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About Keith Patton
(Top Expert on this page)

Expertise
I can answer questions concerning physical and historical geology, environmental geology/hydrology, environmental consulting, remote sensing/aerial photo interpretation, G&G computer applications, petroleum exploration, drilling, geochemistry, geochemical and microbiological prospecting, 3D reservoir modeling, computer mapping and drilling.I am not a geophysicist.

Experience
I have 24 years experience split between the petroleum and environmental industries. I have served as an expert witness in remote sensing, developmental geologist, exploration geologist, enviromental project manager, and subject matter expert in geology and geophysical software development.

Organizations
American Association of Petroleum Geologists
American Association of Photogrammetrists and Remote Sensing

Education/Credentials
Bachelor and Master of Science
Registered Geologist in State of Texas

   

You are here:  Experts > Science > Geology > Geology

Questions Answered By Expert  Keith Patton 
In Category  Geology

SubjectDate Asked

earthquakes - New Madrid fault line11/10/2009
  Q: I am insurance agent and am trying to make sure I advise my clients accurately with respect to ...
  A: Kathie: Here are several maps showing possible building loss or damage due to a 7.7 level quake ...
Geothermal system & high electric bills11/5/2009
  Q: We live in the Chicago area and recently built a new 3800 sq.ft. home with a geothermal ...
  A: I would run my system and see what it can bring your average indoor temperature down to. Set it at ...
North Atlantic Current shutdown11/5/2009
  Q: How much ice would need to melt and flow into North Atlantic to shut down the North Atlantic ...
  A: Actually, I think society in Medieval times would withstand it better than today since most people ...
North Atlantic Current shutdown11/4/2009
  Q: How much ice would need to melt and flow into North Atlantic to shut down the North Atlantic ...
  A: North East or Central. The drainage of Greenland appears to to to the east, but a large impact ...
Geothermal system & high electric bills11/4/2009
  Q: We live in the Chicago area and recently built a new 3800 sq.ft. home with a geothermal ...
  A: What you are calling "geothermal" is what used to be called a heat pump. That is, it uses ground ...
identifying palaeochannels using ASTER image11/4/2009
  Q: Sir, I would like to know whether we can demarcate palaeochannels with help of ASTER or Landsat ...
  A: Here are links to various studies of mapping paleochannels with Aster and Landsat. ...
OIL RESERVES IN PAKISTAN (BALOCHISTAN)11/3/2009
  Q: I will take your time on the following topic, well I am not a expert in Geology and therefore would ...
  A: Abdulqader: First you need to understand a little about the politics of petroleum. It takes ...
North Atlantic Current shutdown11/3/2009
  Q: How much ice would need to melt and flow into North Atlantic to shut down the North Atlantic ...
  A: I don't know how much ice would have to melt, the mathmatics are beyond me. The current could be ...
Question about cratons?11/1/2009
  Q: Recently I came across an article in which it was stated that craton are part of mountains. Actually ...
  A: They are the oldest rocks on Earth, and as such form the core of the continents. Newer rocks have ...
paleontology10/30/2009
  Q: how microfossil helps in petroleum exploration,role of foraminfera,radiolaria,ostracodontetc.
  A: They are used as marker fossils for biostratigraphy and paleoeenvironmetal analyses. The various ...
volcanoes10/29/2009
  Q: what are the factors that influence the characteristics of volcanic eruptions
  A: Magma type primarily. Shield volcanoes, have low angle cones due to the fact that their magma is ...
paleontology10/28/2009
  Q: please giv me every bit of details about what and how microfossils help in petroleum ...
  A: Maria: Microfossils are abundant in marine sediments and marine sediments are the prevalent ...
software help10/27/2009
  Q: Can you please explain these? Seismic Processing Software Spatial data and asset data
  A: Seismic Processing Software is software specifically written to process seismic data for stacking, ...
Where does "new water" come from?10/25/2009
  Q: Is there a geophysical/chemical process that creates "new water" or is all water simply reprocessed ...
  A: Reprocessed. However, there is new water vapor released during volcanic eruptions, but it too could ...
Oil10/21/2009
  Q: What funtion does crude oil fulfill before it is removed from the earth? Does it serve at all to ...
  A: I don't know of any purpose other than to provide a food source for hydrocarbon consuming microbes. ...
sedimentary rocks10/20/2009
  Q: please give me the classification %26 environments of sedimentary rocks? in PDF file?
  A: I assume you mean depostiional environments? There are numerous ones and some are shades of gray, ...
remotesensing/geology10/20/2009
  Q: Respected Sir, I would like to know whether we can identify manganese ore bodies through ASTER ...
  A: Anoop: I know from past experience that manganese and other elements found in soil at higher ...
why is the Colarado River green?10/19/2009
  Q: why is the Colorado River green?
  A: It is probably due to algae. Not sure what part of the river you are speaking about, but most green ...
Natural spring well10/17/2009
  Q: "The locals that lived around my father's property collected water from the spring from centuries ...
  A: Marlene: To be geothermal implies the water is hot. If it is not, then it is not geothermal and ...
Natural spring well10/14/2009
  Q: "The locals that lived around my father's property collected water from the spring from centuries ...
  A: Marlene: Springs come in several types. An artesian spring is one that bubbles up under a ...
Indonesia10/14/2009
  Q: I was wondering how Indonesia has been hit again with another big earthquake after 5 years? Is this ...
  A: Katelin: The first thing you have to realize it the gigantic magnitude of the forces involved. We ...
Masters Courses in exploration geology10/14/2009
  Q: I would like to have your advice where I can apply for a masters course in geology preferably in ...
  A: I would advise you to go with the exploration program. There is more opportunity than in economic ...
my rock i got10/14/2009
  Q: hey my friend gave me a rock a couple years back and now for science i want to know what kind it is ...
  A: Luke: I can't make a determination without having at least a look at it. Can you snap a picture of ...
geology - plate tectonics10/11/2009
  Q: if you have to summerise the present absolute motion of the African and Arabian plates, theire ...
  A: Novement of both plates is northward where the Arabian plate is colliding with the Eurasian plate ...
Dating Craters10/11/2009
  Q: I have a question for which I wish to find an answer from a professional astronomer , that is , How ...
  A: Mahmoud: Here is a PDF file explaining the methods currently being used by NASA. The techniques ...
Fault sealing10/6/2009
  Q: kindly tell me that how to do this? furthermore also let me know that how to calculate the shale ...
  A: My knowledge of this is limited, but here are some sources: ...
particle size distribution using hydrometer method10/5/2009
  Q: I understand particle size distribution (PSD) on a basic level. I have read about the experiment, ...
  A: Mariah: The particle size distribution seperation is for sediment. Not cemented sediment. The two ...
"Sprouting Blue Clay"10/3/2009
  Q: Any comments you might have on the following would be appreciated. Taken from "The Youth's ...
  A: Ted: Most shallow aquifers (water bearing units bound by aquitards aka aquicludes) are made up of ...
Geophysics10/3/2009
  Q: what are the main problems for carrying out CSEM( controlled source electromagnetic in deep water? ...
  A: Souvik: My knowledge of CSEM is limited, however maybe that is a plus here. With what are you ...
Question about geology9/28/2009
  Q: I want to ask a question that what is craton? What is it's relations with mountains and Earth;s ...
  A: What they mean is that the Craton extends deeper into the Mantle than other parts of the ...
Question about geology9/26/2009
  Q: I want to ask a question that what is craton? What is it's relations with mountains and Earth;s ...
  A: Yousuf: A craton is considered original continental rock. The core rock around which our current ...
India and Asia9/26/2009
  Q: Okay, so my friend seems to think that India is NOT techinically part of Asia because it's on it's ...
  A: Strictly speaking a continent is a contiguous land mass usually surrounded by water. There are ...
Question regarding first question9/25/2009
  Q: I would like to ask one more question regarding first question. As you told that plate movements ...
  A: Yousuf: In the case of the continental rock riding on the underlying plates, both rocks have to be ...
Question regarding first question9/24/2009
  Q: I would like to ask one more question regarding first question. As you told that plate movements ...
  A: Yousuf: If I understand your meaning, you want to know if the cells are constant or do they ...
Question about geology9/24/2009
  Q: I am Yousuf and I want to ask you a question that which energy or force is reponsible for movement ...
  A: Yousef: Plate movement, both oceanic and crustal, is caused by convection cells with in the ...
Question9/4/2009
  Q: What does this mean when people say that oceanic plates ride over asthenosphere? And what about ...
  A: Jahnzab: The asthenosphere is a plastic layer on which float the solid basaltic oceanic plates. ...
argon9/1/2009
  Q: My grandaughter has to make a model demonstrating the element Argon...any ideas...thanks
  A: Elizabeth: You don't specify her age, but you could make a model of the Argon atom on a piece of ...
Question8/30/2009
  Q: My question is as follows:- If mountain roots are deep in the mantle, so why aren't they melting? I ...
  A: Jahanzeb: Good question, that is why I doubt that the roots go as deep as some writers claim. I ...
Question8/29/2009
  Q: I wanna ask a question regarding geology. My question is Why the earth's continents don't ride over ...
  A: The continents are lighter acidic granitic rock and are rafted along on plates of denser matereial. ...
Question8/29/2009
  Q: Dr.Keith Patton, I am back. Yousuf. I want to ask you a question. I was surfing the internet ...
  A: Yousuf: Don't get caught up in looking for reasons...mountains are the result of earth processes. ...
Question about geology8/27/2009
  Q: My name is Yousuf and I want to ask you a question about geology. I want to ask a question that I ...
  A: Yousuf: "Some scientists" is a journalistic mechanism that specifies an non specific number to give ...
Internal waves in ancient text?8/21/2009
  Q: Do you know when was the fact that the sea gets darker whenever you go deeper into it discovered? ...
  A: Yes, fathomless does mean without measure or bottomless. A fathom is actually 6 feet, measured by a ...
mix Carbonate-Siliciclastic8/21/2009
  Q: I would like to ask, I need Jeffrey Mount clssification about mix-ciliciclastic-carbonate rock. ...
  A: This is all I could find. The first is the paper where he published it. You might be able to find ...
Internal waves in ancient text?8/19/2009
  Q: Do you know when was the fact that the sea gets darker whenever you go deeper into it discovered? ...
  A: Hashem: It is hard to know what the actual text really said without reading it directly, or knowing ...
Slide 5.0 or Slope/w8/14/2009
  Q: I'm a recently graduated Environmental engineering student living in Finland working for an ...
  A: Johan: My wife's father was Finnish, probably from the Swedish side of the border though, last name ...
rock dating8/13/2009
  Q: I have a bit of trouble to understand why it is easier to assign a marine sedimentary rock to a ...
  A: Anna: As a rule, terrestrial sedimentary rocks are more resistant to erosion. This is a very broad ...
dating8/7/2009
  Q: what sought of absolute dating technique do you consider most applicable for the following rock ...
  A: 1) Rubidium-87-Stronsium-87 method. Good for dating micas and feldspars. Uranium and Thorium ...
stratigraphy8/4/2009
  Q: i want to know the complete knowledge of indus basin of pakistan. what is upper and lower indus ...
  A: Upper and lower refers to area of the basin, from the sea, so the upper basin would be farthest from ...
Earth's Age8/2/2009
  Q: How do scientists, geogist, know that the Earth is 4.6 Billion years old? To be honest I have never ...
  A: Sorry to say, but the YEC has an preconceived idea, that they want to prove, then they shop around ...
Environmental Management7/30/2009
  Q: Applications of sedimentology in environmental management
  A: Maxi: You don't state whether this is career related or technical. I put the technical answer at ...
Earth's Age7/26/2009
  Q: How do scientists, geogist, know that the Earth is 4.6 Billion years old? To be honest I have never ...
  A: Ramon: In a nutshell, rocks of the earth are part of a cycle where rocks are created, destroyed, ...
Conglomeratic Sandstones7/24/2009
  Q: Why do conglomeratic sandstones generally have low porosities but higher permeabilities(at least in ...
  A: Paulina: What you might be seeing is the effect of statistics. A conglomerate is kind of like a ...
oil exploration studies using remote sensing7/23/2009
  Q: hai sir please tell me how to study petroleum exploration using remote sensing.i am using ASTER ...
  A: Rajesh: There are a number of approaches you can take depending on your interests. The first in a ...
Well log7/23/2009
  Q: How do u decipher environments of deposition from well logs, and what are the basic environments of ...
  A: Temitayo: Recognition of depostitional enviroments from well logs is one of pattern recognition. ...
Relocating to San Bernardino area7/22/2009
  Q: My husband recently accepted a position in the San Bernardino area; naturally I am anxious about the ...
  A: Robyn: First, there is a branch of the San Andreas fault known as the San Bernardino fault. It lies ...
geochemistry7/19/2009
  Q: I'm a undergrad majoring in geology. I would like to work in the petroleum exploration industry and ...
  A: Take both. I used a lot of inorganic geochem and later took a graduate course in organic. Organic ...
ocean levels7/13/2009
  Q: Was there even an epoc time when the ocaen levels at the north pole were minimal or non existant?
  A: Jeff: I want to make sure that you understand that The ontinents have moved a lot in the past. It ...
Strange feature7/11/2009
  Q: I saw this while looking at a Google Earth view of Mozambique. I do not have a clue as to what it ...
  A: I believe what you are seeing is a dome formed by the emplacement of a circular granite intrusion ...
Pangaea Mountains7/4/2009
  Q: Let's jump into a time machine and go back to the Carboniferous Period as Pangaea was forming. The ...
  A: Mike, First, the Carboniferous only saw the formation of the Southern Appalachians and the ...
mantle6/23/2009
  Q: why are some parts of the lower mantle hotter than other parts
  A: We don't fully understand why mantle hot spots form. It is believed that thermal plumes develop in ...
Grad school choices for Coastal Geology6/19/2009
  Q: Our daughter is going to be a senior at Mt Holyoke College where she is a geology major (3.72 gpa), ...
  A: Like I mentioned. There is not much money in it. The Corps of Engineers and consulting engineering ...
Grad school choices for Coastal Geology6/18/2009
  Q: Our daughter is going to be a senior at Mt Holyoke College where she is a geology major (3.72 gpa), ...
  A: Don: There are a lot of them. Unversity of South Carolina is one, Old Dominion University in ...
career options6/18/2009
  Q: what's the career option in volcano and earthquakes studies?and what exactly is G&G computer ...
  A: Tejal: G&G stands for Geology and Geophysics. This is software that allows interactive ...
banded iron formation6/17/2009
  Q: how banded iron formation formation was occured? and what was the process? also i want to know why ...
  A: The reason they are interbedded with quartz, usually jasper or other microcrystalline quartz is that ...
Wilson's Cycle6/16/2009
  Q: I know roughly how the wilson cycle works. For each stage of the cycle (rift, drift, convergence, ...
  A: Mariah: It it a pretty complex explaination, too long to answer here. I found two discussions of ...
banded iron formation6/15/2009
  Q: how banded iron formation formation was occured? and what was the process? also i want to know why ...
  A: Ankush: These formations formed during the Precambrian and are attributed to the combination of ...
Magma6/2/2009
  Q: How did Magma get underneath the crust or how did the crust form around magma? Apologies if I'm in ...
  A: Well, no. The moon has no atmosphere. I am not sure what the prognosis is for a cooler Earth, ...
porosity-permeability6/2/2009
  Q: What is the difference between porosity that can be found in geothermal reservoir rocks? How do the ...
  A: Primary permiability is that permiability that is inherent in the rock when the sediment is first ...
Magma6/2/2009
  Q: How did Magma get underneath the crust or how did the crust form around magma? Apologies if I'm in ...
  A: Jake: When the earth formed the particles that came together compressed due to their shear mass, ...
2D, 3D sismic data6/1/2009
  Q: how can we interpret the 2D, 3D seismic data? and what's the different between them? ANSWER: Ahmed: ...
  A: I am not sure what kind of example you are looking for. Using 2D data you can see structure just by ...
Rock Formation5/26/2009
  Q: Is possible for the rock cycle to commence and/or continue if there were no oxygen on the plant ...
  A: The rock cycle as we know it would not exist since water, air and biological compoinents are an ...
Master degree5/25/2009
  Q: My name is Ricardo and I live in Portugal. I've been working as a Mudlogger and then as a Data ...
  A: Ricardo: A lot of universities in the US offer MS programs with an emphasis on petroleum. Here are ...
Bringing Running water to Nine Miles, St. Ann, Jamaica5/24/2009
  Q: I need volunteer help in finding good sources of water to supply Nine Miles (Bob Marley's home ...
  A: Karl: I understand your problem. I was in Jamaica a few years back and was surprised to see whole ...
Geothermal Reservoirs5/23/2009
  Q: Can you entertain a question on calculating the geothermal potential of a reservoir? We expect the ...
  A: Glenn: While not in my area of expertise, I located some sources of information, reports on ...
def. of fluid end-member5/19/2009
  Q: I am reading several research papers regarding the content of hydrothermal fluids at various ...
  A: It can be a bit confusing, the end-member is the source fluid of the deposit. For example: the ...
target zone5/12/2009
  Q: what is the definition of target zone
  A: In drilling, the target zone is the interval within the body of reservoir rock that the ...
hydrogeology5/5/2009
  Q: Respected Sir, I am Kalpana doing Master degree (Water Resources Managemet) in Anna University. ...
  A: There are a number of things to consider. First, obviously the hydrology of the area. At what ...
Geology5/5/2009
  Q: What are the types of plate boundary interactions?
  A: Karolinka: Interesting name. The plate boundaries are subductive, transverse, collisional and ...
What if the whole crust swayed?5/3/2009
  Q: Patton, I posted this question to Ms.Seligman (professor of astronomy). She advised me to ask a ...
  A: Eddy: Insofar as the hypothetical you have proposed, any variance from the uniform would retard the ...
Conglomerates in Andalucia5/1/2009
  Q: What caused the massive conglomerates along the coast of Andalucia west of Malaga and when please. ...
  A: Greta: Geology is founded on studying modern day analogs to processes that have occured in the ...
geothermal energy system5/1/2009
  Q: how can I determine if living on a barrier island of Ft. Lauderdale, I can cost effectively change ...
  A: Kathleen: While technically correct, the term geothermal is usually used to describe areas of very ...
geology5/1/2009
  Q: does isostacy occur in toledo ohio? what is the cause?
  A: Stacy: It occurs everywhere on the earth,except at subduction boundaries. Isostacy is just ...
Conglomerates in Andalucia4/29/2009
  Q: What caused the massive conglomerates along the coast of Andalucia west of Malaga and when please.
  A: Gretta: These deposits are prograding delta deposits of Pliocene age 5.3-1.8 million years befor ...
least squre fitt method4/27/2009
  Q: can you tell me the basic idea behind least squre fitt method using for specrtal mapping of ...
  A: Rajesh: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least-squares_spectral_analysis ...
kimberlite mapping using aster data4/27/2009
  Q: can you tell me how to map kimberlite terrain areas using aster data.Please tell me the alteration ...
  A: Here are a few sources that might be helpful: http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM53/AM53_1336.pdf ...
gases in magma4/22/2009
  Q: Why is it that when subduction occurs and as the basalt subducts the water/steam is ...
  A: Danny: You are right. In a simplistic explaination some might maintain the water is released back ...
Geochemist4/22/2009
  Q: what is the role of a geochemist in an oil firm and how can inorganic geochemistry be used in oil ...
  A: Davina: The geochemist can fill a number of roles. When I was in research with Phillips Petroleum ...
Mountains4/20/2009
  Q: Is it scientifically accurate to suggest that Mountains are, partly, responsible for the equilibrium ...
  A: Fernando: That is kind of like asking which came first, the chicken or the egg. In theory, you ...
borehole instability4/15/2009
  Q: what can be the causes of under gauge boreholes when drilling
  A: Drilling through plastic shales, evaporites or flowing sands can cause problems. Evaporites which ...
Undergraoundwater contamination4/11/2009
  Q: Pattom I am wondering if you could kindly answer the following questions: 1- How underground water ...
  A: Adam: 1) Nuclear reprocessing plants adn nuclear power plants and fall out from former above ...
Akermanite Ca2MgSi2O74/10/2009
  Q: I found these strange rocks last summer and had them examined by x-ray diffraction and they turned ...
  A: John: Try as I might, I could not find a mineral specimen on line for sale to see what the going ...
WEATHERING AND CHEMICAL REATIONS4/10/2009
  Q: I have a number of questions i would like you to assist me on: 1.If 2 rocks are waethered, one ...
  A: Tony: Sounds like homework. I'll help you out a bit. 1) Physical or mechanical weathering ...
My Carrer4/6/2009
  Q: Good day sir, I am a Geologist, and currently obtaining an M. Sc. in Hydrogeology. I would like to ...
  A: Stella: I don't know what area of the petroleum industry you would be qualified for. Your best bet ...
Florida lake systems4/5/2009
  Q: I have a specific question regarding the chain of lakes in Clermont Florida. I would like to know ...
  A: Wes: Rocks occur as stratagraphic layers. For instance, the reefal limestone you mention had to ...
earth 3000 million years ago3/30/2009
  Q: Imagine that I am a time traveller.. How would I find the earth 1500 million years ago? The weather, ...
  A: 1500mya There would have been an atmosphere, life would have consisted of algae, protozoa, and ...
Melting temp of rock3/30/2009
  Q: Can you tell me at what point different rocks melt, and is there a way to prevent any change caused ...
  A: Ken: A number of things control the melting temperature other than the temperature itself. ...
non3/27/2009
  Q: how many died from eruptions at Hawaii
  A: There is not a difinitive answer. Hawaiian volcanoes are not the killer type, they are shield ...
Florida lake systems3/25/2009
  Q: I have a specific question regarding the chain of lakes in Clermont Florida. I would like to know ...
  A: Wes: It does not appear you fully understand the mechanism that formed the lakes. The process is ...
Geological Questions3/24/2009
  Q: sir, i would like to know answer related to petroleum geology.(1) why most of the petroleum ...
  A: Dhanjee: Abundant petroleum is found in the middle east due to particular occurances of source ...
black sand3/24/2009
  Q: We are having our driveway resurfaced soon here in Lancaster County, PA and I am looking for black ...
  A: Sherry: Black sand comes from two sources of which I am aware. One is heavy mineral sand that ...
Jurassic Hydrology3/22/2009
  Q: I was wondering if you could help me with my science project. I was wondering if you know the ...
  A: Emelly: Hydrology is the study of ground water and surface water. You would have to define what ...
geology3/20/2009
  Q: How do fossils help in determining the relative age of strata?
  A: Sorry about the tardy response, I had a death in the family. Fossils provide markers for relative ...
Questions regarding rocks and gemstones3/17/2009
  Q: my name is Bry and I am working on a school project about rocks, fossils, and gemstones. I was ...
  A: Bry: Sounds like homework, but I'll give you some tips. 1) It has to do with the formation of ...
Depth of the Aesthenosphere Under USA3/17/2009
  Q: In what states of the USA is the surface closest to the aesthenosphere and how far down is it ...
  A: I understand the Lithosphere is the crust and upper most solid mantle. Asthenosphere is the plastic ...
about roots under Himalayas3/16/2009
  Q: Patton, i read in "Scientific American" that the Himalayas follow Vening-Meinesz's model because ...
  A: Eddy: Not having read either article and the basis for both positions, I don't know who is right. ...
Geology of the Hawaiian Archipelago3/15/2009
  Q: Can you discuss any significant water, ocean, desert, or glacial feature(s) associated with the ...
  A: The Hawaiian Islands are an archipelago that have formed over a inter plate hot spot. Kind of like ...
Depth of the Aesthenosphere Under USA3/14/2009
  Q: In what states of the USA is the surface closest to the aesthenosphere and how far down is it ...
  A: I would have to say that the lithosphere is thinnest in Nevada and the Basin and Range state, an ...
Adam's Bridge3/5/2009
  Q: There is a formation between the South coast of India and the island Sri Lanka which is called ...
  A: K First I am not into myths or mythology be they Hindu, Muslim or Chrisitian. To paraphrase ...
Geology3/3/2009
  Q: 1. Why do rocks and minerals weather? 2. How does physical weathering aid chemical weathering? 3. ...
  A: Jimmy: This sounds like a class assignment, so I will only get you started on the answers. 1) They ...
Geology: event dating2/25/2009
  Q: Good morning Keith. I have read your answer on the use of radio-isotopes for estimating the AGE of ...
  A: Leslie: The dating of the case you describe is more complicated. Here is an explaination: ...
Gulf Coastal Plain2/20/2009
  Q: What is the Gulf Coastal Plain and how was it formed? I'm not sure if this reaches your expertise ...
  A: Cheyanne: There are more than one coastal plain in the US. The Gulf Coast is a ...
Identify rock2/20/2009
  Q: I have been trying to identify this rock for a long time. It was found deep in one of the pits of a ...
  A: The Lake Baikal area is known to produce Jade, in fact jade from this area was believed to be ...
Whitsunday geology/ecology2/16/2009
  Q: I am looking into coastal features of Great Barrier reef islands. I was trying to find out how the ...
  A: Michelle: I am not familiar with the island, but here is a query that points to a lot of potential ...
Geological Engineering2/12/2009
  Q: I'm doing a powerpoint presentation for my Principles of Engineering class. Well I would like to ...
  A: Shirly: Geological Engineers can work in a variety of places. I worked with one in the ...
Sesimology2/2/2009
  Q: I was wondering if you knew what exactly it was called when sedimentary rock from the ocean goes ...
  A: Chantala: I think the term in Allochthon. It is where a block of rock is move from its original ...
RE: mountains and earthquakes1/26/2009
  Q: I'm bringing a newer article about mountains against earthquakes: ...
  A: Anissa: No, they don't totally insulate Los Angeles. There have been severe earthquakes in Los ...
Kentucky Escarpment/Magnetic Lines & Creativeness1/24/2009
  Q: I would like to ask two questions if allowed. (1)I'm from Western KY. now living in Nashville, TN. ...
  A: Mike: Escarpments usually form where shallow dipping rock of a type resistant to weathering crops ...
RE: mountains and earthquakes1/24/2009
  Q: I'm bringing a newer article about mountains against earthquakes: ...
  A: Anissa: First, my wife is from the Mojave side of of the San Gabriel mountains in Palmdale, ...
Questions1/24/2009
  Q: My question about the dogleg? How it forms? Second one is how to determine Oil/Water Contact or ...
  A: Try this or any other textbook on the subject: ...
Charnockites1/23/2009
  Q: I am an honnours student studying charnockites of the Namaqualand Metamorphic Complex, I would like ...
  A: llze: First, have you consulted many remote sensing manuals that might have examples of charnockite ...
Rocks & Mineral1/22/2009
  Q: I am taking Earth System Engineering Course and I am interested in rocks & minerals. Could you ...
  A: Yusuke: For more detailed information do a Google search for this phrase: Petrology and Mineralogy ...
Beach Rocks1/20/2009
  Q: my backyard is on the southwest side of Chicago, about 15 miles from downtown. I read that after ...
  A: James: True the level of the lakes was much higher, in fact there are a series of wave cut terraces ...
mountains and earthquakes1/17/2009
  Q: First of all, thank you for answering my last question. I see an article on the web stating that ...
  A: Anissa: This is a very old abstract, from 1882. Our understanding of how energy travels through ...
land-sliding and arabian mountains1/15/2009
  Q: Since mountains in Arabia peninsula (which are among the oldest in the world) have surfaces being ...
  A: Anissa: No rock is immune from rock slides. It really depends on a number of things. Such as the ...
freshwater on islands1/10/2009
  Q: How large would an island have to be to have freshwater? If it is made of limestone and/or ...
  A: Annie: The water has to move the opposite direction. Not only does the island have to be large ...
Remotesensing1/9/2009
  Q: Sir, I would like to know how we can interpret structural features such as lineaments,faults and ...
  A: Anoop: Yes, you can. We used to do it manually on hard copy images, but today's systems let you do ...
RE: statement about mountains1/8/2009
  Q: First of all, thank you for answering to my previous question. I also read another statement, in a ...
  A: No, the Geosynclinal Theory was more about explaining the sedimentary sequences found in mountains. ...
RE: statement about mountains1/8/2009
  Q: First of all, thank you for answering to my previous question. I also read another statement, in a ...
  A: Anissa: The theory we were taught prior to plate tectonics was called the Geosynclinal Theory of ...
volcanoes1/7/2009
  Q: Q1.On Earth's surface as a whole,what process generates the greater volume of volcanic ...
  A: Khushboo: Sounds like homework. I'll give you a little help. 1) This really depends on what your ...
a statement about mountains1/6/2009
  Q: First of all, thank you for answering to my previous question. I also read another statement, in a ...
  A: Anissa: Stabilizing is a soft term. What is meant by stabilizing? Does the writer think the crust ...
Remotesensing1/3/2009
  Q: Respected sir, I would like to know what are the techniques used in remote sensing to find ...
  A: Anoop: Since vegitation masks the signature of the mineralized soil directly, the best way is using ...
chromite deposite mapping using remote sensing1/2/2009
  Q: will you please tell me how to map chromium and manganese deposite by remote sensing using aster ...
  A: Rajesh: I can't remember the specific spectral ratios that we used for chromium or manganese ...
mountains12/26/2008
  Q: Let's imagine that, during continental collision, no mountains chain is formed; in that case, what ...
  A: Anissa: Generally if both plates have crust and one is subducting under the other there isn't much ...
Death Valley's Moving Rocks12/19/2008
  Q: I'm working on a senior project, in school, about Death Valley's moving rocks. I've just started the ...
  A: Deema: The theory that I am most familiar with is the wind driven cause. I hava a book on ...
geology12/15/2008
  Q: stones and rocks keep coming up to the surface in my garden and in farmers fields. Is there a known ...
  A: Gary: There are little ground gremlins pushing them up from deep in the soil profile....just ...
re: mountains12/13/2008
  Q: In "Earth" (Dr. Frank Press' book), I read that plate motion is halted by the high buoyancy of both ...
  A: Anissa: No not at all. the Earth is complex, there are always multiple processes working. Once ...
Concrete Testing11/24/2008
  Q: The area i am concerned in is strength. I am at GCSE level and wondered if you could give me an ...
  A: Harry: I never did geotech work but from what I could find, concrete is tested first for these ...
about mountains11/19/2008
  Q: In a french scientific forum, I read the following statement: # continental-collision mountains, ...
  A: Anissa: I have never heard this but I would doubt it. The overall depth of the mountain roots is ...
convection currents11/16/2008
  Q: can you eplain where you can find convection currents in the Atlantic ocean.
  A: Tyler: Convection cells develop when you heat a liquid. The hot material rises and the cooler ...
about mountains11/13/2008
  Q: In a french scientific forum, I read the following statement: # continental-collision mountains, ...
  A: Anissa: As I said this seems to be a hypothetical proposition. Recent events and proven ...
Tidal Waves and Whales11/12/2008
  Q: my name is Philip Duong, and i am a 12th grader at Norcross High School. I current have an ...
  A: Phillip: Cool question. In order to answer the question we have to set up two hypothetical ...
about mountains11/12/2008
  Q: In a french scientific forum, I read the following statement: # continental-collision mountains, ...
  A: Anissa: What the statement is saying is that a large mass could concievably counter the convergent ...
Why do sediments coarsening (thickening)-upward?11/10/2008
  Q: Why do sediments coarsening (thickening)-upward? I understand it in a delta environment. But we just ...
  A: It is call granular size separation. A few mechanisms are at work. First settling, where the ...
What do geologists look for in a new position?10/23/2008
  Q: Hypothetocally if an Executive Recruiter approached you about a role what would you like to know as ...
  A: John: There is the rub. The core competencies you speak of can vary depending on the focus of the ...
remote sensing10/23/2008
  Q: respected sir My name is Rajesh.I am working as geologist in a consultancy company in india.i ...
  A: Rajesh: The best way would be to use spectral band ratios by processing multi spectral data. ...
What do geologists look for in a new position?10/20/2008
  Q: Hypothetocally if an Executive Recruiter approached you about a role what would you like to know as ...
  A: John: First I would want to know exactly what skills are required. Not all geoscientist are the ...
Monsoons in the Future10/7/2008
  Q: Patton, Hi. I have participated in a national contest called Future City. Here, we are designing ...
  A: Matthew: This is a complex question. Due to the fact that it touches on a number of complex earth ...
Minerology9/25/2008
  Q: Patton thank you for telling me all that. Which field in geology do you go out and find stuff like ...
  A: Marshall: Not many. University professors and people doing mapping for the US Geological survey do ...
how river rocks get their round shape9/15/2008
  Q: I'm doing a paper on how river rocks get their shape and was happy to see your answers to others you ...
  A: Michael: Try doing a search on Sedimentology. This is the study of how sediments, that includes ...
information9/9/2008
  Q: Sir,My name is waqas Gilani and I am a student of geophysics studying in bahria university Islamabad ...
  A: Wasqas: Geophysics and then the MS in MS in Petroleum Engineering. Engineers get more pay, and ...
plate tectonics8/28/2008
  Q: What role does plate tectonics play in the debate over Oil rights?
  A: None. Plate tectonics takes place in the geologic time frame in which the existence of man is but a ...
picture of strange rock8/22/2008
  Q: I have never seen a rock shaped like this one and would like to learn more about it. Please review ...
  A: Mike: What you have here is an example of differential weathering of two rocks of different ...
hydrocarbon system8/15/2008
  Q: I know about primary & secondary porosity but I'm not sure about ...
  A: This looks like homework. I won't answer it directly but will give you some help. First just ...
type of porosity8/14/2008
  Q: I know about primary & secondary porosity but I'm not sure about ...
  A: Suchada: Think of cavernous porosity as cave like porosity. This refers to underground caverns. ...
Gold in Mississippi8/8/2008
  Q: was gold ever found in north mississippi,?if so when and what locations. Thanks,Ken.
  A: Kenneth: Not that I am aware of. In the upper western tributaries of the Mississippi, yes. Gold ...
Mississippi Valley8/7/2008
  Q: What is, the "Mississippi Valley"?
  A: The Mississippi Valley is a structural depression that takes in the lower or southern portion of the ...
Supermountains8/6/2008
  Q: There's a new geological theory re ancient "Supermountains" from millions of years ago. What do you ...
  A: Geoff: The theory is interesting but the two Aussies are just building on what we already know, ...
groundwater flow paths8/2/2008
  Q: Mr. Patton, I'm teaching myself MODFLOW using a tutorial and came across a graphic that really ...
  A: Josh: I followed you and I agree with you. I would have to say that the screwed up way it modeled ...
hi7/30/2008
  Q: i am a student who is in the final year in the university studying geological engineering.i want to ...
  A: Dickson: Without seeing the sum of classes you took, I can't really say. You will need all the ...
Geology Iraq7/22/2008
  Q: I was wondering if you believe that there is possibly hot rock or geothermal potential in Northern ...
  A: Mark: Judging from what I can find, there is only one volcano in Iraq, an unamed peak north east of ...
downloadable geologic softwares7/14/2008
  Q: I graduated some years back and I'm not working as a geologist but still has interest in the ...
  A: Rosemary: There isn't any free training. Training classes are a large part of the companies ...
land farm/treatment of drilling mud7/13/2008
  Q: I have 18 acres in Johnson County just west of Alvarado. Approximately 5 of the acres seem well ...
  A: LLoyd: You hit paydirt, I did some work remediating a refinery sludge landfarm in Mississippi that ...
gold prospecting7/10/2008
  Q: intereseted in remote locating equipment and or affordable help that may help me locate pocket gold ...
  A: Louis: The only technology that can do what you want isn't new. It is the plain old metal detector ...
bore hole drilling7/6/2008
  Q: pls Sir, what are the equipment we used in drilling boreholes, their pictures and functions?. Good ...
  A: The equipment is too numerous to mention here. Do a google search on "oil well drilling" and one ...
petroleum microbiology6/23/2008
  Q: i'm a college graduate of microbiology. while in school i developed interest in petroleum ...
  A: Temitope: While I am not Mr. Shenk, I'll shed what light I can. I worked at Phillips Pet Co in ...
Mt. Mayon6/17/2008
  Q: I am studying Mt. Mayon, and the 1814 eruption. I was wondering what impact it had on the Earth and ...
  A: Here are some sources http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/Mayon/32923351-020_caption.html ...
weathering, Erosion, and Water6/13/2008
  Q: Calcium is carried in water by a process known as A. flotation. C. suspension. B. solution. D. ...
  A: B I don' know what your instructor stress, but I would have to go with D on this one. A controls ...
geology6/9/2008
  Q: what is the work of a geologist at well site?
  A: Junaid: It depends on the position. Some do mud logging, that is they record the weight of the mud ...
tsunamis5/29/2008
  Q: where can i find how they measure tsunamis and how they come up with the figures.
  A: This link should give you all you need. http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/tsunami/ In a nutshell tsunamis ...
Johnson County5/28/2008
  Q: My mother owns 65 acres of land in Johnson county with 100 percent mineral rights. About 4 years ...
  A: G: It generally works this way. You sell the rights to develop the property. Companies like Devon ...
geological maps5/20/2008
  Q: would you please tell me about the usefulness of geological maps for civil engineers.
  A: Ettaib: Geological maps show where different types of rock and contacts between rocks crop out at ...
Methane Gas in Well Water5/19/2008
  Q: We have been told that we have methane gas in our well water supply that is causing our water ...
  A: Bette: The spurting of the facets sounds similar to when you get air in the plumbing. That would ...
Geochem5/17/2008
  Q: In exploration why is drilling never done without geophysical/geochem and why does geophysics/ ...
  A: How they differ should be obvious, one is transported the other is developed in place. This ...
man-papu-ner - hoax?5/13/2008
  Q: Spotted this image on a website of a very unusual rock formation. ...
  A: Markus: Russian Stone Idols of Komi They look genuine, but are not man made. They are erosional ...
renewable energy5/12/2008
  Q: I am doing an independent study course this summer and right I am stuck on what question/topic I can ...
  A: Meshack: Here is one that might be of interest to you. In the 1950's new agricultural practices ...
Lowest Island5/8/2008
  Q: Not sure if this is a geology question, but it's worth shot. According to Guinness (U.S. edition, ...
  A: Steve: This one is easy. Just as you can have a lake high above sea level with an island in it, ...
Birth of Earth5/5/2008
  Q: i have new idea reg birth of earth. where i should contact for prove and secret
  A: Suresh: I am afraid it does not work that way. You can publish you ideas and if there is money to ...
center of the earth5/2/2008
  Q: If the center of the earth is a big ball of liquid (moving, I am told, and bright light as the sun, ...
  A: David: The actual center of the earth is a hot dense ball composed of solid iron. Outside of that ...
new york4/29/2008
  Q: "Hi, can you tell me about the geologic history of the new york? For example, how it was once part ...
  A: Chris: Here are two links to an articles that can explain it all better than I can. ...
Job opportunities4/22/2008
  Q: What are the possible jobs in industry would i qualify for after completing an MSc Geoscience ...
  A: Nana: I had a similar background but was heavy on Remote Sensing as well. I landed my first job in ...
Environmental Geology4/18/2008
  Q: Mr. Patton I am a student at Michigan State who's interested in environmental geology. I would ...
  A: Derrick: Yes, I am sure there is plenty of work in the Michigan area. A masters degree will be ...
"Potato Rock"4/17/2008
  Q: Can a potato petrify? I've Googled the subject of "potato rock" and it seems that there are a lot ...
  A: The rocks you describe are not petrified potatoes. First potatoes were indigenous to South America. ...
flares4/10/2008
  Q: Referring to my question piezoelectric. You seemed to think there might be sound reasoning behind my ...
  A: David: I really can't say, this is pretty far out of my area of expertise. Your line of questions ...
piezoelectric4/9/2008
  Q: I have come to believe that the earth might be producing flare activity. I believe what gives its ...
  A: David: I don't know what you mean by wrong. It is known that piezoelectric effect is real. It ...
Geochem4/8/2008
  Q: In exploration why is drilling never done without geophysical/geochem and why does geophysics/ ...
  A: Kris: Drilling is very expensive. In the old days, in the beginning of the industry, drilling was ...
Formation of Islands4/4/2008
  Q: Kevin says, Islands are just made out of a big rock. John says, Islands are all made out of lava ...
  A: Mom: It gets more complex than that. Some islands are formed from exposed reefs. Coral Reefs are ...
Adirondack-Appalachian chain4/3/2008
  Q: Are the Adirondack mountains part of the Appalachian chain?
  A: Brian: All the mountains along the East Coast are part of the Appalachians. The problem is that the ...
Physical Geology4/2/2008
  Q: Erosion and isostatic adjustment of a mountain belt will result in? After the erosion and isostatic ...
  A: Ana: Because this is a homework question, it lacks context. What I mean, is most science teachers ...
erosion3/31/2008
  Q: I live in Morgan Hill, CA. I am on an acre parcel in the county where homeowners take care of their ...
  A: Grace: Okay, I see. So the drive is tilting toward the ditch. Is the surface actually eroding ...
erosion3/29/2008
  Q: I live in Morgan Hill, CA. I am on an acre parcel in the county where homeowners take care of their ...
  A: Grace: From the sounds of things, your neighbor is probably right. The problem is not due to ...
kerogene3/24/2008
  Q: what is keogene?
  A: Junaid: Kerogen is believed by some to be the material from which petroleum is generated. It is of ...
Slope stabilization3/21/2008
  Q: I am working on fixing my slope with a product called Deltalok which is a soft armor approach using ...
  A: Mel: It looks like I was looking the wrong house. If you put into the "Fly to:" box the following: ...
Slope stabilization3/20/2008
  Q: I am working on fixing my slope with a product called Deltalok which is a soft armor approach using ...
  A: Mel: I assume you are in Mill Valley. I took some German tourists up Mt. Tamilipas last time I was ...
Where is water coming from?3/19/2008
  Q: I have had two shallow mass movement repairs with erosion blankets and hydroseeding on a 1:1 slope. ...
  A: Mel: The neat thing about groundwater gradients is they can change very quickly. I have seen the ...
genetics3/18/2008
  Q: can u give me a brief answer abouy what actually is pulse chase experiment?
  A: Pulse chase experiements are where cells are grown in a radioactive medium for a short period, the ...
Where is water coming from?3/17/2008
  Q: I have had two shallow mass movement repairs with erosion blankets and hydroseeding on a 1:1 slope. ...
  A: Mel: In all probability, the sand is an aquifer that is being recharged somewhere upslope. You ...
Where is water coming from?3/16/2008
  Q: I have had two shallow mass movement repairs with erosion blankets and hydroseeding on a 1:1 slope. ...
  A: Mel: YOu don't say where you are, what state. The reluctance of your contractors might be that ...
Barnett Shale3/14/2008
  Q: I'm looking for info on the thickness of the Barnett shale in south central Denton county. Something ...
  A: James: Have you tried the Texas Railroad Commission? Companies have to file drilling information ...
rio de janeiro geology3/5/2008
  Q: I'm doing a project on the geology of Rio de Janeiro, longshore transport of the beaches, karst ...
  A: Mike: You are in luck. I taught a class in geology for engineers when I was a grad student and one ...
meteorites3/5/2008
  Q: i heard that no terrestrial rock can have it's own crystal structure? If i can absolutely prove that ...
  A: JP It might. There are over 14 crystal structures and there a number of crystal systems, forms and ...
glaciers and new york3/4/2008
  Q: can you tell me a little about new york and how it was covered in glaciers. Is there a pro or con ...
  A: Don't know what you mean by pro or con. It is well established that most of New York was covered in ...
pangea2/29/2008
  Q: i was wondering about how much bigger i s pangea compared to new york? Also, can you give me an ...
  A: Pangea was a hypothetical continent that formed the uniform body of all the land masses of the earth ...
warm ground?2/18/2008
  Q: I live in Lake County,Illinois.I noticed a warmer area by a large willow tree,was wondering for the ...
  A: Zbigniew: I wondered where you retired to, still stay in touch with Jimmy Carter? Just kidding. ...
hydrology2/18/2008
  Q: respected sir i am doing my msc applied geology coure in anna uiversity.as a part of my ...
  A: Here are some comments I sent to a similar question a few weeks ago. I don't know the particulars ...
Changes to the Earth2/15/2008
  Q: Keith. Could you please describe some of the changes that have happended to the Earth from anytime ...
  A: Well those two things happen to encompass quite a lot. The climate has cooled considerably since ...
Changes to the Earth2/13/2008
  Q: Keith. Could you please describe some of the changes that have happended to the Earth from anytime ...
  A: James: The dinosaurs were during the Jurassic, so you want from that period through the Cretaceous. ...
for software training institute2/13/2008
  Q: SIR, i am abhijeet salve from india in aurangabad city.And now i am in B.C.S(bacholer in computer ...
  A: Abhijeet: I don't know of any particular institute. I work for a company that develops geological ...
Central Rockies gold mines2/11/2008
  Q: I'm writing a scene where one of my characters is hiding his loot in a remote mine in the Central ...
  A: JD: Not out of the realm of possibility. There was hard rock gold mining in the Wind River Mt. ...
volcanoes2/7/2008
  Q: How does the indroduction of water lower the melting point of rock?
  A: Sheri: Wow! You are making me use brain wrinkles I haven't accessed since college. I seem to ...
metamorphic rock classifications1/23/2008
  Q: What do geologists look at to classify metamorphic rocks into foliated and non-foliated rocks?
  A: Sandra: Mineral Composition, but more we rely on the structure of the rock. This is because gneiss ...
New terms in hydrology1/14/2008
  Q: My name is Nataly, I work at Russian State Hydrometeorological University. Now I'm working on ...
  A: Nataly: http://www.glossarist.com/glossaries/science/earth-sciences/hydrology.asp ...
remote sensing1/9/2008
  Q: what are the application of remote sensing in petroleum exploration?
  A: I was lucky or unlucky enough, depending on your outlook, to be in remote sensing right when it ...
drilling1/5/2008
  Q: why do we rotate and reciprocate cssing before drilling?
  A: Jessica: Not sure what you are referring to unless you mean the surface casing. Surface casing is ...
Temperature underground12/19/2007
  Q: What is the temperature below ground between 5 an 50 feet deep(degree F), more specifically in South ...
  A: Right now, the temperature of the soil in S. Florida is between 65-70 degrees. That is near ...
historical geology12/6/2007
  Q: How does historical geology applt to Petroleum Engineering.? Please discuss in as much detail as ...
  A: Devika: Historical geology explains the age relationships within geology. It teaches us the age ...
Master Degree & Deserts12/6/2007
  Q: I am a female from Egypt, and I have a Bachelor Degree in Accounting. I have worked for both ...
  A: Noran: You are spot on in most of your assumptions. A lot of the prerequisites you need depends on ...
methane gas12/5/2007
  Q: Keith, thanks for participating in this forum. It's a great source of knowledge. I was having a ...
  A: Mike: You might be able to use it for something. I am not familiar with the pressure measurement ...
Geological findings/evidence needed.12/2/2007
  Q: I'm working on a presentation about the almost impossibility of Young Earth Creationism. I was ...
  A: I hit the wrong button, what I meant to say is that I really can't help you. I don't read much ...
career guide11/30/2007
  Q: Sir I am student of BS GEOLOGY in pakistan.I have to select the special subject in geology out of; ...
  A: Kamran: There are job opportunities in petroleum geology and environmental geology. Petroleum pays ...
Geology11/26/2007
  Q: I was wondering why all the continents seem to be large at one end and small at the other. Has much ...
  A: Brad: I don't know that anyone has looked into that particular aspect of plate tectonics. Remember ...
Questions11/17/2007
  Q: 1.what is your field of expertise? 2.Do crystals melt at the same temperature as normal rocks? 3.Are ...
  A: Julio: 1) Petroleum geology and remote sensing 2) Normal rocks are made up of mineral crystals. So ...
student from earj- geology11/15/2007
  Q: I am a student from EARJ and I am studying about geology, could you answer me this questions? 1- ...
  A: Adriana: I don't do homework but I will help you think about the answers. 1) Some do, but ...
River Geology and Forming11/12/2007
  Q: I am doing a report on the Snake River. I want to know how it was formed, when, and what event ...
  A: The geology of the Snake River in Idaho and related to the Yellowstone basin is very complex. In a ...
Can you please answer these questions for me?11/11/2007
  Q: I'm a student from EARJ and i have to ask a real geologist a few questions about geology that my ...
  A: By using relative and absolute dating techniques. Yes, if existing continents recombine or merge or ...
Answer them as soon as possible!11/9/2007
  Q: My name is Vanessa and im doing research about geology, im asking these questions that I consider ...
  A: These look like homework. I'll help point you in the right direction. 1) think about where ...
geology11/8/2007
  Q: How many types of lava are there in the world? How come people discovered the distance of the core, ...
  A: There are two forms of lava, pahoehoe, and aa (pronounced ah ah). They first calculated the ...
Howdy, mind answering a few (4) questions?11/6/2007
  Q: Hey, I would love it if you could answer a couple of questions for me. Here they are: I know that ...
  A: Not sure what your looking for in the first question. Most precious economic minerals are related ...
question really important!11/6/2007
  Q: 1. How do fossils form? 2. How rocks become soil?
  A: Fossils form by several means. First, minerals can replace part or all of the organisms hard parts ...
science11/6/2007
  Q: If a volcano is hot how can there be snow on top of it?
  A: Zaki: If the volcano erupts the snow will melt, causing land and mud slides. Generally the snow ...
Dating Rocks11/6/2007
  Q: I've always wondered about how rocks are dated. I mean, I keep hearing about rocks such as diamonds ...
  A: Geoff: There are two methods. Absolute and Relative dating. Absolute is of course within a certain ...
nosubject-11/5/2007
  Q: Where and which is the largest active volcano?
  A: The tallest active volcano is on Hawaii, I think it is Mona Kea it is inactive. This question is ...
geology11/5/2007
  Q: what in being a geology can help our society?
  A: Geology was one of the oldest and most cutting edge sciences in ancient times. Think about it. The ...
Science Question11/5/2007
  Q: How did bacteria generate from land, water, and air if none of them are alive?
  A: It has been hypothesized that amino acids formed in the primordial soup that was the present on the ...
Geology questions for school (urgent)11/4/2007
  Q: 1)why is gold has more value than silver? 2)what rock indicates that theres silver near. 3)what are ...
  A: Nicolas: I don't do home work, but will help you out a bit. 1) It has to do with rarity. If there ...
sir im an EARJ student11/4/2007
  Q: 1: Why is common quartz clear? 2: Why is there water underground? 3: What is the coral reefs ...
  A: Seems like thw whole class is asking the same quesitons. I'll help out but not answer them ...
Questions for geologist11/4/2007
  Q: my name is Dylan. Could you please answer a few questions of geology for a school project? I don't ...
  A: Dylan: Looks like homework. I'll help, but you still have to do some work. 1)The answer lies in ...
science (geology)11/4/2007
  Q: 1: Why is common quartz clear? 2: Why is there water underground? 3: What is the coral reefs ...
  A: I could do your homework for you, but I won't. I'll point you in th right direction. Teachers ...
nosubject.--11/4/2007
  Q: It there is an eruption under the water, can you see it from the outside?
  A: Yes. Depending on the size and the amount of escaping gases, there should be evidence at the ...
science (geology)11/3/2007
  Q: 1: What are the fundamental tools that a geologist uses to study rocks? 2: Why is common quartz ...
  A: Seems like thw whole class is asking the same quesitons. I'll help out but not answer them ...
Groundwater10/31/2007
  Q: i am having trouble with the followingSuppose there is a groundwater basin that is being drawn from ...
  A: Karl: A mumber of things can be done. First, conserve water, and reduce usage. Groundwater takes ...
School Science Fair Project10/29/2007
  Q: Patton, Thank you for taking the time to answer some questions for me for a science fair project ...
  A: Great idea. The best way to do this is the way the real scientists do it, with clay. Make a box of ...
rock melts10/19/2007
  Q:
  A: Crystal: Homework? The problem with questions like these is that they are out of context and I ...
I'm interested in ancient natural disasters and mass extinctions. Is historical geology for me?10/13/2007
  Q: Since I was five years old and could say the word "paleontologist" I've been obsessed with the earth ...
  A: Tom: Go to med school and pursue geology a a avocation. Truth is I would have gone into something ...
GEOLOGY/MOUNTAIN FORMATION10/4/2007
  Q: Can you please help me find the characteristis of orogenic stage and how it contributes to mountain ...
  A: This is from a text by R Coffman. The orogenic stage reflects an episode of intense deformation ...
black sandbeaches10/2/2007
  Q: I am doing a school progect and theres a question that i cant find any info on on the internet. ...
  A: Mitch: This is an easy one. First, I am assuming you are not living near a volcano, where a lot of ...
Historical Flooding of Afar Triangle, Africa10/1/2007
  Q: I am doing a little personal research on human evolution and have read interesting but indirect ...
  A: I see that it is a Tertiary-Quaternary rift system going back 58 million years. The various epochs ...
hydrology9/21/2007
  Q: plus if u can give detailed figures i will appericiate ur help....
  A: Interesting. Like so many things, Infiltration is regarded by different names by different ...
sand shifting9/17/2007
  Q: Can sand shift from one shore to another shore such as between North America and Europe? How much ...
  A: No. Sand transport or clastics transport is limited to the continental margins. Water carries a ...
geological formation9/6/2007
  Q: sir, i want to know about the geologocal formation of soils in chennai area..
  A: From what I can tell from the links below, the soils are weathered from the underlying bedrock of ...
mud in UK9/1/2007
  Q: maybe I really need to ask a local geologist. I spend the summer working at outdoor festivals. this ...
  A: In the states we have a government agency that sprang out of the Dust Bowl years of the 1930's. It ...
mud in UK8/30/2007
  Q: maybe I really need to ask a local geologist. I spend the summer working at outdoor festivals. this ...
  A: The generic term "mud" is basically a term for a mixture of hydrated clay, silt and other small ...
geophsics8/8/2007
  Q: what is seismic amplitude and its affect in seismic interpretion?
  A: Seismic amplitude is like any other amplitude. It is the height of an electro-magnetic wave. Like ...
Pysical geology7/16/2007
  Q: I've looked far and wide for an answer to a question I need answered for a personnal research.My ...
  A: Interesting question, and one that is not realy in my area of expertise, but I'll give you some food ...
is there a geode that can way about a ton?6/11/2007
  Q: when i was 12 my mom and grandfather went flaming gorge in ut to go rock hounding we came accross ...
  A: There is probably a limit on the size of traditional geodes. Most common mode of fromation is ...
lunar lava6/7/2007
  Q: I am interested in how different lava would look like if it cooled in outer space (specifically the ...
  A: That sounds like it might be something Thomas Gold wrote. He predicted that the surface of the moon ...
lunar lava6/5/2007
  Q: I am interested in how different lava would look like if it cooled in outer space (specifically the ...
  A: Well, first, neither of the two types would be expected of lava. Neither are formed by a flow. ...
lode stones6/4/2007
  Q: Today I saw a lode stone for the first time it is a very interesting stone I was wondering about the ...
  A: Jewelry, magical purposes for and new age metaphysical medicinal treatments. See: ...
lode stones6/3/2007
  Q: Today I saw a lode stone for the first time it is a very interesting stone I was wondering about the ...
  A: Lode stones if my recollection serves me are iron minerals specifically magnetite. It is almost ...
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION5/26/2007
  Q: .........
  A: Bhadur: Evapotranspiration is the process by which plants give up water to the atmosphere. Leaves ...
Rock of many faces5/21/2007
  Q: i found this very strange rock while collecting stones for my aquarium. This rock has a fac or faces ...
  A: Tracy: Send the pictures to me at KPatton@seismicmicro.com or keithhpatton@hotmail.com It sounds ...
Geology4/20/2007
  Q: What are the biological, chemical, and physical factors that affect the beaches around the world?
  A: Christy: From the sounds of it this is a homework quesiton. Usually these types of questions have ...
Magnetic abnormalities4/15/2007
  Q: Are there areas in the world that have strange magnetic occurrences? (spinning compasses, magnetic ...
  A: Erratic compasses can be caused by large ore bodies near the surface of the crust. I worked in an ...
oil4/13/2007
  Q: if crude oil is originally from organic matter, when did it form and how come it's buried so deep in ...
  A: Mo: Crude oil is formed from amorphous organic material like algae and also woody material. Both ...
geology4/13/2007
  Q: i have a quarry of my own in Ireland its a limestone quarry and on a lot of rocks theres this red ...
  A: Paul: You don't describe the rock in much detail. But I will make a stab. Most red rocks are ...
weather4/11/2007
  Q: my teacher assigned me to be the weather forecaster and i need to no what the weather was like on ...
  A: Chandler: I am assuming you are talking about the big eruption in 1980 and not the current ongoing ...
more about the countries that sank4/6/2007
  Q: I want to know if it is that some countries sank and they are more civilized them people on earth. ...
  A: Deron: I assume you are asking if the legend of Atlantis has any basis in truth. Well there are ...
Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary4/6/2007
  Q: I live in the D/FW area and was curious how easily observable the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary is ...
  A: John: I am not that familiar with the Dallas area. Here is a link to the Dallas Geological ...
geology4/1/2007
  Q: What makes Geology a science?
  A: Julie: I am not sure what kind of answer you are looking for since I don't know the context of the ...
Convection Currents3/20/2007
  Q: I'm not sure if convection currents are apart of your expertice; i read your expertices ( there were ...
  A: Johann: To understand a convection current or convection cell, you do not have to look any farther ...
Oldest Rocks3/2/2007
  Q: How old are the oldest rocks?
  A: Tyler: Here is paragraph from the US Geological Survey answering your question. Ancient rocks ...
Interview2/28/2007
  Q: My 4th grade student is doing an independent study project on rocks and fossils. She is required to ...
  A: I was interested in history and photography, and geology actually blended the two together for me, ...
Oxygen removed from fossil fuels2/20/2007
  Q: I think I hear in your answer the resonance of frustrating conversations you have had with new ...
  A: My advice to you is take your front loaded arguments to another forum. Your little tattle tale ...
Oxygen removed from fossil fuels2/20/2007
  Q: Gentlemen, I am asking this question to all of the Experts in Geology. The chemistry involved was ...
  A: First you are making assumptions that are wrong. First, the organic matter did not suddenly become ...
physical geology2/16/2007
  Q: How can you prevent landslide that are caused by human usage of bulldozers in oversteppening slope?
  A: You cannot over steepen a slope. Soil and other geological material has what is called maximum ...
composition of island2/15/2007
  Q: I am writing a paper on coastal features of Great Barrier Island in new Zealand. I was trying to ...
  A: Here you go: http://sci.waikato.ac.nz/evolution/geologicalHistory.shtml ...
Your thoughts on Geology2/14/2007
  Q: I took a college course in Geology as an elective. The University business program doesnt have ...
  A: Chris: One thing my education has made me realize is how little most people know or care to know ...
physical geology2/13/2007
  Q: Describe the mass wasting process and the impact of human action for(Building structures on ...
  A: Cheryl: Mass wasting is basically the breakdown of material through gravitational forces. A rock ...
physical geology2/12/2007
  Q: predictions on the future use of our depleting natural resources. What actions do you personally ...
  A: None. Until companies pay me to conserve by offering refunds like they used to on bottles and ...
physical geology2/11/2007
  Q: what visual features in an mountian range indicates whether it's in its early stage or later stage ...
  A: The angularity of the mountains themselves. The steepness of the slopes, the percentage of bare ...
physical geology2/7/2007
  Q: What rocks types are present in each mountian formation? Is one type of rock more important than the ...
  A: Cheryl: The question has no context. I don't know what formations you are talking about. ...
measure2/7/2007
  Q: patton how I can measure of specific face in the porous media? please help me.
  A: Not sure what you mean by spacific face. Do you mean the free space or effective porosity? If you ...
physical geology2/4/2007
  Q: How important is climate and erosion in explaining how mountian belts are formed?
  A: Cheryl: Not at all. Erosion and climate SCULPT mountains, they do not create them. They actually ...
physical geology2/2/2007
  Q: Could you possible explain the differences in magnetic anomalies and reversals and polar wandering?
  A: Polar wandering is the variability of the position of the pole. In other words, if you mapped the ...
precambrian time line1/30/2007
  Q: what are the events that occured during the wopmay orogeny?
  A: The oldest mountain-building event which appeared similar in deformation style and stratigraphy to ...
physical geology1/29/2007
  Q: Describe magnetic anomalies and reversals and tell hoe this process contributed to our acceptance of ...
  A: It is accepted that the magnetic pole wanders and reverses at times, but no firm explaination has ...
Strange spirals near Pima1/29/2007
  Q: On Microsoft virtual earth at the following co ordinates... Lat 32 ) 58.8" N Longitude 110 ...
  A: Using the coordinates you sent, Lat 32 ) 58.8" N Longitude 110 53 35.3" W I used google ...
physical geology1/28/2007
  Q: How does the plate tectonic theory explain mountain belt information? How important are climate and ...
  A: Plate tectonics explains mountain building by providing a mechanism by which the plates can move ...
groundwater1/22/2007
  Q: patton Iwant to give me some informatian about pollution ground water.also you introduce me some wed ...
  A: Aliturke: http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgw.html ...
question1/6/2007
  Q: what are the geological plans about a coal mine and what are the equipments that a geologist need to ...
  A: That is more an engineering question. Mine engineering is a completely different discipline. ...
River Rocks1/5/2007
  Q: How do rocks get smooth and round?
  A: Samantha: Rocks become smooth and round by bouncing against each other. A process called saltation ...
Research12/5/2006
  Q: Cherished Keith Patton, Right now i am searching on a topic about "River flow on igneous bed and ...
  A: http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=geomorphology%20of%20"basalt"&hl=en&lr=&oi=scholart ...
Geology and Engineering12/4/2006
  Q: Explain how each of the geological features shown on maps, Bedding, Dip and strike, Cline and fold, ...
  A: This sounds like an assignment, but I'll give you some information. From an engineering standpoint, ...
petrology12/3/2006
  Q: i have been studying for 8 weeks in spain over the summer as part of my independant mapping ...
  A: I'd like to help but I don't know if I can. First guess would be quartz. Not many minerals will ...
Volcano Questions11/15/2006
  Q: my name is Patrick Alcofra. I am 13 years old and i am studying at the American School from Rio de ...
  A: PArtick: 1) They form when magma reaches the surface of the earth throught faults or along plate ...
geology11/9/2006
  Q: and I am 13 years old. I study in the American School of Rio de Janeiro. I will ask you some ...
  A: Nicholas: Minerals occur naturally and they form rocks by grouping together in certain percentages. ...
swelling clay11/8/2006
  Q: Let me know • (1) Among the clay minerals, what are swelling clay minerals? • (2) When and how they ...
  A: The montmorillonite/Smectite clays and the Illites Water is adsorbed between the the ...
Earthquakes and Volcanoes11/7/2006
  Q: my name is Anna Davies and I live in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. I study at EARJ (Escola Americana do ...
  A: anna: Brazil has no active volcanoes. Brazil does have the worlds oldenst volcanoes (1.9 billion ...
Basic Geology questions11/7/2006
  Q: and I live in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. I study in the E.A.R.J, and in science I am doing a ...
  A: At formation the earth was belived to be molten, it was probably a mass of solar material that ...
Petroleum11/7/2006
  Q: my name is Eduarda Osthoff and I was born in 1994. I live in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and study at ...
  A: Considering the Uranium and coal are found in rocks to a degree, yes they can help meet energy ...
clay smear11/4/2006
  Q: which factors are controlling the thickness of clay smear on fault? ( I mean some claystone ...
  A: In lithified sediments, clay smear is primarily formed by abrasion, and secondarily, by shearing of ...
orthoclase11/4/2006
  Q: One of 100%intensity peaks of orthoclase feldspar in x-ray diffractogram sometimes merges the 100% ...
  A: The overlap, if I recall correctly is due to similarity of the preferred orientation of the two ...
Professional Masters Degree11/4/2006
  Q: Patton, I am a college graduate with a B.S. in Geology. Recently I have been applying to various ...
  A: Joe: I would take the advice of the chairman. If he says it is geared more towards the service ...
Questions10/30/2006
  Q: my name is Antonio and I'm from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil! I study at an American School called EARJ ...
  A: 1) Grottos are formed by limestone, that was laid down under the ocean are lifted up above sea ...
Geology10/26/2006
  Q: Good afternoon. I am a 7th grader a Escola Americana do Rio de Janeiro and when I saw you prifile, I ...
  A: 1) Metals such as chromium, mercury, and arsenic are present in some minerals and have to be ...
seismic waves through moist ground10/26/2006
  Q: The shaking of my house caused by heavy truck traffic seems worse to me during heavy rain and later ...
  A: The area in which you live undoubtably becomes saturated during rainy periods. The wet ground then ...
questions10/25/2006
  Q: if it isn't much trouble for you, could you please clarify for me if you answered the questions in ...
  A: 1) There are three types of rocks, igneous from molten magma or extruded lava, sedimentary rock, ...
Global Warming10/24/2006
  Q: As per the latest database report the estimated time for all the Glaciers to melt is year 2030 and ...
  A: I can't believe you actually believe the stuff you wrote. It is blatant propaganda by the third ...
questions10/23/2006
  Q: I'm Gabriela Nisenbaum from the American school of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. I'm in seventh grade, and ...
  A: There are three types of rocks, igneous from molten magma or extruded lava, sedimentary rock, formed ...
questions...10/20/2006
  Q: i'm gabriela from the American school of Rio de Janeiro. I am in the seventh grade, and we are in ...
  A: Primary rocks are called igneous rocks and they come from magma or lava. When these rocks weather, ...
Questions10/20/2006
  Q: I’m a student at an American school in Rio de Janeiro. We have been studying about geology in ...
  A: 1) The age of mountains can be done in several ways. The rocks themselves can be dated using ...
geology10/19/2006
  Q: What would Alfred Wegener say about th Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 and Mt Vesuvius' recurring ...
  A: He would say that they are proof of his theory (a theory at the time) of Plate Tectonics. He would ...
Water10/17/2006
  Q: Where did all the earths water come from?
  A: Dan: Tears of the gods. No seriously, scientists are still puzzling over it. I was taught that ...
WHATS THE DIFFERANCE BETWEEN GOLD ORE AND FAKE GOLD ORE10/17/2006
  Q: IVE GOT TWO STONES AND I THINK ONE IS FOOLS GOLD AS ITS VERY SHINNY AND THE OTHER IS DULL BUT WITH ...
  A: Lamara: Fools gold is pyrite, a sulfur compound. Real gold is very malleable, or in other words is ...
Limestone10/11/2006
  Q: I am currently in the Northern VA/Manassas area of VA. I researched the topics you suggested and ...
  A: There is one vineyard that I am aware of in the area that my family resides. It is called ...
Limestone10/11/2006
  Q: I hope you can help me or at least point me into the right direction. I was wondering if there is a ...
  A: Andrew: Where do you live? I got my degree from Old Dominion in Norfolk, my family is from ...
geology - wales10/8/2006
  Q: In Cardiff, some of the Triassic stone that it is built on is a purplish hue - why is it this ...
  A: I am not that familiar with the geology of Wales, aren't they big sea going creatures once prized ...
need help9/28/2006
  Q: Im an engineering student. My teacher gave us an assignment. I just cant find it in the net and in ...
  A: What he is looking for is basically the looming shortage of potable water due to population growth. ...
volcanoes9/26/2006
  Q: I was wondering several things.1st question is:how big does an earthquake have to be before a ...
  A: 7.0 in the Pacific. 6.75 in the Atlantic A fault does not have much to do with a volcano. ...
absolute age9/25/2006
  Q: I want to know about the absolute age,it's definition and methods of determination.and also the use ...
  A: Absolute age is the numeric determination in years of a geologic material, rock or fossil. The date ...
global cooling caused by volcanic eruptions9/25/2006
  Q: 1. Are there other chemicals from volcanic eruptions beside sulfur dioxide that causes global ...
  A: Great name, love the name Rapunzel, one of my favorite fairy tales. 1) hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, ...
It about an Geologist?9/17/2006
  Q: 1.) Aptitude for that career ? 2.)Education needed for that career? 3.)Expected income from this ...
  A: 1) Mathmatics and computer science logical and conceptual thinking. Creativity. 2) Masters Degree ...
Polar Wandering in other Planets9/7/2006
  Q: I want to know if polar wandering happened in other planet?.Especially in Mars,whay kind of polar ...
  A: Amir: I honestly do not know if polar wandering occurs on other planets. In order for a planet to ...
crude oil8/29/2006
  Q: which are the most important countries competing in the crude oil market?
  A: Obviously the ones competing for oil are the non-exporting countries. The most important are the ...
ancient sea levels8/28/2006
  Q: During that period, there may have been an accumulaton of ice at the poles, but the southern part of ...
  A: True, and any look at the ocean current maps will show you that the same current that keeps Britain ...
ancient sea levels8/28/2006
  Q: The Medieval Warming Period, generally between the 11th and 15th century, has been recognized by ...
  A: I am not aware of any studies. But what you need to consider is that data based on subjective ...
gold exploration.8/23/2006
  Q: where is the most likely place to find gold. What kind of rock to look for, any special geographical ...
  A: Gold is laid down in igneous rock in hydrothermal deposits. It is usually found in the presence of ...

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