo you think it's feasible that earth could produce "earth ...
  A: Earthquakes have re-occurred in many places; Japan, California, and Yellowstone to name a few. The ...
Zone of Contact Metamorphism.1/4/2007
  Q: What kinds of rocks have a Zone of Contact Metamorphism? Do sandstone & limestone have these zones?
  A: The short answer to your question is that ALL kinds of rock can have a zone of contact metamorphism. ...
Unknown Rock I Found11/25/2006
  Q: I found a rock under a tree in my front yard. It looked like a meteorite. I have had a couple of ...
  A: You can certainly send some pictures to me. geologyexpert@yahoo.com Tell me in what State you ...
Sand10/24/2006
  Q: Could you explain me origin of sand?
  A: We get sand when large rocks are broken down into really small pieces through the action of wind, ...
stalagtites and stalagmites10/23/2006
  Q: Which one comes down and which one builds up and which is usually bigger?
  A: I usually remember it this way: Stalactite has an extra "T" in it and that reminds me that it grows ...
Questions10/22/2006
  Q: my name is Valentina Baraldi. I am in the 7th grade and I study at The American School of Rio de ...
  A: A lot of questions and every one of them would take far too long to answer here. I'll distill them ...
fools gold or not10/17/2006
  Q: hi i got two stones off my dad and he found them i dont know where also i think one is fools gold as ...
  A: You've done pretty much what I would have told you. You might also want to try pressing the tip of ...
drift diamonds10/16/2006
  Q: I am extremely interested in geology and a rockhounding enthusiast as well. Some where I remember ...
  A: Can't give you too much information on diamonds in Michigan. I know there have been about 20 sites ...
rocks10/4/2006
  Q: My first graders have been studying rocks, and they formed thisOn the earth, are there more rocks on ...
  A: Like most questions form kids this one can be deceptively difficult. It could involve discussions ...
rock fossils vertebrates9/30/2006
  Q: i have found several rocks that are vertebrate fossils. i admit all are rocks that are parts of ...
  A: Your best bet would be to find someone in your State's Geological Survey. They would probably be ...
What Kind of Rock?9/29/2006
  Q: I need to find out which rock has mostly crystal grains, could be medium or coarse grained, has no ...
  A: A lot of questions here but it really boils down to a specific rock type. You ask "which rock has ...
what are the steps involved for igneous to become Sedimentary Rocks9/28/2006
  Q: what are the steps involved for igneous rocks to become Sedimentary Rocks. My son had this on a ...
  A: To make a sedimentary rock from an igneous rock you must 1. ERODE the rock (another term is ...
Picture of the pangea.9/27/2006
  Q: ..Do you have some picture's of the pangea from 250 million years ago? If u do please send them to ...
  A: Go to this website: http://www.scotese.com/earth.htm It shows maps of what the Earth's surface ...
Gold bearing rocks9/12/2006
  Q: I was wondering ,I have found a rock that has small traces of gold particles in them, i have broken ...
  A: It's really hard to tell if you have gold or not without having seen it, or knowing something more ...
strata9/9/2006
  Q: How deep are the deepest known strata of rocks? Does this make them the oldest sedimentary rocks? ...
  A: Let’s take your questions one at a time: How deep are the deepest known strata of rocks? That ...
Mountains8/2/2006
  Q: Do mountains have deep roots inside the earth? . Regards, Ameen.
  A: Mountain don't really have roots. The crust beneath mountains is much thicker than other places on ...
Igneous and Sedimentary Breccia7/23/2006
  Q: How can the two types of Breccia (volcanic breccia and sedimentary breccia) be distinguished from ...
  A: A breccia is a rock made up of large (you can see them without a microscope), angular fragments of ...
sand dunes7/10/2006
  Q: Does the formation of sand dunes have anything to do with plate tectonics?
  A: The simple answer is, no. But in Geology nothing is simple. The real answer depends on where the ...
materials of the earth7/3/2006
  Q: Are there any materials in the nucleur of the earth but the nikle and iron? -Is nucleur of the earth ...
  A: We don’t really know what makes up the Earth’s core but we can infer an awful lot. We are sure that ...
florida6/24/2006
  Q: Does this mean that central florida is a risky place to build a new home on? Especially a place that ...
  A: Sorry Al, I can't help with that. I'm not an expert in the Geology of Florida. And I am not an ...
florida6/23/2006
  Q: In central florida, usa, near the city of Sebring there are many lakes. I want to know what forces ...
  A: Most lakes in Centrl Florida are called "Sinkhole Lakes". That is, they are caused when the soft ...
Gold Flow6/4/2006
  Q: Mr. Reszka, I am a teacher who will be spending this summer working to suppliment my income and ...
  A: I really can't help much with this except to say that I would expect the gold to winnow out pretty ...
recognizing rocks6/4/2006
  Q: Followup To Question - ... What about telling the differences between granite, andesite, basalt, ...
  A: About the limestone question....limestone can be very hard. Lithographic limestone is dense, smooth ...
recognizing rocks5/29/2006
  Q: I'm having a lot of trouble identifying the basic rock types - sandstone and limestone I can do, but ...
  A: The major way to tell the difference between the igneous rocks is through color and texture. At one ...
recognizing rocks5/23/2006
  Q: I'm having a lot of trouble identifying the basic rock types - sandstone and limestone I can do, but ...
  A: I assume you know the distinction but, just to be clear, granite and volcanic rocks are igneous, and ...
rocks5/20/2006
  Q: What rock is made from lava?
  A: Rocks that form from lava are called IGNEOUS Rocks. There are many kinds but usually you will find ...
What Kind of Rock do I have?5/18/2006
  Q: I have found a rock, but it is no normal rock. It is perfectly round, and I have others also, there ...
  A: Sounds like a pretty unusual stone. Without seeing, and handling, the stone it's pretty hard to ...
MINERALS5/17/2006
  Q: HOW DO MINERALS FORM? I ALSO NEED MATERIALS FOR THIS QUESTON FOR A PROJECT.
  A: “How do minerals form?” This sounds like a simple question but it really is very complicated, for ...
basalt5/8/2006
  Q: what is the process that forms basalt?please
  A: Basalt is the most abundant rock type on the surface of the Earth. Most of the oceanic basins are ...
Cobble stones5/1/2006
  Q: I hope I am correct that I asked a question to you before. I my self a geology graduate and now days ...
  A: I used the Mt. St. Helen example to give you an idea of how even large rocks can be moved, and ...
stratigraphy4/30/2006
  Q: why the precambran basement is known as shield? is it an arbitrarily given name or has some reason ...
  A: To answer this question you have to understand the early history of the Earth and how the crust ...
stratigraphy4/29/2006
  Q: why the precambran basement is known as shield? is it an arbitrarily given name or has some reason ...
  A: I've never seen the etymology for the word “shield”; at least not in its tectonic geology meaning. ...
Pebbles4/23/2006
  Q: I my self a geology graduate according to what I have studied that the pebbles are formed due to the ...
  A: Roundeed pebbles are formed by an erosional process called "SALTATION". That's where a rock is ...
geology4/16/2006
  Q: why does marble have streaks of color in it.
  A: Sorry for how long it took to get to this question. I had a computer problem; but I'm back now. ...
geology4/13/2006
  Q: do u know what long curved cracks parallel to the surface is. Its a six letter word witht he 3rd ...
  A: I think you might mean "joints". They are cracks in the Earth that don't show any appreciable ...
Earth's inner crust4/1/2006
  Q: I have read some where earth inner core consist of molten lava. and it is said that inner core was ...
  A: You are almost completely correct. The only real change I would add is that the Earth's core is two ...
continental drift....2/4/2006
  Q: Do you know if anyone has ever done any sort of simulation or prediction of what the world will look ...
  A: Check out this site.....animations, globes, past worlds and future continental positions, background ...
frost wedging... further information2/3/2006
  Q: Recently I asked a question about finding "puzzle rocks" that crumble into pieces and can be easily ...
  A: I remember helping you with this question. Let's take your new questions one at a time: What ...
The Sky1/23/2006
  Q: I dont even kno if this question doesnt belong here. Why is the sky blue?
  A: That's a good question. The sky is blue because of the way light reacts to gases in the atmosphere. ...
oil and gas resevoirs and traps1/18/2006
  Q: I was wondering if you could explain the role of permeability and porosity in creating oil and gas ...
  A: First; do you know the difference between “porosity” and “permeability”? Porosity is the void ...
River rocks with fractures1/13/2006
  Q: As a child, I explored the mountain streams of south-central Colorado. I remember finding, on one ...
  A: What you are describing is an erosional process called “frost wedging”. What happens is that water ...
earthquiks12/17/2005
  Q: how to find the center of earthquik from the sesmogram gets from three stations of sesmograph? how ...
  A: Check out these sites. They will give you a detailed description of earthquakes and how to measure ...
Sulfur and Coal12/15/2005
  Q: What and how sulfur is effect on coal? Why is it customer prefer coal with low sulfur instead of ...
  A: When high sulfur (about %7) coal is burned the sulfur combines with oxygen to create sulfur dioxide. ...
structures12/5/2005
  Q: Can you send me some information on structures for help on my research project? ...
  A: I think you mean STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY. If that's the case then navigate to these sites. They are ...
Perlite12/1/2005
  Q: Is Perlite considered to be a mineral?
  A: Perlite is a silicate mineral. It is a type of volcanic glass that has a tiny drop of water in it. ...
geology11/30/2005
  Q: Are there any rocks or minerals at the space? Which rocks usually have bigger grain, Sedimentry ...
  A: Let's take your questions in order…. Are there any rocks or minerals at the space? Yes there are. ...
Topographical information11/28/2005
  Q: I have to do a very short project for geology in which I explain topographical information for St. ...
  A: I'm not sure what information you need so I'll just send along this website from the people who make ...
soil11/24/2005
  Q: what are the features of the soil?
  A: Soil is nothing more than very small pieces of rock. Wind, rain, running water, and ice all come ...
Trying to ID rock11/21/2005
  Q: Is it possible to find Lake Superior Agates that far south in Michigan? I have been told that the ...
  A: First, it almost certainly is NOT petrified wood. It doesn't look like it at all. However, strange ...
Mineral11/20/2005
  Q: Why is gold so expensive? What makes minerals color? What is the difference between ROCKS and ...
  A: Gold is so expensive because it is relatively rare and very difficult to get. Also, we like the ...
Gold Mining11/19/2005
  Q: How does gold form in such large quantities underground. If larger and harder minerals are the ...
  A: The current theory on Gold formation (well, really any metal formation) is that super heated water ...
Trying to ID rock11/18/2005
  Q: I have a rock pictured in the following link that I am trying to identify, but cant seem to find ...
  A: I looked at the rest of pictures...looks like a nice set of polished pebbles. The one you are ...
Carreer11/14/2005
  Q: Who or what influenced you to be a geologist?
  A: Well, I've always been interested in natural things and how they worked. I wondered why a mountain ...
Petroleum11/14/2005
  Q: Which country has more petroleum?
  A: In fact most of the world's petroleum is probably to be found in the world's oceans as offshore ...
Profit11/14/2005
  Q: What has more profit, mining or having petroleum?
  A: Your question depends on way too many variables to really answer. It depends on what you mine, the ...
Geological age definitions11/12/2005
  Q: Are the "absolute known geological age" and "inferred geological age" common terms in geology? What ...
  A: I think you might be referring to ABSOLUTE age and the RELATIVE age of a rock. They can be complex ...
Strange looking rock I found11/11/2005
  Q: I found a very strange looking rock in my backyard in the Mississippi River Valley in southern Iowa ...
  A: Certainly is a puzzler. This one's a little hard to identify by just it's picture. It could be a ...
minerals11/10/2005
  Q: What is a very expensive mineral? (Except gold and diamond).
  A: Most of the PLATINUM GROUP minerals are rarer and more costly than Gold. Platinum is around $900 ...
minerals11/10/2005
  Q: For how long do you work with minerals? Do you think they are unique?
  A: I've been a Geologist for 27 years now. Some of that time I have worked with minerals but I am NOT ...
minerals and rocks11/9/2005
  Q: I would like to know what is the oldest rock you have ever found? If yes describe it. What is the ...
  A: The oldest rock I've found is over 3.2 BILLION years old. It's a GRANITE and is light colored with ...
Minerals11/8/2005
  Q: What is the rarest mineral you have ever found?
  A: The rarest mineral I've ever found is called FLUORRICHTERITE. It belongs to a mineral group called ...
Rocks11/6/2005
  Q: You've already answered a few questions for me, Juliana, but if you don't mind I have a couple ...
  A: When geologists look at rocks we notice the color, texture, weight, minerals, structure, hardness, ...
Minerals11/2/2005
  Q: I am a 7th grade student, and in Science we are studying minerals. We have to interview someone that ...
  A: Let's take them one at time: 1)How do you tell if a rock is magnetic or not? If a magnet sticks to ...
Questions11/1/2005
  Q: Im doing an interview and your feedback for the questions would be a big help...Thanks 1) How do ...
  A: Lot's of questions, let's see about answering them. 1) How do you know when you find real gold and ...
Rocks, Minerals and Coral Reefs10/31/2005
  Q: I already send you two e-mails, but I didn't present myself. Sorry! I know you already published two ...
  A: Lots of questions…let's go. Each question is very large and I can't cover them adequately here. ...
Minerals10/31/2005
  Q: What are most of the mines in the world made of?
  A: I don't believe anyone has ever done a study of what is the most mined mineral in the world but if I ...
Coral Reef10/31/2005
  Q: How do coral reef forms?
  A: Coral reefs are formed from the skeletons of tiny animal called a POLYP that's not even as big as ...
Rusted Headstone10/22/2005
  Q: Not sure this is in your area-my mother's headstone (glossy grey-not sure of the material) has been ...
  A: When I want to clean iron stains from rock I use a product called "Iron Out". It's a powder. I mix ...
Gold Mines10/21/2005
  Q: I am writing a children's story about someone living in an abandoned gold mine. What would they ...
  A: I wish you all the luck in writing your story and I'll be glad to help. What do you need to live ...
Wegener10/17/2005
  Q: I'm having an argument with a friend. he says that the scientific theories re continents ...
  A: Actually most of the evidence he presented was pretty convincing and solid. He pointed out that ...
geological maps10/15/2005
  Q: i have been looking for a person who can teach me something about contour and strike lines on the ...
  A: This is a VERY large subject so I think I'll give you a couple of links that I know about that will ...
evolution10/13/2005
  Q: i have always been in confusion about the metamorphic grades .can you please help me out in ...
  A: There are really just three metamorphic grades; LOW, INTERMEDIATE and HIGH. They are separated by ...
Earth10/11/2005
  Q: I don't know if you are the right person to ask but my question is that most of the planets in our ...
  A: Your right, along with Sedna, Earth is the only planet not named through Greek or Roman myth. The ...
pink and white terraces10/7/2005
  Q: Would i be right in saying that the pink and white terraces were formed by geysers. The groundwater ...
  A: This is a good follow up. That is an accurate description of what happens in a geyser. Remember ...
Rock anomaly ?10/7/2005
  Q: the holes are very round and exact same size, in the center of this stone is another close to round ...
  A: The pictures are too blurry for me to tell much but what I could see leads me to suspect that they ...
pink and white terraces10/4/2005
  Q: Do you think that the pink and white terraces in rotorua new zealand are part of the geology ...
  A: The terraces are definitely geological occurrences; but not exactly in the way you think. They are ...
fossils9/28/2005
  Q: Why are marine fossils found more often than land fossils?
  A: For most of this Earth's existence it's surface has been covered, mostly, by marine seas. Usually ...
Geology9/21/2005
  Q: What are some reason's why geology is important?
  A: Serious question and it could take a long time to answer, but I'll give you the abbreviated version. ...
Area of Tectonic Plates8/27/2005
  Q: Could you direct me to where I might find the area of the principal tectonic plates. I could not ...
  A: There isn't much information on plate areas. I found this PDF that has the areas of at least some ...
differenced in rocks8/26/2005
  Q: how do basalt and gabbro differ from andesite and diorite?
  A: Here's a couple of sites that should help you out: ...
Rocks8/14/2005
  Q: what is the method of most geologist used to identify the rocks or rock formations?
  A: Good question but it's really far too complex to answer properly here. I was at a university for 8 ...
Rocks8/12/2005
  Q: I live on a farm in Armstrong county western Pennsylvania USA. On one two or three acre section of ...
  A: Pennsylvania Geology is a little outside my experitse but from what I know of the general geology of ...
sand8/7/2005
  Q: My son asked me today (after spending a day at the beach yesterday) - What is sand?
  A: In the simplest, and most common, case sand consists of small particles of quartz. Most beaches ...
Earthquakes7/25/2005
  Q: I made a mistake. I found out that it's not energy. It's either magnitude or intensity that's the ...
  A: The answer to your question is actually “Neither”. The “best” way is to use what's called the ...
Earthquakes7/21/2005
  Q: I found out that energy is the best way to measure the size of earthquakes but why is that?
  A: I'm not exactly sure what you mean by “energy” but I think you are referring to Richter method of ...
Rocks vs. minerals7/8/2005
  Q: I teach 6th grade science. My students ALWAYS ask what is the difference between a rock and a ...
  A: The difference is actually pretty simple but like most things in science “simple” can get complex in ...
Polar Wandering and the plate tectonic theory6/27/2005
  Q: I'm stuck on a question that I have in geology. The questions are What is polar wandering? I can ...
  A: Polar wandering: That's a concept that looks easy to understand but really isn't. I have yet to ...
What is it?6/22/2005
  Q: I have a rock in the link listed below, that I got out of a gravel pit in Oxford, Michigan, that I ...
  A: That's a good picture you have there Jeff. Number 13 looks to be an agate. We do have them in ...
Earth's core6/20/2005
  Q: I recently saw a documental about the magnetic field on earth and the earth's core. It was said that ...
  A: I don't know of any studies that were conducted on this aspect of the core. A quick search of the ...
Mesas of New Mexico and Arizona6/13/2005
  Q: When driving through Arizona and New Mexico, you can see large mountains with perfectly flat tops ...
  A: You're correct. They are called Mesa's; the big brother to Buttes, little brother to Plateaus. To ...
Appalachain Plateau6/8/2005
  Q: How was the Appalachain Plateau formed?
  A: The Appalachian Plateau was formed when rivers and streams began the process of eroding the original ...
Hotspring6/8/2005
  Q: I live in a country where there is no volcanic activities. But, we have hotsprings here. How is this ...
  A: You don't really need any volcanoes or volcanic activity to have hot springs. You just need a ...
crystals5/28/2005
  Q: Can you explain how and why crystals are formed in terms my 8 year old son would understand.. ...
  A: In simple terms crystals grow from SOLUTIONS. Solutions are mixtures of water, or other liquid, and ...
Geology5/25/2005
  Q: I'm curious to know how pressure and temperature affect the physical properties of the inner layers ...
  A: This could be an horrendously complicated question but let's simplify. Temperature and pressure can ...
black sand5/20/2005
  Q: I was wondering about the origins of black sand beaches. I presume they come from the basaltic rock, ...
  A: You are correct that the material that forms the black beaches is basalt. There are two types of ...
Earthquakes5/12/2005
  Q: When an earthquake occurs, P waves and S waves travel in all directions, right? So what happens when ...
  A: I'm going to assume you know the basics of seismic waves so I won't go into detail. Simply, P waves ...
grand canyon5/12/2005
  Q: How was the grand canyon formed?
  A: Like so many things in science this just doesn't have any easy answer. The simple fact is; we ...
Geology5/12/2005
  Q: What is the largest crack in the world that can be seen by astronauts on the moon?
  A: I assume that you're asking about natural formations like the Grand Canyon. Well, as far as I am ...
Oceans absolute? volume5/5/2005
  Q: Perhaps this is more math than geo- IF the planet Earth was a smooth sphere(no ...
  A: Not sure of your question here...if the Earth were a smooth sphere then there wouldn't be any ...
James Hutton4/26/2005
  Q: i would like to ask you a question about james hutton. James Hutton discovered the principle of ...
  A: I'm, not sure I, or anyone else, can give you a definitive answer. For much of his life Hutton was ...
volcano's4/8/2005
  Q: my name is Elena and I attend Sacred Heart School. For our computer class we are submitting ...
  A: “The most destructive volcano”….not as easy a question to answer as you might think. By that do you ...
Rocks4/4/2005
  Q: Do you know of a source/place where I can have certain rocks analyzed or identified. I have a large ...
  A: Sounds to me like you have a large piece of mica there. If it's very dark it's probably Biotite. ...
geology3/28/2005
  Q: i don't know what is Moho? thanks you
  A: The MOHO is a shortened term for Mohorovicic Discontinuity. That's the boundary between the crust ...
Reel in Rock3/27/2005
  Q: What is the logical explanation for the "Reel in the Rock", supposedly found by Dan Jones in ...
  A: Since I haven't seen the thing I can't make any good hypothesis. The only sites I can find about it ...
sand dunes3/25/2005
  Q: Just found your internet site and maybe you will be one of the person to be able to solve the ...
  A: I'm not sure what you mean by “the sand came up again.” Do you mean that it filled up the trench ...
Geodes3/18/2005
  Q: I was wondering what medium is in a geode. Is it air or is it space(vacuum)?
  A: Usually geodes are formed when gas collects in a pocket in rock that is still molten. When it ...
class project3/12/2005
  Q: I am in 7th grade and I have to interview a geologist. My questions are: Where did you study? How ...
  A: I'd be happy to answer your questions. “Where did you study?” – I got my Bachelor of Science in ...
Underground Water3/6/2005
  Q: I live in central Florida. I have seen a lot of sinkholes in this area. I have seen tunnels at the ...
  A: I'm not an expert in Florida groundwater problems so I can't help much. You might try the Florida ...
geology3/1/2005
  Q: it's me again! Now i need to know about a shadow zone, can you tell me what it is and how scientists ...
  A: Ok…here we go….we have a large earthquake happen. So large that vibrations from it travel right ...
Fools Gold2/23/2005
  Q: How do you tell the difference between fools gold and real gold? I live in the mountains of So. ...
  A: The best way to tell if you have gold is that it's much softer than pyrite (fool's gold). Flakes ...
Earth2/15/2005
  Q: I'm trying to finish up a small science project and I'm stuck on a particular question. If I could ...
  A: We know what the interior of the Earth is probably like through our use of seismic waves. I'm ...
Estimating the Age of the Earth2/14/2005
  Q: I am interested in understanding as many independent ways of measuring the age of of our earth as ...
  A: I'm not aware of a method to age-date the Earth through astronomical measurements. Normally ...
GOLD2/10/2005
  Q: Sir, I am a novice prospector in a very low yield area. I live in Minong Wisc. We do however, have ...
  A: Good luck on your prospecting! As to your questions: I do not know of any gold occurances, in ...
sial and sima2/8/2005
  Q: I wonder if you know why sial and sima are not sial and simg as I presume that they derive from the ...
  A: Lee, Actually they are acronyms and it's only coincidental that some of the letters appear to be ...
Geologic Map2/1/2005
  Q: Do you know where I could find a geologic map of Kankakee County, Illinois on the internet? Thanks ...
  A: You might want to try this URL: http://www.isgs.uiuc.edu/isgshome/geo-map.htm It's for the ...
dinosaur extinction1/11/2005
  Q: how do you think dinosaurs became extinct? or is were there ever dinosaurs? thank you please ...
  A: First, there certainly were dinosaurs. The fossil record is full of evidence (bones, tracks, hide, ...
Glaciation1/9/2005
  Q: Recently I had occasion to visit Sudbury Ontario and was told that a massive meteor struck ...
  A: It's a time thing. The last continental glaciation we had in this part of the world was about ...
2 questions on rock formation and lava1/3/2005
  Q: where does rock come from? What is the difference between magma and lava?
  A: This is a very large question. Let's see if we can simplify it some. First let's say what a rock ...
Sunami Tidal Wave12/31/2004
  Q: What is the difference between a tidal wave and a sunami? also, what is the chance of Hawaii ever ...
  A: "Tidal Wave" and "Tsunami" are used interchangeably. I don't know where the term "Tidal Wave" got ...
polar wandering12/19/2004
  Q: I have taken courses in geology but have always had a problem visualizing "polar wandering." Do you ...
  A: “Polar wandering” is kind of a misnomer, well, at least it was until about the year 2000. Let me ...
shoreline morphology12/8/2004
  Q: Have airborne lasers been used to analyze changing shoreline morphology? If so, can you point me to ...
  A: Won't be able to help you too much but these sites might be useful. The first ones just give ...
half-life and radioactive dating12/5/2004
  Q: ..or maybe I'm just making it harder than it is... 1st Some questions:Would you be willing to check ...
  A: I've got your question and I will answer you, but I need just a little more time (the rest of my ...
Earths magnetic field12/4/2004
  Q: My question is about the earths magnetic field.When we look at he ancient world, there is a lot of ...
  A: Your hypothesis seems to be that, in the past, conditions on Earth made things feel lighter so that ...
Great Slave Lake shear zone11/14/2004
  Q: I am trying to read a journal on The GSLsz (Can. J. Earth Sci. Vol. 40. 2003) by, David Eaton and J. ...
  A: Here are some references on the 'Net that I use. They should help you. ...
sea floor spreading11/12/2004
  Q: Scientists believe that the Atlantic Ocean is slowly becoming wider because of seafloor spreading. ...
  A: This is a pretty big topic and has to do with PLATE TECTONICS. Maybe you've heard of it? Let me ...
geology11/6/2004
  Q: What are metemorphic minerals as apposed to normal minerals?
  A: Intense temperature and pressure will metamorphose a rock. It will also change some of the minerals ...
asking11/6/2004
  Q: robert reszka Iam a student in unversity of sulaimani in kurdistan of iraq. I need some benefit ...
  A: These are some mighty complicated subjects so rather than try to tackle them here let me give you a ...
porosity11/5/2004
  Q: I was wondering what is the average porosity of clay, silt, and sand? Thanks
  A: The answer might not be what most people would think. Your first though might be that sand would ...
Rocks10/22/2004
  Q: What is the texture of quartzite?
  A: Quartzite has a granular, medium-grained clastic texture. The particles are usually sand-sized and ...
A Smoke Rock10/21/2004
  Q: 10/21/04 My eight year old granddaughter has to do a report on a Smokey Rock and I cannot find any ...
  A: I'll need some more information if I'm to help. Is that the name of the rock? Is it the color or ...
Geology Question10/20/2004
  Q: You answered my last question SO well that I hoped you could also tell me how intrusive activity and ...
  A: In its simplest form all volcanism is due to intrusive activity. To make a long story short; molten ...
weathering10/12/2004
  Q: I'm doing a project for my 9th grade science class and i"m suppose to ask an expert a question. I ...
  A: Did you know that marble is another form of limestone? All you do is add lots of heat and pressure ...
Cleavage9/18/2004
  Q: I am having difficulty determining a rock's cleavage and in some cases, crystal faces. Is this ...
  A: Try this site it's pretty comprehensive and contains information on both cleavage and ...
Fulgurite?9/13/2004
  Q: I have a question about the identity of a rock. Description: A deposit of Globular shaped ...
  A: Without actually seeing the specimen I'd have to say that it does sound like you have a fulgurite. ...
Oxygen and life forms9/13/2004
  Q: Earths atmosphere has been oxygen rich for what percent of earths history? Living organisms have ...
  A: Those are questions that we are not completely sure of but we have enough data to give some pretty ...
mchigan geology9/9/2004
  Q: what can you tell me about the geology of michigan's lower peninsula. i'm asking because i have to ...
  A: That subject is a bit too large for this venue but I can give you a couple of sites and the name of ...
rare gold forms9/9/2004
  Q: does gold ever come in the cubed form naturally,such as a cube of pyrite?someone claims to have seen ...
  A: Gold belongs to the isometric system and one of it's shapes is the cube. So it is possible that ...
Erosion9/8/2004
  Q: What will cause our land to most likely experience serious erosion in our future?
  A: I'm sorry Mrs. Harrison. I can't really answer your question because I don't know where your land ...
Continent geology9/8/2004
  Q: C. Robert Reszka I wondering if you can tell me two special features on each continent, please...i ...
  A: Here are three sites that will give you a lot of information on the continents. Finding two things ...
Ice ages9/6/2004
  Q: How long (in years) did the last ice age end? What was its duration? Have there been many 'ice ...
  A: There's evidence for 10 glacial periods in the last 1 million years, and the last one started about ...
geology and literature8/25/2004
  Q: You had made reference to the Jules Verne Novel, "Journey to the Center of the Earth." Do you ...
  A: Unfortunately I can't find my copy of "Journey" (we moved recently and who knows what happened to ...
mountains8/16/2004
  Q: What differentiates a mountain from a hill?
  A: A hill is a natural elevation usually limited in extent and rounded in outline. Anything 300 meters ...
rock name8/11/2004
  Q: what is the scientific name for the following: Formed broken down rock materials?
  A: I think you must be refering to SEDIMENTARY rocks. These are made up of other rocks that have been ...
Looking for rock ID information8/6/2004
  Q: I was wondering if you knew of a site on the internet where I can go to try to identify some rocks ...
  A: Here are a few sites that I find useful... http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/PETROLGY/IdentifyRxMin.htm ...
geology in movies and literature8/4/2004
  Q: For example: When the geologists enter the earth's crust at the Marianas Trench -is this a place ...
  A: I haven't seen “The Core” yet so I can't give you an overall opinion. But I can give you some ...
FOUND ROCK8/4/2004
  Q: I found a rock (about half the size of a loaf of bread) that is pink in color and has many ...
  A: It sounds like you have a piece of Granite. Granites are usually light colored (translate that to ...
Temperature to melt rock8/2/2004
  Q: I know there are many rocks, but like at what temperature does rock melt and become vitrified? God ...
  A: Yours is a simple sounding question and the simple answer is; it depends. It depends on a host of ...
Coal7/30/2004
  Q: I am a 6th grade teacher in Greenwood, Indiana preparing for my upcoming school year. I have ...
  A: I'm not an expert in the Indiana coal fields but there is some general information that will help. ...
geology7/11/2004
  Q: I am reading a paper about submarine deposition in island arc environments and it describes deposits ...
  A: What's causing confusion here is the definition of”sandstone". It is nothing more than a rock made ...
Volcanolithic sediments7/11/2004
  Q: What exactly are volcanolithic sediments and how do they differ from regular seimentary rocks?
  A: I've never seen this term properly defined. It's used in many papers and from them you can infer a ...
Geology/astronomy7/6/2004
  Q: At one time the earth had only one massive continent. What was the name of this single land mass?
  A: Actually there were a couple of times, that we know of, when the landmasses were all assembled into ...
silver6/22/2004
  Q: I would like to know how silver is made in the earth. and the monitrey value of the mineral. thank ...
  A: There are an awful lot of sites out there, on the 'Net, but not much that I can find on silver ...
ground movement6/21/2004
  Q: I live in Oregon and visit the coast near Newport Oregon. I have noticed areas that can be ...
  A: This sounds like a very interesting landform feature however I am not an expert in Oregon geology. ...
triassic period6/21/2004
  Q: could you please tell me about the geology and climate in the triassic period.
  A: Here's some really good sites on geologic tiime. Check them all out and you should have all your ...
Mineral Necklaces6/14/2004
  Q: I got a couple of minerals from a gem show and I was wondering if it would be safe for the gem to ...
  A: Yes, it should be safe to drill a small hole in any of them, as long as they don't have any obvious ...
C. Robert Reszka JR6/12/2004
  Q: I have just bought a house which was built in 1928. In the back yard there is a stone structure ...
  A: I can give you a few suggestions for help. The first is the New jersey Geological Survey. Their ...
I need a geologist6/1/2004
  Q: I know this is unusual but I came across this web site in my researching of a rock that I recently ...
  A: Your rock sounds interesting. Sounds like it might be a glass of some kind but since you have such ...
Rarest mineral5/24/2004
  Q: My sixth grade students are trying to research which is the rarest crystal on earth. Reliable ...
  A: This is a really interesting question but I'm afraid I won't be of much help. I really don't think ...
Geology5/21/2004
  Q: As a microbiology grad student, I've discovered evidence for some previously unknown, quite ...
  A: Sorry Allen, I won't be of much help. I know of no listing of high alpine talus slopes. Most ...
geology5/21/2004
  Q: which of the following is the oldest mountain range on Earth? Rockies, Andes or highlands, ...
  A: The Scottish Highlands are older by far. They were uplifted about 4.7 billion years ago when there ...
diagenetic minirals5/21/2004
  Q: sir give me information about diagnetic minerals and their textures send me the name as soon as ...
  A: Any mineral that is formed by temperature or pressure after the deposition of eroded material is ...
diagenetic minirals5/21/2004
  Q: give me the names of diagenetic minerals and their textures. plz do it quicly i have presentation ...
  A: Any mineral that is formed by temperature or pressure after the deposition of eroded material is ...
gold5/20/2004
  Q: how do you get the gold out of the rocks and other than being used as jewelry, what other purposes ...
  A: Gold is found in many different formats; pure or almost pure metallic gold, or disseminated in ...
tectonic plates5/16/2004
  Q: Do you have any idea where I can find out what the earth will look like in ... say 10 million years?
  A: Can't really help much here Thomas. Your question is way too broad for this forum because it ...
strata before and after the k/t boundary4/23/2004
  Q: i asked one of your fellow experts, George Ardies, who answered promply but not quite fully. is ...
  A: This seems like a simple question but it really isn't. In order to answer it we have to know how ...
Acreage and creeks4/21/2004
  Q: I am purchasing a 6.5 acre tract with a creek that runs through the middle of it. The land is not ...
  A: I don't think I'll be able to help much on this question. Without seeing the property, or knowing ...
about lithosphere4/21/2004
  Q: I have a project about lithosphere & I need a source that contains pics and text about lithosphere ...
  A: I found some good references for the lithosphere that you might find useful. The first two have ...
why do mountains form in long...4/14/2004
  Q: why do mountains form in long narrow ranges
  A: To understand why mountains generally form in long, narrow ranges requires that we get into the ...
Dust4/1/2004
  Q: I don't know if you know the answer to this.I have a question about the source of dust in your ...
  A: The dust in your house comes from a lot of different things; anything from human skin cells, to ...
Caves: Stalagmites/Stalagtites3/19/2004
  Q: I would like to know exactly what kind of environment that these caves grow in, where most of these ...
  A: I'm not entirely sure of your question. Under the subject you write; “Caves: ...
radiometric dating3/4/2004
  Q: I'm in the midst of the evolution/creation debate, and one question has gone unanwered. How can ...
  A: To answer this properly would take WAY too long and be much too complex for this type of venue. To ...
Rocks vs Minerals3/2/2004
  Q: My 7 yr old son asked me the difference between rocks and minerals. I don't have enough knowledge ...
  A: A MINERAL is normally defined as a homogenous, inorganic solid. That means, in less complex words, ...
Aqua Geode???2/22/2004
  Q: .... My grandfather who was an amateur rock hound gave me a geode that weighs about 10 pounds and ...
  A: Sounds like a good geode you have there. It probably is not filled with liquid. That should have ...
pangea2/21/2004
  Q: could you give me some info on the supercontinent pangea for a school report?
  A: In a nutshell; Pangea was a continental landmass that existed from about 230million years ago to ...
diamonds2/16/2004
  Q: I was reading a pamplet about a diamond crater in Arkansas and it says that every year the diamonds ...
  A: Yes it's true; there is a diamond mine in Arkansas. It's now the Crater of Diamonds State Park. I ...
strata ,strike and dip2/16/2004
  Q: my concerns are about strike and dip..i can understand how to read strike and dip on a cross ...
  A: You seem to understand what strike and dip are so we won't discuss that. Let's just look at the ...
Grand Canyon2/10/2004
  Q: Why is it that parts of the grand canyon show signs of it being a slow moving river because of the ...
  A: You've made a good observation but the problem is that nobody can answer you. We just don't know ...
geology- triassic period2/9/2004
  Q: I would like to know what the various herbivores in the triassic period used to feed on...that is ...
  A: triassic period Ammar Asks Hello there I would like to know what the various herbivores in the ...
geologic time scale1/13/2004
  Q: I've got a question concerning the geologic time scale. How can absolute ages be estimated for rocks ...
  A: There are really two types of dating; RELATIVE and ABSOLUTE. Relative dating is where we can ...
rocks12/17/2003
  Q: I have an assignment very generally stating "a rock ia a hard substance made up of _____," and the ...
  A: The answer to your question is "MINERALS". Very short answer I know, but sometimes very complex ...
Limestone9/4/2003
  Q: What are the named methods/techniques of estimating how old a limstone is? And how would they work? ...
  A: Good question Shani. It can be hard to date a chemical sedimentary rock like Limestone. We don't ...
Earths layers8/7/2003
  Q: I know what the mantle, crust, asthensophere, and the lithosphere is but my question is what are the ...
  A: Well, to make a VERY long story short, you can think of a relationship between them to be one of ...
Rock of Gibraltar8/7/2003
  Q: This probably sounds ridiculous but here goes: My grandmother's brother served in WWI. When he ...
  A: I'm not really an expert on the geology of Spain, but I know that it is made of coral reefs and ...
What is diabase? Thanks, E...6/22/2003
  Q: What is diabase? Thanks, Ed
  A: Diabase is a type of rock. If you've ever heard of GABBRO it's the same kind of rock but with a ...

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