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About Michael Troy
(Top Expert on this page)

Expertise
I can answer just about any question about U.S. Political history, Constitutional law, the legislative process, elections, etc. I specialize in Presidential and Congresitional historical trivia, but can answer more substantive questions too.

Experience
Former Staff member for a Congressman and Senator. I also worked on about 10 Congressional and Presidential campaigns (only one that won). For a short time, I worked in the legal department of the Federal Election Commission.    I have a B.A. in Political Science.

Organizations
Former LBJ Fellow (paid fellowship for Congressional Staff).
Pi Sigma Alpha (Political Science Honorary Society).

Publications
Washington Post
Washington Times

Education/Credentials
J.D. University of Michigan
B.A. George Washington University (Poli. Sci. major).

Awards and Honors
LBJ Fellow
Truman Scholar

   

You are here:  Experts > Arts/Humanities > Political Science > Legislation, Presidential & Congressional Politics

Questions Answered By Expert  Michael Troy 
In Category  Legislation, Presidential & Congressional Politics

SubjectDate Asked

4th Amendment10/15/2009
  Q: I would like to know what the fourth amendment really means? Also what is the importance of it? ...
  A: The Fourth Amendment was designed to protect citizens against unreasonable searches and seizures. ...
legislation pensions10/14/2009
  Q: how many years does a senator have to serve to receive a pension? will Obama receive 2 pensions - ...
  A: Senators and Congressmen must serve at least 5 years in Congress (and make contributions to the ...
legistration voting9/22/2009
  Q: I want to have the odds on a politicizing telling the truth each comment is true or false odds ...
  A: Politicians, like others, occasionally lie. But for the most part, politicians tell the truth. One ...
Founding Fathers?9/15/2009
  Q: I am doing a report for my government/history class and I need to get peoples views on three ...
  A: While the process which developed into the US government was certainly a collaborative effort, I ...
Honors Goverement8/30/2009
  Q: The judicial branch is designed to be more independent of public opinion than are the legislature or ...
  A: First, I disagree with your premise. The US Supreme Court frequently does deviate from public ...
Process of Passing a Bill in Congress8/24/2009
  Q: My question is specific to a bill HR552 - "The Right To Life Act" that was sponsored and co-signed ...
  A: It is very common for bills to die in committee as this one did. The Right to Life Act of the 109th ...
appropriations8/18/2009
  Q: I gave you all 10's and excellent rating. New question - as for appropriations requests, can I only ...
  A: You are free to speak with whomever you like. However, if you are not a constituent, many ...
lobbying by corp8/17/2009
  Q: Can a business lobby and advocate ? Or do you need to be a 501c4 ? Does a business have to register ...
  A: This is a common practice. A group sets up two separate organizations for different functions. It ...
Reading Legislation8/16/2009
  Q: I hope you can help me! I have what seems to be a stupid question, but no one seems to be able to ...
  A: Unfortunately, I'm not sure I can be of much help. The sad truth is that the text of most ...
Republican/Democrat Swap8/15/2009
  Q: Michael, on a number of occasions, I've heard comments that the Republican and Democrat parties ...
  A: The parties have certainly drifted over time. In the early 19th Century, the Democratic Party ...
Abraham Lincoln8/14/2009
  Q: Why did Abraham Lincoln become the Republican candidate for president in 1860?
  A: Given that Lincoln had only served one term in Congress, years earlier, and a short time in the ...
lobbying by corp8/14/2009
  Q: Can a business lobby and advocate ? Or do you need to be a 501c4 ? Does a business have to register ...
  A: PACs and 527s can use contributions to pay employees or overhead. The main difference between a PAC ...
lobbying by corp8/13/2009
  Q: Can a business lobby and advocate ? Or do you need to be a 501c4 ? Does a business have to register ...
  A: Corporations can hire lobbyists directly. It is legal for anyone to advocate a position, or even to ...
Presidential Authority7/23/2009
  Q: Can the President force the US Congress to stay in session, like a Governor can force a state ...
  A: Congress has the authority to adjourn regardless of what the President wants. However the President ...
Political parties7/15/2009
  Q: I actually was hoping to ask a few questions, which you can feel free to take your time on, but I ...
  A: 1. The two party system is so strong in the US because of the way our elections work. Members of ...
The role of minor/third parties5/28/2009
  Q: im not entirely sure if I am asking this question in the right place, but here it goes. My question ...
  A: Personally, I like minor parties. I think they add much to the debate. However, the arguments ...
Power of each branch of govt.5/26/2009
  Q: I understand the checks and balances system but is there a definite statement in the U. S. ...
  A: There is nothing that states it explicitly. However, most political scientists understand that the ...
Vietnam/deferments5/20/2009
  Q: What year did LBJ sign the deferment for college students for Vietnam and what other deferments were ...
  A: There was a Selective Service Act passed in 1967. There were student deferments before that, but ...
Iraq war5/8/2009
  Q: What are the social, economic and political costs of the Iraq war and the Afghanistan war? ...
  A: Given the troubles with these two existing wars, the US is unlikely to start a third war. Still it ...
presidents5/7/2009
  Q: Troy, My name is Becca and I am an 8th grader in Washington. I am doing a history project about ...
  A: The most significant result of the Reagan Presidency was his decision to reinvigorate the Cold War ...
Iraq war5/7/2009
  Q: What are the social, economic and political costs of the Iraq war and the Afghanistan war?
  A: The costs of war are always considerable. The direct economic costs of the war are probably going ...
Presidential War Chest5/4/2009
  Q: What happens to excess funds in a presidents re election war chest when the election is over and ...
  A: It is rare that campaigns find themselves with excess funds. If they do, the law allows the ...
Federal Reserve and Income Tax4/21/2009
  Q: Hey Michael. I have a question for you concerning the Federal Reserve and the Income Tax. I'm ...
  A: The Federal Reserve Board does not lend money to the government. It is a part of the federal ...
55 MPH IN THE U.S.A.4/10/2009
  Q: WHO SIGNED IN TO LAW 55 MPH
  A: The nationwide 55 mph speed limit was signed into law by President Richard Nixon on January 2, 1974, ...
History of ALL RISE4/4/2009
  Q: Troy, Can you tell me the history of why they say 'All Rise' in the courtroom? When did it start? ...
  A: I cannot say for certain the exact origins of the tradition. However, it has been a tradition in ...
Can AIG be tried for Anti-Trust?3/20/2009
  Q: I was wondering if AIG can be split for Anti-trust purposes. Since AIG is so big that we cannot let ...
  A: For antitrust law to be applied, a company has to so dominate an industry that no other competitors ...
The U.S. without the First Ammendment3/16/2009
  Q: How might/would American society be different without the rights guaranteed by the first amendment?
  A: The First Amendment generally provides the greatest protection for groups that are most unpopular in ...
Cong Staffer Salaries3/10/2009
  Q: Many congressional staff i have talked to have yet to recieve their annual cost of living adjustment ...
  A: Congressional staffers are not subject to any structured payment plan, including COLAs. Staff pay, ...
project2/27/2009
  Q: why did the us change its policies toward japan? that was arround the cold war
  A: The Cold War began at the end of WWII. Of course, Japan was a mortal enemy of the US during the ...
consulting countries2/26/2009
  Q: If the US wants to take a plan of action is it normal for them to consult countries that maybe upset ...
  A: A primary purpose of the State Department is to maintain relations with allies by consulting with ...
republicans2/19/2009
  Q: Michael, Can you please help me understand why the Republicans are so against the Stimulus package ...
  A: I think the fundamental opposition comes from the idea that Republicans believe that government ...
Stimulus and civil rights2/12/2009
  Q: How does or will the Stimulus package Affect citizens and their civil rights? I guess it will affect ...
  A: I'm not sure there is any direct relationship between the stimulus package and civil rights. The ...
Are we a country or a Corp?2/6/2009
  Q: http://jordanmaxwell.com/ ...
  A: You can find a lot of nonsense on the Internet. People can quote facts out of context that are ...
President Clinton1/30/2009
  Q: Was President Clinton ever impeached and gone through the process?
  A: The House impeached Pres. Clinton, for among other things, lying under oath in matters related to a ...
Natural-born citizenship1/28/2009
  Q: What is the historical reason to qualify only natural-born citizens as President? Who was the ...
  A: Many Constitutional clauses do not have records of how they came into being. There may have been ...
Presidendential terms1/23/2009
  Q: Harrison - why only one year in office? 1841 Taylor - 1849 - 1850 (one year?) Cleveland - 2 ...
  A: William Henry Harrison died 31 days after taking office. He caught pneumonia during his inaugural ...
Terms of Office1/21/2009
  Q: I know that a President can not serve more than two terms in a row (8 years), but can a former ...
  A: The 22nd Amendment says that no President shall be elected more than twice. It says nothing about ...
President Bush1/21/2009
  Q: During a recent discussion with several friends, one of the "gentlemen" I was speaking with referred ...
  A: Former President George W. Bush has admitted publicly that he drank too much when he was younger. ...
Parallel Presidential Election1/10/2009
  Q: At school we are required to complete a project of our choice. My project is to write a short story ...
  A: It is hard to say for certain what would happen with a different leader, but we can always guess. ...
John Hancock's influence in the Revolutionary War1/9/2009
  Q: we are doing a national history day project in school. Our subject is John Hancock. We know that ...
  A: There is a story that Hancock commented that he signed it the way he did in order to let King George ...
Constitution1/7/2009
  Q: If we had an efficient government, would our liberties be greatly reduced?
  A: Some types of efficiency have no impact on liberty. For example getting rid of bureaucratic red ...
Supreme Court Case1/5/2009
  Q: My history teacher wants my class to write about each of the supreme court cases on a list he gave ...
  A: I am now quite certain your teacher is wrong. I did a title search of all US Supreme Court cases in ...
U.S. Government1/3/2009
  Q: I have a question on my home school test that I can't answer: Suppose you walk into the capitol ...
  A: I guess it depends on what you mean by "prominent". If you mean the most famous, the Vice President ...
Governor Reelection12/28/2008
  Q: How often do governors have to run for reelection? Does it vary state to state (based on a state's ...
  A: Every State has its own rules for Governors. Most Governors serve four year terms, but several ...
Andrew Jacksons views12/17/2008
  Q: What were Andrew Jackson's political views? What are your opinions of his views and his political ...
  A: Many of Andrew Jackson's views favored southern and western farmers against the interests of New ...
Who is on the vetting committee?12/15/2008
  Q: Could you please tell me who is on the vetting committee of the U.S. President? Thanks
  A: Vetting Committees tend to be informal behind the scenes groups whose purpose is to ensure where ...
death of presidential candidate12/13/2008
  Q: Your previous answer to this question seems to suggest that the vice presidential candidate would ...
  A: If the President were to die a week before the election, the party that nominated the candidate ...
presidental election12/9/2008
  Q: I did get e-mail that said replay but there was no answer, so please help me with this.I will put ...
  A: As far as I know, there are no state restrictions on who can be an elector. The presidential ...
Lobbies12/5/2008
  Q: The pharmaceutical lobby and the Zionist [pro Israel] lobby are two of the most powerful lobbies ...
  A: I am not sure I agree with your premise that these are the two most powerful lobbies, but they do ...
Incumbency12/3/2008
  Q: I am trying to prove that incumbents get reelected because they have political experience. What kind ...
  A: I suppose there is no perfect way to measure. But if you are talking about experience with ...
senate confirmations12/2/2008
  Q: When a nominee to a cbinet position is evaluated by the committe is the confirmation vote done just ...
  A: Typically, the committee votes to send the nominee to the floor and also votes on a recommendation ...
The founders and the british parliament11/29/2008
  Q: why did the founders reject the british parliamentary system and created a new system of separate ...
  A: One thing to keep in mind is that the British Parliamentary system that exists today is rather ...
British Parliamentary system11/19/2008
  Q: How is the American Constitution different from the British Parliamentary system?
  A: I am not sure I understand your question. You seem to be asking about contrasting a document with a ...
Voting11/18/2008
  Q: Is it the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that gave Blacks the right to vote in the US? If so, why is ...
  A: The right of blacks to vote was guaranteed by the 15th Amendment to the US Constitution, passed ...
vice President11/13/2008
  Q: My question is pretty easy. Where does the Vice President live while he is serving?
  A: For most of this country's history, the Vice President was on his own for housing, like everyone ...
President11/10/2008
  Q: Is the President of the United States allowed to sleep with his wife while living in the White ...
  A: Of course the President may sleep with his wife. Most Presidents and First Ladies share a room and ...
Government11/10/2008
  Q: Actually have afew questions for you... 1) A state having two senators and one representative in ...
  A: 1. A state gets an elector for each Senator and Rep, so the answer in your case is three. 2. ...
committee11/8/2008
  Q: How does a member of congress get to serve on a committee in Congress?
  A: All members are assigned to some committees. The challenge is getting assigned to the committee ...
passing opposing legislations11/8/2008
  Q: This is a 100% theoretical questions. Can a legislation be passed allowing "X" and at the same time ...
  A: It does happen on occasion that conflicting legislation exists. Usually the legislature will ...
Iran11/7/2008
  Q: First could the united states overthrow the Iranian Government and take control of the country as ...
  A: There is no question in my mind that the US could defeat the Iranian government in relatively short ...
cabinet appointments11/6/2008
  Q: When the president appoints someone to a cabinet level position which committee in Congress reviews ...
  A: Different cabinet members are reviewed by different committees depending on their area of expertise. ...
presidential succession11/5/2008
  Q: who fills the following positions:vice president,speaker of the house,president pro tempore of the ...
  A: The VP is elected by the American people along with the President. The Speaker is elected by ...
checks and balances11/5/2008
  Q: I have to review and explain a specific case of checks and balances. Have found a few, but many ...
  A: There have been many occasions where the Supreme Court has struck down laws passed by Congress and ...
Council of Economic Advisors11/4/2008
  Q: In your opinion should the Council of Economic Advisors contain more than three people?
  A: My person view is that we do not need the Council at all. There is plenty of good economic ...
Constitutional Law11/4/2008
  Q: Can the legislative branch declare a war that the executive branch (i.e.,commander -in-chief) may ...
  A: The Constitution grants the Congress the exclusive power to declare war. The President has no role ...
Re: Obama's education11/3/2008
  Q: I noticed that you said Obama had been enrolled in a Catholic school during "most" of the time while ...
  A: The supposedly "Muslim school" he attended while living in Indonesia was actually a public school. ...
Presidential Election - Law11/2/2008
  Q: If a Presidential candidate becomes incapacitated, or unable to in any manner serve, prior to ...
  A: Parties have the authority to determine the candidate of their party to appear on the ballot. Both ...
Early Voting11/2/2008
  Q: If someone votes "early", before election day,, I assume the votes are held until election day, then ...
  A: Most early voting is done by secret ballot, meaning there is no way to tell how that person voted. ...
Maryland Politcs11/1/2008
  Q: I was wondering if you knew anything about why Maryland seems to always vote democrat in both ...
  A: Maryland has been fairly solidly Democratic since the Civil War. After the war, most southern ...
Upcoming election11/1/2008
  Q: Mr. Troy, I am curious about the views held by a lot of the Jewish community here in America, ...
  A: Lolo Soetoro, Barak's stepfather, was an Indonesian Muslim. But by all accounts he appears not to ...
Upcoming election11/1/2008
  Q: Mr. Troy, I am curious about the views held by a lot of the Jewish community here in America, ...
  A: There have been polls done in Israel about the US Presidency. They seem to decidedly favor McCain, ...
US History10/31/2008
  Q: What did Truman's victory in 1948 forecast about the future of the democratic party??
  A: I am not sure that any election provides much forecast about the future, other than who will be in ...
election questions10/31/2008
  Q: Can you tell me what the poll numbers were the week before the 2004 election between John Kerry and ...
  A: You can view a map of the polls at the end of October 2004 here: ...
Upcoming election10/30/2008
  Q: Mr. Troy, I am curious about the views held by a lot of the Jewish community here in America, ...
  A: There is a traditional bias that Democrats might not be as loyal to Israel as Republicans have. But ...
ESSAY10/30/2008
  Q: CAN SOME ONE PLEASEEE TELL ME.. WHAT WERE THE IMMEDIATE CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR PLEASEEE..!!
  A: The immediate cause was the fact that several states tried to secede from the Union and that the ...
Government10/29/2008
  Q: I am a Canadian University student who is taking a second year American History course, if you can ...
  A: The primary structural difference between Canada and US governments is the fact that Canada uses a ...
Death of President10/29/2008
  Q: I have heard that a president must be in office two years for the vice president to take over. If ...
  A: No, the Vice President would take over regardless of how long a President has been in office. ...
The Political Party Platform10/28/2008
  Q: I'm Adam Arnold. I have a report due on the political party platform. This is a hard class and we ...
  A: The party platform is basically just a written statement of political ideals and goals of the party. ...
American Revolution10/27/2008
  Q: I am in an AP U.S History class and we were given a list of questions to answer. One of the ...
  A: Unlike most traditional colonies, the North American colonies were not populated primarily by local ...
recession10/23/2008
  Q: Mike, is the current recession a result of the past 8 years policies? If so, what policies ,etc. ...
  A: First keep in mind that there are many different opinions and interpretations about the causes of ...
Bi cameral in a Super Power Nation10/19/2008
  Q: In a bi-cameral, two-party, district responsive legislature can it be effective in a world that is ...
  A: The Constitution says nothing about Parties, so that could change anytime people thought i ...
presidential qualifications10/16/2008
  Q: Was serving in the military ever a qualification to run for president in the past? I know that it ...
  A: No, military service was never a requirement. The second and third US Presidents (John Adams and ...
state judges10/15/2008
  Q: I am wondering if there is a rather simple way (like online), to find out what kind of rulings a ...
  A: I am not sure there is a very simple way. Judicial opinions are published at the State Court web ...
Question Clarification10/14/2008
  Q: Troy: We are doing research for the Boy Scouts Citizenship in the World Merit badge. It asks ...
  A: International law is not really "law" as we think of it within a single nation. There is no one ...
What happens to bills when Congress changes?10/13/2008
  Q: I have spent a few hours trying to find the answer to this question to no avail! I am wondering ...
  A: Yes, the process starts all over again. The bill is introduced, gets submitted to committee and ...
What happens to bills when Congress changes?10/12/2008
  Q: I have spent a few hours trying to find the answer to this question to no avail! I am wondering ...
  A: When Congress ends its session, all bill not enacted by both the House and Senate die. Nothing ...
Government Class10/12/2008
  Q: The President of the United States feels that the income tax is to low and has asked congress to ...
  A: In such a hypothetical, the President would be violating the Constitution. There are several ...
Martin Luther King Jr. I have a dream?10/9/2008
  Q: I'm not sure if I'm asking this is in right section, but I'll ask it anyways. I am writing a paper ...
  A: Dr. King's speech discussed a lot of vague aspirations, not specific policy goals, so I suppose it ...
Constitution10/8/2008
  Q: What is a specific part of the constitution you feel strongly about(E.g. An Amendment,Article, ...
  A: I think the most important component is the guarantee that the people have the right to elect ...
Congressional pensions10/7/2008
  Q: Do you know who or what manages the pension funds for the Senate and Congress?
  A: Members of Congress are covered by the Federal Employees Retirement Service, available to all ...
got a question10/5/2008
  Q: i have a project and its about the qualifications of being president and i need some information ...
  A: The qualification for President are spelled out in the Constitution. A president must be at least ...
Legislative Process10/5/2008
  Q: Could you tell us if there is any sort of system for referendums on the federal level? ...
  A: Unlike a number of States, the federal government has no provision at all for referenda. The reason ...
voter registration draft10/4/2008
  Q: I was wondering if the rumor is true about if I am not registered to vote, would I be exempt from a ...
  A: No, the two things are not related. Firstly, there is no draft in the US. There has not been since ...
Recent Bailout Bill10/4/2008
  Q: I can't seem to get the answer...do u know the "pork" that is tacked onto the Bailout Bill just ...
  A: It is difficult to list all the pork added to this horrible bill. Senators added hundreds of pages ...
President10/3/2008
  Q: If, God forbid, McCain dies before the Presidential election, what would happen or who would take ...
  A: Such a case would be unprecedented, but each party has its own rules with regard to how to deal with ...
Election of the president by Congress9/20/2008
  Q: If no presidential candidate gets a majority of the electoral votes and the House of Representatives ...
  A: This issue is, of course, unprecedented, and would likely go to the Supreme Court for a judgment. ...
Declaration of Independence?9/12/2008
  Q: I wanted to know if you could re-write the following paragraph from the Declaration of Independence ...
  A: Ok, here is my rough translation: When there comes a time when people who are part of once country ...
washington dc part of a state?9/8/2008
  Q: Just wondering, since Wshington DC is a district but not part of any State, can it technically be ...
  A: DC is a part of the US, even though it is not in any State. During much the US history, there were ...
presidential succession9/7/2008
  Q: what happens if, between november elections and january swearing in, the new president-elect dies or ...
  A: Yes, although it is unprecedented, if the President elect dies (and therefore cannot take the oath, ...
president rule9/4/2008
  Q: What is presidential rule in genral for all countries? ANSWER: Hello, There is not common form of ...
  A: The US originated the Presidential form of government in its modern form. The President is almost ...
president rule9/2/2008
  Q: What is presidential rule in genral for all countries? ANSWER: Hello, There is not common form of ...
  A: The Presidential system simply means that the Presidident is chosen separately from the legislature ...
president rule8/31/2008
  Q: What is presidential rule in genral for all countries?
  A: There is not common form of rule for a President in all countries. Many countries do not even have ...
Nominee Appearances8/28/2008
  Q: Was Obama's appearance with Biden at the podium prior to his own nomination unique, unusual, or ...
  A: Traditionally, candidates do not make an appearance at the convention in person until the day after ...
Founding Fathers8/27/2008
  Q: Did our founding Fathers really believe in democracy as an effort form of government or wether they ...
  A: The Founding Fathers did not believe pure democracy was a good things. They believed the passions ...
The President's Cabinet8/25/2008
  Q: Are there any laws that would prevent Bill Clinton from serving as a cabinet member in Obama's ...
  A: The main restriction on cabinet members is that they may not be family members of the President. ...
committees8/18/2008
  Q: What is the difference between the appropriations committee, the budget committee and the finance ...
  A: The appropriations committee oversees the appropriation of all funds for the government spending. ...
can they really do this8/13/2008
  Q: can the president really win if the didn't get all the votes
  A: Presidents are not elected by popular vote. Rather, they are elected by electoral votes from the ...
Congressional Recess8/7/2008
  Q: Has Congress ever cut short, or has it been called back from a recess to address issues?
  A: Congress has been called back into special session 27 times in US history. I believe the last time ...
budget process8/5/2008
  Q: Can you please explain to me the federal budget process, including how the president submits his ...
  A: The Constitutional requirements for the budget process is quite simple. The budget must originate ...
Executive Order8/4/2008
  Q: What is the definition of an Executive order and can a Mayor over ride a City Councils vote on a ...
  A: An executive order is simply a written instruction by a chief executive (such as the US President, ...
Who becomes President?7/31/2008
  Q: A canidate for POTUS is elected to the office in November but dies prior to taking the oath of ...
  A: If the elected President is unable to take the oath of office on the designated day, the person ...
the coming of the civil war 1848-18617/17/2008
  Q: explain why northern whites who opposed slavery and southern whites who supported slavery both ...
  A: Northern abolitionists were focused on the liberty of the slaves. The believed that these people ...
offshore drilling6/25/2008
  Q: When McCain and others talk about offshore drilling, where is the drilling done exactly? Why do ...
  A: Recent proposals to renew offshore drilling means setting up oil rigs several miles off the coast, ...
presidental qualifications6/24/2008
  Q: Is Obama legal to become president? There are many articles being circulated stating that he is not ...
  A: Barak Obama was born in the US (Hawaii) and therefore is a natural born US citizen. Even if he had ...
Jacksonian era6/19/2008
  Q: What was the impact of the Jacksonian era on political participation?
  A: The Jacksonian era saw an expansion of the right to vote. States did away with the property ...
Justification for war in Iraq?6/14/2008
  Q: I, and it seems most people, believe that the Bush administration claimed that Saddam had a role in ...
  A: I think you are misremembering. But don't feel bad. Bush said a lot of highly misleading ...
qualifications for president6/11/2008
  Q: do both parents have to be us citizens for one to be able to be president regardless of where one is ...
  A: No, one need only be born a US citizen. Neither parent needs to be a citizen if the person is born ...
World Politics6/10/2008
  Q: What do you recommend as the future of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and why?
  A: NATO was originally designed to be a military cooperative between North America and Europe to defend ...
president and congress power6/4/2008
  Q: How can congress and the president "defeat" judicial review?
  A: Judicial Review is a Constitutional power. It cannot be defeated entirely. However, in some cases, ...
bills in congress6/2/2008
  Q: If a bill goes through one house in Congress and gets changed in the other that means it has to go ...
  A: In order to go to the President the bill must be absolutely identical in both the House and Senate. ...
abolishing laws5/31/2008
  Q: If the US wanted to abolish a law or practice, for example abolish the death penalty, what branch ...
  A: Actually creating or abolishing laws is the job of Congress. However, keep in mind that most death ...
legislative process5/27/2008
  Q: I recently did a paper on How a Bill Becomes a Law. I was marked down a little bit because I did not ...
  A: Both the House and Senate have their own internal rules for the passage of bills. The primary ...
government/law5/24/2008
  Q: How is the relationship between majority rule and minority rights incorporated into the U.S. ...
  A: Under the Consitution, the majority has the authority to make all sorts of rules and set policy. ...
Candidate death5/24/2008
  Q: In the highly unlikely event (severe natural disaster or terrorist attack during debate for ...
  A: There is no contingency to change the US election day. The Constitution gives Congress the ...
Government5/22/2008
  Q: Does the Constitution specify that there must be 2 political parties?
  A: The Constitution does not say anything about political parties. In fact, the first two presidents ...
Politics in the work place5/16/2008
  Q: I thank you for your time and knowledge in advance. Can you please briefly tell me the pros and ...
  A: I guess the answer depends on how one plays it. Obviously one wants to curry favor with superiors ...
amer.government and politics today5/15/2008
  Q: Congress has passed a law that bestows full personhood upon an unborn child. What constitutional ...
  A: I am assuming you are asking this as a hypothetical situation since Congress has passed no such law. ...
modern constitutional government5/15/2008
  Q: Please help me answer thisWhat branch do many modern constitutional governemnts have? What are the ...
  A: Most modern constitutional governments have three branches: Legislative, Executive, and Judicial. ...
the principles of american govt5/14/2008
  Q: is most legislative work done in committees? Also can sunset legislation help reduce the size of ...
  A: I would say most legislative work is done in private meetings between members, staff, and lobbyists. ...
political capital4/23/2008
  Q: What is political capital and how does it work? I understand it vaguely, but are they actual points ...
  A: The notion of "political capital" is that a very popular President (or other elected official) can ...
Presidential Primaries4/15/2008
  Q: I heard this on the radio: "In nine of the last ten Presidential primary races the first person to ...
  A: I don't think it is true. Certainly, a bruising primary battle can either weaken a candidate or be ...
horse trading4/12/2008
  Q: what is horse trading? if i understand it correctly can it be done after something is passed? for ...
  A: The term "horse trading" in political terms is when legislators agree to trade votes for something. ...
Economic stimulus package4/7/2008
  Q: ! I have a complaint about the stimulus checks and who qualifies. I would like to know which ...
  A: If you have a question about how it works feel free to post your question. If you have a complaint ...
History3/22/2008
  Q: What will come out of the Pan-Indian movement that may affect our current President Bush? Thanks ...
  A: The Pan-Indian Movement was a movement primarily active in the 1970's. It is not particularly ...
Cloture Petition3/13/2008
  Q: Mr. Troy, My name is Hannah, and my Government Study group has encountered a bit of confusion on ...
  A: If only one Senator is filibustering, it cannot go on very long. However, effective filibusters are ...
Presidents2/21/2008
  Q: Which president and his wife were the first to occupy the White House in Washington D.C.?
  A: John and Abigal Adams were the first to move into the location in Washington. However, that house ...
Presidents2/21/2008
  Q: Of the last 43 Presidents, How many were declared Christians?
  A: All US Presidents have belonged to one Christian denomination or another. You can find a breakdown ...
Congressional survivor and burial benefits2/4/2008
  Q: I would like to know what benefits congress members receive (and/or) their families receive if a ...
  A: To the best of my knowledge, members of congress receive no benefits if a family member dies. If ...
delegates1/30/2008
  Q: what is a delegate and what is there role in politics and voting, I just started following politics ...
  A: The State primaries and caucuses right now are to select delegates that will go to the national ...
political analysis1/28/2008
  Q: what is an example of ecological fallacy?
  A: An ecological fallacy is an error in the interpretation of statistical data. This can happen ...
election process and delegates1/24/2008
  Q: I am confused about the role that delegates play in the election process. As I understand it, I vote ...
  A: I agree that the purpose of delegates has become pretty pointless in recent decades. Recent ...
first ladies1/22/2008
  Q: When did we start calling the presidents' wives first ladies? Was it right away with Martha ...
  A: No the term was not used until the mid to late 19th Century. It is thought the term was first used ...
Polls1/21/2008
  Q: I know it might seem a bit odd to get a question from a fellow expert, but I'd like to know why US ...
  A: Certainly, if they were willing to spend the money, they could be more accurate. But for a 10 ...
Polls1/20/2008
  Q: I know it might seem a bit odd to get a question from a fellow expert, but I'd like to know why US ...
  A: The margin of error rate is driven by the sample size. A smaller sample leads to a higher error ...
national security policies1/12/2008
  Q: What national security policies should our President have to respond to at any present time?
  A: I'm not sure I understand your question. The president responds to situations, not policies. Are ...
social studies1/11/2008
  Q: constitutional scholars have pointed out there is an inconsistency in Justice Marshall's opinion ...
  A: There have been two men named Marshall who served on the court John Marshall and Thurgood Marshall. ...
Elections1/9/2008
  Q: Were the Florida ballots cast in the 2000 presidential election ever actually completely counted?
  A: The official recount efforts were stopped by the US Supreme Court. However, a Media Consortium led ...
Number of criminal laws1/4/2008
  Q: How many (National) Federal criminal laws are there?
  A: I'm not sure anyone could give an accurate answer to this since it would depend how you define it. ...
Former Presidents12/21/2007
  Q: Specifically; Can a former President serve as a Vice President? Or is this automatically void based ...
  A: There is legal debate on this point. The 22nd Amendment limits a President from running for office ...
administrative codes12/13/2007
  Q: I am writing because I am trying to find out who makes the administrative codes. Does congress ...
  A: Administrative codes are usually written by executive agencies. These agencies are authorized by ...
History question12/12/2007
  Q: I have a few questions. Well, my first one is, what British action caused the Fourth Amendment to be ...
  A: The British new that many people in Boston were reguarly violating smuggling and other laws. ...
Governor Galvez12/9/2007
  Q: Can you tell me what was Governor Galvez's plan of defeating the British?
  A: I'm assuming you are talking about Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez, who was Governor of ...
American studies12/7/2007
  Q: Did the constitution and bill of rights expand the liberty of Americans in the 1790's? and if you ...
  A: The Constitution itself, prior to any amendment was not really designed to expand liberty. Rather, ...
congress12/1/2007
  Q: I looked up the word ratify and have a few questions about its meaning. Does it just mean to ...
  A: Ratification is an official approval of some item such as a law. Ratification is not normally a ...
House power to tax11/29/2007
  Q: Why does the House of Representatives have the power to tax but the Senate does not?
  A: When the Constitution was first written, the House of Representatives was much more the house of the ...
President and Money11/28/2007
  Q: So I have heard that while the president is in office he can not make an outside income. For example ...
  A: No federal employee, including the President may earn outside income while in office. A president ...
Primary11/22/2007
  Q: Michael, I live in TX. I've voted for years, but never really thought about the primary process. ...
  A: I primary election is not actually a normal federal election. It is an internal election held by ...
Strongest Ticket11/13/2007
  Q: In your opinion what would be the strongest republican ticket and the strongest Democratic ticket in ...
  A: Of course this is all just an opinion. Each candidate has strengths and weaknesses not subject to ...
Age/ Presidental election11/11/2007
  Q: Okay I know you must be 35 and meet other requirements in order to run for the office, but heres the ...
  A: You must be eligible to take office on inauguration day. The Constitution does not say you need to ...
2000 election11/10/2007
  Q: I was just curious on how much you think the Lewinsky scandal affected the 2000 election. Do you ...
  A: The Lewinsky scandal mostly impacted on Bill Clinton personally, I don't think many people ...
suits11/7/2007
  Q: Explain the diffrence between a civil suit and a criminal suit.
  A: A civil suit is brought by one private party against another. Victory is decided by which side is ...
Former President running as VP11/5/2007
  Q: Michael, I read your earlier answer regarding the Constitutional validity of a 2-term President ...
  A: The 1972 anti-nepotism law prohibits close relatives from being appointed to cabinet positions. ...
War10/31/2007
  Q: It SCARES me to think that there is a possibility we may go to war with Iran. I feel that going ...
  A: The Constitution explicitly gives Congress the authority to declare war. In practice, however, the ...
Andrew Jackson Supreme Court Appointments10/24/2007
  Q: Who was the most important person that Andrew Jackson appointed, and did that person succeed in ...
  A: Jackson's most significant appointment was Chief Justice Roger Taney. Taney certainly was less ...
Presidential influence on the judicial branch10/17/2007
  Q: In what ways other than the president appointing justices hasd the president influenced the judicial ...
  A: On several occasions, the President has worked with Congress to alter the number of Justices sitting ...
JFK Quotes10/3/2007
  Q: Who is credited for writing, "Ask not what this country can do for you ask what you can do for this ...
  A: Kennedy is generally thought to have written that famous phrase himself. Speech writer Ted Sorenson ...
Marbury v. Madison10/1/2007
  Q: 1) Why is the Marbury case important in the history of the Supreme Court? 2) In what way did the ...
  A: 1. Marbury first established the power of judicial review, that is the right of the Courts to void ...
The White House9/27/2007
  Q: How many presidents have lived in the white house? How Many rooms are in the white house?
  A: Out of the 42 men who have been President, 41 of them have lived in the White House. Only George ...
Bush as the worst ever9/22/2007
  Q: I had to make this a new question, since I had written too many follow-ups. I want your perspective ...
  A: 1. Public perception of the Iran-Contra scandal was largely negative, except for the most extreme ...
Bush as the worst ever9/21/2007
  Q: I had to make this a new question, since I had written too many follow-ups. I want your perspective ...
  A: I think the test of greatness is in large part defined by his ability to respond to disasters in an ...
Presidents in the 20th century9/20/2007
  Q: Can you name a few presidents you thought performed the best in the 20th century? I personally ...
  A: Just to be clear, this is just my opinion and not any expertise other than being well informed on ...
Bill Reform9/19/2007
  Q: The Comptroller General has said on 60 minutes that the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 was the ...
  A: Under current law, the government is prohibited from negotiating drug prices. I could see that ...
Presidents in the 20th century9/19/2007
  Q: Can you name a few presidents you thought performed the best in the 20th century? I personally ...
  A: FDR was elected as President four times. Prior to that, there was no constitutional prohibition on ...
Presidents in the 20th century9/19/2007
  Q: Can you name a few presidents you thought performed the best in the 20th century? I personally ...
  A: I think the two 20th Century Presidents who had the greatest influence on society were Franklin ...
Bill Reform9/19/2007
  Q: The Comptroller General has said on 60 minutes that the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 was the ...
  A: A new President can set the agenda and call for a repeal of the bill. However, I would not count on ...
Identifying a GOP poster (not Nast)9/1/2007
  Q: I have several copies of an original (jumbo size) lithographic poster of an elephant with a blanket ...
  A: The 1940's/50's sounda about right because of the Union logo. In the 1930's and earlier, ...
Differences Republican and Democrat8/31/2007
  Q: I would like to know the difference between a Replublican and a Democrat. Is the one more liberal ...
  A: It is easy to get confused, because many voters and elected officials who identify with one party ...
government8/24/2007
  Q: It helped a ton. Bu theres a couple other things that I cant figure out. Please help! 1)Does the ...
  A: 1. No, the head of a party does not usually hold public office. In fact, in many cases elected ...
Political Campaign Trails7/26/2007
  Q: I read that it's considered extremely important for a presidential candidate to secure support in ...
  A: The reason Iowa and New Hampshire are so important is that both parties allow those States to have ...
The political process7/21/2007
  Q: These are fairly easy, but I want to get a second opinion. Thanks for any help you can provide ...
  A: Here are the ones where I disagree with your answer: I think 7 should be D. Northern. With 8, I ...
question7/16/2007
  Q: Name two Presidents who were never elected by the voters or the electoral college to the office of ...
  A: Unless you want to count the men who held the title of President under the Articles of ...
Legal Advertisement7/13/2007
  Q: .I have a question I hope you can assist me with. I recently launched a NEW Employment Website and ...
  A: I cannot provide specific legal advice in this forum, but generally speaking, as long as information ...
How many lawyers are in Congress?6/22/2007
  Q: can you tell me how many of our congress (both Senators and Representatives)today are Lawyers? I ...
  A: According to the Congressional Research Service 170 members of the House and 58 Senators have law ...
Information for sale6/19/2007
  Q: I have a question. I recently started providing people with public information on California ...
  A: I cannot provide specific legal advice in this forum. For that sort of advice, you would need to ...
congressional riders6/19/2007
  Q: When did this syatem of attaching unrelated amendments to congressional bills get established and by ...
  A: The practice of attaching unrelated amendments to a bill goes back to the beginning of Congress, and ...
Citizenship and the Presidency6/5/2007
  Q: Since the first 9 of our presidents were not born in the United States (born before 1789), when and ...
  A: Well, it's not written down anywhere. It is simply what happened. The closest the Constution comes ...
Citizenship and the Presidency6/3/2007
  Q: Since the first 9 of our presidents were not born in the United States (born before 1789), when and ...
  A: Everyone who lived in each of the 13 colonies automatically became a citizen of whatever State they ...
Citizenship and the Presidency6/2/2007
  Q: Since the first 9 of our presidents were not born in the United States (born before 1789), when and ...
  A: The Constitution says that to be qualified for President, one must either be a natural born citizen ...
FDR5/16/2007
  Q: This is simple enough, why was Franklin Roosevelt popular? (As president of course)
  A: Franklin Roosevelt first got elected because his opponent Herbert Hoover was blamed for the Great ...
Senate5/10/2007
  Q: Question 1: How many votes or what is the policy to oust a senator out of office? Question 2: How ...
  A: 1. Article I, Section 5, of the United States Constitution provides that "Each House [of Congress] ...
John Tyler's Presidency5/9/2007
  Q: Did John Tyler, after he left office, leave the United States a better or worse place? Why or why ...
  A: Tyler pushed for the Annexation of Texas into the union. This was a provocative act against Mexico ...
John Tyler's Presidency5/9/2007
  Q: Did John Tyler, after he left office, leave the United States a better or worse place? Why or why ...
  A: President Tyler accomplished very little during his term. He was the first Vice President to take ...
tribunal5/4/2007
  Q: What is a brief list of some tribunals? My main question is why would someone he tried in a ...
  A: A "tribunal" can refer to almost any court like hearing to decide an issue. Military tribunals ...
United States and the Twentieth Century.5/3/2007
  Q: I have a few questions. 1. What federal agency is responsible for tracking down counterfeiters? 2. ...
  A: 1. The Secret Service investigates and arrests counterfeiters. 2. The House of Representatives ...
dwight d.eisenhower4/24/2007
  Q: I have a post card of the STATE CAPITOL,MADISON WIS..This is post marked 1923 and signed IKE..How ...
  A: From 1922 to 1924, Eisenhower was serving as executive officer of Camp Gaillard, in the Panama Canal ...
presidential elections4/12/2007
  Q: Who was the only man to receive all the electoral votes cast in a US presidential election?
  A: The only candidate ever elected unanimously by all electors was George Washington. Of course he did ...
Marbury decision2/11/2007
  Q: Looking back at the Marbury decision, constitutional scholars have pointed out there is an ...
  A: The inconsistancy is that the decision ultimately ruled that the court did not have jurisdiction to ...
Treaties2/1/2007
  Q: Fully admitting that I don't understand the implications of Congress hamstring this or future ...
  A: I suppose Congress could do this if they wanted, but I'm not sure what it would accomplish. ...
U.S. Gov.1/24/2007
  Q: what do the amendments mean?
  A: Amendments are just another word for "changes". There are all sorts of amendments made every day to ...
government1/15/2007
  Q: This is my last part of government-have a couple more questions:) true or false- 1. The fact that ...
  A: 1. I guess I'd go with false too. The avoidance of entangling alliances had more to do with not ...
Power1/11/2007
  Q: Here we go ... What powers are vested in the House of Representatives What power does the President ...
  A: The powers of the House, Senate, and President are spelled out in Articles 1 & 2 of the ...
President Polk - a letter, and his last words.1/6/2007
  Q: Troy, when I gathered information on President Polk I often found quotes from documents that I ...
  A: I cannot say I am familiar with the letter you are seeking. McDowell operated on Polk when Polk was ...
government1/5/2007
  Q: I got some more questions- 1. The president has the power to veto a bill, this is an example of ...
  A: 1. Yes, I'd call that checks and balances. 3. I think you mean powers by the Senate but not the ...
Franklin Pierce1/2/2007
  Q: What do you think the most important conflict of Franklin Pierce's administration was?
  A: The most critical issue of the period was the expansion of slavery into new territories. During the ...
annan1/1/2007
  Q: there! Will Kofi Annan and his f-n son be prosecuted for stilling millions under the cover of "food ...
  A: While political pundits call the corruption in the oil-for-food program "stealing." it is not clear ...
Martin Van Buren12/27/2006
  Q: What was the most important conflict of Van Buren's administration?
  A: The most important issue during President Van Buren's term was the Bank Panic of 1837. Speculation ...
budget & spending12/26/2006
  Q: i need to know how the congress monitors budget spending by US administration? please let me know if ...
  A: Congress is responsible for appropriating every penny spent by the government. Congressional ...
V.P. Qualifications12/5/2006
  Q: i need to know what the qualifications are for becoming Vice President. how long you have to be an ...
  A: Under the 12th Amendment, to be elected Vice President, you have to have the same qualifications as ...
Founders11/27/2006
  Q: which did the Founders think was more important-the common good or individual rights? thank you...
  A: I think the founders, like most people, were quite divided on the issue and came down differently ...
Republican Party Elephant11/12/2006
  Q: Who owns the trademark of the Republican Party symbol the elephant?
  A: There are certain specific elephant logos that are trademarked by the Republican National Committee. ...
John Adams11/9/2006
  Q: I'm having a hard time deciding whether or not Adams was a federalist. Who did he think should have ...
  A: I can understand your difficulty since Mr. Adams did not consider himself a member of either party. ...
....10/29/2006
  Q: why did the framers give the senate the power to try all impeachments?
  A: The founders always thought that most legislation and other initiatives would begin in the House of ...
War10/18/2006
  Q: I’m not that up on politics and I'm not sure how serious the North/South korea situation is, but is ...
  A: The odds of nuclear war or actual war with North Korea is rather low. North Korea may have four or ...
Vice President question10/18/2006
  Q: What 2 Vice Presidents were never elected by the voters or the electoral college to the office of ...
  A: It has only been since the passage of the 25th Amendment in 1967 that anyone could become Vice ...
Adlai Stevenson10/17/2006
  Q: As much as I enjoy Paul Harvey's "Rest of the Story" I get very frustrated when more enlightening ...
  A: Adlai accidentally shot Ruth Merwin and killed her when he was 12 years old. The incident was ...
Congress under Reagon's 1st term10/16/2006
  Q: What political party had the majority in the Senate and the House in 1981 under Pres. Reagan?
  A: The Democrats controlled the House from the Mid-1950's until 1994, including all of Pres. Reagan's 8 ...
why house can impeach and senate try impeachments10/12/2006
  Q: Why was the power to impeach officials given to the house of representatives and now the senate. and ...
  A: The founders always thought that most legislation and other initiatives would begin in the House of ...
Constitution10/12/2006
  Q: What rights are guarenteed by the Constitution to a person accused of a crime. Also, what is the ...
  A: The rights of the accused are covered by Amendments 5-8 of the Constitution: All indictments for ...
How often do Americans change their political party?10/1/2006
  Q: In a lifetime, how often do Americans change political parties? Do people switch or does a Democrat ...
  A: I'm not sure you will find any good data on that issue. Many states don't bother to register a ...
Presidential Candidates9/27/2006
  Q: Is it possible to become an official presidential candidate without being eligible for office? For ...
  A: I suppose there is no specific law that forbid you from delcaring for office. However, the person ...
Presidental Campaigning9/27/2006
  Q: During the last Presidential Campaign it was noted by Pres. Bush that John Kerry saw the same ...
  A: Sen. Kerry was certainly not privy to ALL the same reports that the President saw. Many ...
Existance of the office of the Attorny General9/18/2006
  Q: I am an International student at North Lake calloge. I am try to find out whether there exists the ...
  A: Yes, the Attorney General is the head of the Department of Justice and a member of the Presidential ...
U.S. Department of Agriculture9/6/2006
  Q: 1. If the government were unhappy with the USDA, what steps if any could he take to assert control? ...
  A: The USDA is the government. It is controlled by the Secretary of Agriculture, who sets policy for ...
General9/1/2006
  Q: Maybe you will be know sir, the answer for this question.. " What are four factors that affect ...
  A: There are many factors that can affect the demand for money. A reduction in the interest rate. A ...
President in the United States9/1/2006
  Q: Maybe you will be know sir, the answer for this question.. "What do you think are some reasons why ...
  A: In the Constitution, the President has very few war powers. Only Congress can declare war, and only ...
Congress vacation8/28/2006
  Q: I recently moved to Spain and have been surprised at how much the country shuts down in August. Is ...
  A: Congress is usually on recess about one week each month and usually the entire month of August. But ...
Presidents and Companies8/21/2006
  Q: Can American presidents buy companies or own a small (or majority) holding in a company? If yes, are ...
  A: Like most other government employees, the President may not take another job and earn outside income ...
to be a USA President, any politic/sex vetting?8/18/2006
  Q: I am from Hong Kong China and am interested in USA democracy situation, esp in the area of ...
  A: The only requirements for a US President are written in the Constitution: the President must be a ...
One country; two political systems8/12/2006
  Q: In the context of my previous email; when it comes to civil stability in a country; do you believe ...
  A: In theory, I guess it would be nice if we could have localities taylor their own rules to suit ...
One country; two political systems8/11/2006
  Q: I live in United Kingdom however my question is equally relevant to US. I will be conducting a ...
  A: The idea of dual sovereignty is one that political philosophers have fought over for centuries. ...
Imperialism8/8/2006
  Q: I was wondering if you could enlighten me to the concept of cultural imperialism. And why we (The ...
  A: Cultural imperialism is simply the idea that aspects of one culture spread out and take over other ...
U.S. Income Tax8/4/2006
  Q: When and under what authority was the federal income tax established? There is a new documentary ...
  A: At one time in our history, that would have been a very good point. In fact, several court ...
Hilary Clinton7/31/2006
  Q: Why some people consider that Hilary Clinton is "unelectable" in the next Presidential election?
  A: I think the main reason is that she was a very polarizing figure during her husband's ...
Internet Safety7/25/2006
  Q: Mike, Sorry I should have been more specific. I am doing a research paper on MySpace and was ...
  A: One of the more significant laws is the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998, which ...
Internet Safety7/23/2006
  Q: (1) What is the latest information available on the government's role in internet safety?
  A: Sorry, but I am not sure I understand what you are asking exactly. Governments have passed many ...
american government and politics7/12/2006
  Q: hey do you have any answers of this question i looked everywhere but i can't find a good answer. ...
  A: The Declaration of Independence expresses the ideal that the purpose of government is to protect the ...
american politics7/12/2006
  Q: hey mike i told you i will get back to you i hope these are my last questons but they are kind of ...
  A: The primary expressed concern was taxation without representation. The British Parliament was ...
Petitions?7/11/2006
  Q: It's simple, I e-mailed someone else about this as well :-P I like this girl, girl has requested I ...
  A: Part of the answer depends on the status of the prisoner. First, is he/she in jail and awaiting a ...
american history7/11/2006
  Q: hey it's me again i have some more questions i hope you can answer these questions to that would be ...
  A: The Constitution can change in any way. The only thing that cannot be amended, according to the ...
american history7/11/2006
  Q: i have some questions about american politis and history i hope you can help me 1)in what ways was ...
  A: 1. The Founding Fathers did not really think they were creating a whole new political structure. ...
The billing process7/10/2006
  Q: Describe and explain the process a bill goes through before it is passed, from its writing and ...
  A: I assume we are talking about the federal government process. This site explains in great detail ...
Salary?6/21/2006
  Q: How much does a New York State Senator make. Not a US senator but a NYS one. And what benifits do ...
  A: As of last year, NY Senators and Assemblymen had a base pay of $79,500. They also can get stipends ...
ELECTORIAL COLLEGE6/16/2006
  Q: Who are the ELECTORS, and WHO appoints them to vote/elect our US pres?
  A: Electors are elected by the voters. When you go into a poll and vote for President, you are not ...
The asymmetrical scheduling of daylight saving time5/12/2006
  Q: When setting the dates for starting and ending daylight saving time, why didn't the government ...
  A: You are correct. The start and end of daylight savings don't really have much symmetry. It was not ...
ABA5/10/2006
  Q: .. I have a question for you regarding the American Bar Association...requirements... Do yo know ...
  A: The American Bar Association does not have any particular requirements for membership as far as I ...
Online Congress Records5/8/2006
  Q: I'm looking for archives of the US Congress dating back to the 19th century. I just can find an ...
  A: The debates of Congress are available through the Library of Congress going back to the beginning. ...
Past Presidents...5/2/2006
  Q: Has the United States ever had a president that earned a doctorate (i.e. "Dr. Bill Clinton") And if ...
  A: Technically, a law degree is a doctorate level. If you count that, there have been quite a few. ...
US Politics4/20/2006
  Q: how are you. I'm doing a paper and I'm half way done. I asked you this question before but I ...
  A: Here is my answer again: Answer - Hi again, Glad I could help. Personally, I don't think money ...
US Politics4/11/2006
  Q: Hey Mike, How are you? I hope all is well. The debate went great and you really helped me a ...
  A: Glad I could help. Personally, I don't think money has corrupted the political process. I don't ...
Politics4/8/2006
  Q: Hey mike thank you so much for your help before I really knew how to write that essay. I have ...
  A: Sure, Congressman Randy "Duke" Cunningham from California recently went to jail for accepting ...
Politics4/8/2006
  Q: Hey mike thank you so much for your help before I really knew how to write that essay. I have ...
  A: I'm not sure I personally agree with the statement. Most interest groups are doing exactly what ...
Presidential Nominee4/4/2006
  Q: Can I ask who beat Alben Barkley? Was he a sitting congressman? many thanks again colinIn a recent ...
  A: Barkley was never actually considered a serious candidate for President and dropped out early. The ...
Presidential Nominee4/3/2006
  Q: In a recent episode of the West Wing, the incumbent Vice President was beaten to the nominaton by ...
  A: There are occasions where a VP has been so unpopular that he does not even bother to seek the ...
President Nixon and the Watergate Scandal.3/11/2006
  Q: My name is Joe Anderson and I am a sophomore at Chippewa Falls Senior High School in Wisconsin. For ...
  A: The reason President Nixon eventually resigned from the Presidency was not simply because of the ...
marriage3/2/2006
  Q: I AM TRYING TO LOCATE THE ORIGIN OF MARRIAGE. I KNOW THAT IT IS RECOGNIZED AS BOTH A RELIGIOUS ...
  A: Unfortunately, the custom of marriage, that is a man and woman forming a family unit for purposes of ...
Legislation3/1/2006
  Q: In a Medicaid MCO waiver state (in my case Maryland), is the MCO governed by the Code of Federal ...
  A: I don't have any specific expertise in Medicaid. But where the Federal government permits waivers ...
John F. Kennedy2/24/2006
  Q: This 3rd grade student is doing an independent study project that requires an interview with someone ...
  A: Happy to help 1.What do you find interesting or special about John F. Kennedy? JFK reached the ...
Wire-tapping justies US security?2/22/2006
  Q: Do you believe that the Bush policy for wire-tapping is justified because it keeps our nation safe? ...
  A: The debate is not so much over whether wire tapping has some legitimate role in the government's ...
Between a state's 2 senators,...2/16/2006
  Q: Between a state's 2 senators, does one have to be a Republican and the other Democrat? Could you ...
  A: Senators can be from either party. Many States have two Republicans or two Democrats. They could ...
Requirements2/4/2006
  Q: Do you know Florida's requirements?What are the requirements to become a senator/mayor/ and ...
  A: In Florida, members of the State Senate or House must be at least 21 years old, residents of the ...
Requirements2/4/2006
  Q: What are the requirements to become a senator/mayor/ and governor? Age, experience, schooling, ...
  A: The requirements to be a US Senator are in the Constitution. You must be at least 30 years old, be ...
law1/26/2006
  Q: Three-part1) what determines when a regulation can be made by executive order as opposed to ...
  A: Executive orders are not really authorized at all under the Constitution, but Presidents have been ...
SB 899?1/18/2006
  Q: I have a question I am hoping you can assist me with. BRIEFLY, what is California SB 899 about? ...
  A: California's SB899 was a Senate Bill that was signed into law in 2004 to overhall the State's ...
George Washington Advisors1/2/2006
  Q: Other than the established cabinet, did George Washington have an advisory council or a military ...
  A: During Washington's administration, things were a lot simpler. The entire government consisted of ...
The Three Branches Of Government12/28/2005
  Q: How does the executive branch influence the judicial branch? How does the judicial branch provide a ...
  A: The primary influence is that the Chief Executive selects all the members of the Judiciary. The ...
American Government12/13/2005
  Q: I need information on President Andrew Johnson for a project that I'm doing in American Government. ...
  A: This website should answer most of your questions: ...
Spam laws11/30/2005
  Q: Troy... I had come to you in the pastfor many questions. I have a question for you that maybe out ...
  A: I don't claim to be an expert on spam laws, so please don't take my response as a certainty. ...
Economy11/28/2005
  Q: Hi can you tell me what was overall economy at the time of jackson's presidency? Thanks
  A: The national economy was basically good. It was a time of Peace and prosperity. The government was ...
Jackson11/28/2005
  Q: Can you tell me examples of 8 roles used by jackson. Roles means all chiefs (Cheif citizen , head ...
  A: This idea of Presidential roles is really an artificial construct created by political scientists. ...
Politics11/15/2005
  Q: I know to calculate the number of effective parties in an election district you use the formula : ...
  A: I'm not sure where you got that formula, but it seems designed to calculate the strength of the ...
The Supreme Court11/9/2005
  Q: My question is actually two part. 1) I've heard about something called a "test case", where the ...
  A: Few cases ever make it to the Supreme Court, and almost none are ever heard twice. There are rare ...
Circleating e-mail.11/4/2005
  Q: Is there any truth to this e-mail that is going around? Thanks, Jerry Dear Friends: > > > ...
  A: Like most e-mails floating around the Internet, this one seems to play rather fast and loose with ...
Presidential Title10/18/2005
  Q: Why is the president referred to as Commander IN chief, and not Commander AND Chief? (What does IN ...
  A: The term Commander-in-chief dates back to the time of King Charles I. Basically, there were local ...
constituion of the us10/11/2005
  Q: i was given a copy of the constitutionof the united statesof america. it looks real old and darkened ...
  A: The original Constitution is in the National Archives in Washington. Everything else is a copy. ...
Facts About U.S. Presidents8/21/2005
  Q: Do you know... 1) Which president was the grandson of another president? 2) Which 5 presidents were ...
  A: Benjamin Harrison was the Grandsopn of William Henry Harrison. There have actually been seven left ...
Aberham Lincoln - John Carroll Power8/12/2005
  Q: I saw where you answered a question about a book you saw at a rare book site. May I please have the ...
  A: I saw a similar one published in 1882 sold for $20 at www.rubylane.com. On the other hand, I saw an ...
Legal Forms7/30/2005
  Q: TROY, You have helped me in the past immensley. I come to you once again with another question. ...
  A: The thing about such agreements is that they can be whatever you want them to be. You can put in ...
obtaining documents7/19/2005
  Q: Suppose a person suffers from amnesia and cannot remember anything at all... he is found on the ...
  A: It is unlikely such a situation would occur. Most amnesia victims who are concious and ...
Kennedy's FBI man7/19/2005
  Q: What ever happened to the young secret service man I think his name was "Youngblood" who covered ...
  A: Rufus Youngblood was in charge of protecting LBJ on the day of the assassination. He covered the ...
President Roosevelt7/18/2005
  Q: If, as I understand it and as it stated on this site dated 6/12/2001, "The first phrase in the 22nd ...
  A: Roosevelt's trick for getting around the 22 Amendment was actually pretty easy. He died six years ...
political influence of NRA6/5/2005
  Q: What political influence does the NRA (Nation Rifle Association) have in the US? Why are they so ...
  A: The NRA seeks to make sure our Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms is protected. They have ...
the second amendment of the US constitution6/5/2005
  Q: What is the second amendment of the US Constitution and should it remain in the context of the ...
  A: The Second Amendment guarantees the right to keep and bear arms (guns). First off, I think the ...
April 25th, 2005 OMB letter6/2/2005
  Q: I am interested in acquiring a copy of the April 25th letter from Joshua Bolten at the OMB to key ...
  A: Unfortunately, such communications are not routinely posted on the web. Have you tried e-mailing ...
constitution5/23/2005
  Q: explain the framers reasoning for the differences in the requirements for the election to the senate ...
  A: The framers did not have requirements for election of Senators. Senators were appoited by State ...
rights of military personell5/22/2005
  Q: A friend of mine who had been active duty throughout the 1980's told me of his fathers recent ...
  A: Anyone has the right to petition their Congressman for anything they want. If the request is ...
politics5/18/2005
  Q: what is "DNC services corp"?
  A: Under current campaign contribution laws, political parties that support federal candidates cannot ...
The US Constitution and Guns5/10/2005
  Q: Is there some right to carry guns apart of the US Constitution? I know the question is a bit dodgey ...
  A: The Second Amendment guarentees the right to keep and bear arms. "Arms" is just an old word that ...
How many laws are there in U.S.?5/8/2005
  Q: I specifically wanted to back up what Yul Brynner said at a ceremony of displaying the Ten ...
  A: I certainly find that number believable, and if it is accurate, you could probably triple the number ...
How many laws are there in U.S.?5/6/2005
  Q: Mr. Troy, I was wondering how many laws there are in the United States. A rough estimate would do ...
  A: I couldn't begin to guess. First there are hundreds possibly thousands, of Federal, State, and ...
Research5/4/2005
  Q: Greetings in the Name of the Lord! I am homebound in high school. My homebound teacher will not ...
  A: Probably the most famous libel case in modern history is New York Times v. Sullivan (1964). You can ...
Macon's Bill...5/2/2005
  Q: I was wondering if there was ever such thing as a Macon's Bill No.1 and if there was one what it ...
  A: "Macon's Bill No. 2" is an informal reference to legislation named for Nathaniel Macon, a Georgia ...
presidential election4/26/2005
  Q: I am looking(to no avail) for the percentage of Americans who voted in the 2004 election. I've found ...
  A: According to the Federal Election Commission results: 122.28 million people voted in the 2004 ...
policy4/25/2005
  Q: I notice your instructions indicate you are no longer accepting questions, but you are still listed ...
  A: There really isn't an easy answer here. Many such policies are run at the federal level. The EPA ...
22nd amendment4/21/2005
  Q: As you know, the 22nd amendment limits the President to two terms in office. What is the history of ...
  A: Since the time George Washinton voluntarily left office after his second term, it had been a ...
history of marriage4/20/2005
  Q: I'm a law student researching for a paper and can't find this info- I know that the age of consent ...
  A: First off, not all those laws are historic. Most states currently allow children as young as 16 to ...
U.S. accreditation4/20/2005
  Q: How is the US government accredited to international organizations? Answer - Hi Randy, I'm not ...
  A: Ok, if you get a clarification, let me know. If this is what they are asking, the US typically ...
U.S. accreditation4/20/2005
  Q: How is the US government accredited to international organizations?
  A: I'm not sure I understand what you want to know. Accreditation is a process where an organization ...
John Adams4/17/2005
  Q: I was wondering if you could give me any information on how John Adams was unpopular because of his ...
  A: Julie, As Vice President, Adams argued that government officials should be given grand sounding ...
Washington D.C. as capitol4/17/2005
  Q: Can you give me any information on John Adams contributing his opinion on the capitol changing from ...
  A: I don't think Adams had much any particularly strong opinion about it. The compromise was worked ...
Marriage rights4/12/2005
  Q: .. What part of the Constitution deals with the rights of marriage? THANK YOU VERY MUCH!
  A: The Constitution says absolutely nothing marriage. It was not considered a federal issue. Over the ...
secretary of state4/10/2005
  Q: In the year 1980 there were 4 secretary of state in a span of 1 week. There names were Warren ...
  A: In 1980, Cyrus Vance left the office that he had held since President Carter came to office in 1977. ...
Parent rights4/6/2005
  Q: Where can I obtain a form stating a fther will give up his parental rights. Is there a form for ...
  A: Termination of parental rights really is not my specialty, and the exact rules vary from State to ...
Quote3/20/2005
  Q: I am looking for the author of a quote that goes something like: "Rules are made to be broken" which ...
  A: I believe the quote originated with Gen. Douglas MacArthur who said "Rules are mostly made to be ...
Re: congressmen's home / congressmen's motives3/14/2005
  Q: How much time do congressmen spend at home v. in D.C.? What (in your opinion) is a congressman's ...
  A: Before the age of jet flight, most congressmen pretty much lived in DC and only went home when ...
Senate Resolutions3/3/2005
  Q: Can you add riders to Senate resolutions? What is the difference between Bills and Resolutions in ...
  A: No I cannot add a rider to a Senate Resolution. Only a Senator can do that. There really is not ...
president run for VP2/11/2005
  Q: Can a former president run as vice president on a later ticket?
  A: Certainly a one term president can run as Vice President. There is some debate about whether a two ...
Preisident Clinton2/6/2005
  Q: Was President Clinton Impeached from office? Answer - He was impeached, but not convicted. - Mike ...
  A: No, according to the Constitution, the House of Representatives has the power of impeachment, which ...
presidents2/6/2005
  Q: What factors are considered when a president is labeled as one of our "best" or "worst?" Thank you.
  A: I suppose everybody had different factors that they consider. That is why few people will agree ...
Vice Presidential Successor1/28/2005
  Q: Michael, I'm sometimes embarrassed by my lack of knowledge of our political process, but it is ...
  A: The rule used to be that if the VP died, resigned, or moved up to be President through succession, ...
congressional history1/26/2005
  Q: I understand 6 senators and 33 represetatives voted against the Social Security Act of 1935. I ...
  A: You can find a reproduction of the vote tallies on the SSA, including the names of those who voted ...
Mayor Salary1/23/2005
  Q: Does the mayor of a city or town recieve a salary? If so, where does it come from?
  A: It all depends on the town or city. Most Mayors receive something, although some work for free. ...
Sealed and expungement1/20/2005
  Q: .. I have a question for you... What is the difference between having a juvenile record "sealed" ...
  A: A sealed record means the information is protected from prying eyes. But what is sealed might some ...
Bill Clinton12/23/2004
  Q: I looked long and hard last night on Google, but I could not find anything. Do you know if Clinton ...
  A: The famous phrase "it depends on what the definition of is is" is actually a paraphrase of what ...
Bill Clinton12/23/2004
  Q: I have seen an infinite amount of references to Bill Clinton "redefining the word 'is'" as well as ...
  A: The references are pulled out of mountains of deposition testimony and transcripts of court ...
Law and church12/21/2004
  Q: Yes,...I have an issue... Would please assist me with my question? Regarding: California Law and ...
  A: Generally speaking, a Church has the right to bar anyone for any reason. It would be a violation of ...
andrew johnson and congress12/18/2004
  Q: this your answer proves helpful. i am also wondering if any major legislation came into play during ...
  A: During Johson's presidency, the 13th and 14th amendments were ratified, and the 15th Amendment was ...
The Lincoln Home in Springfield,ILL.12/17/2004
  Q: I found a very old book about Abraham Lincoln, of Life, Public Services,Death and Great Funeral ...
  A: It sure sounds like an interesting find. I'm not really an expert on rare books and I have no idea ...
elected officials' earnings12/16/2004
  Q: I was listening to NPR tonight and Sen Hatch was on. He has produced a new cd of songs he had ...
  A: In general, Senators and Members of Congress may not earn outside income by taking a paid job with ...
andrew johnson and congress12/16/2004
  Q: i am currently working on an analysis between former president Andrew Johnson and congress. i know ...
  A: President Johnson was in a difficult situation. He was a southerner and a Democrat. He became ...
Executive Orders12/7/2004
  Q: How long does and executive order issued by the President last? Does it become law?
  A: Executive orders are instructions by the President to members of the Executive branch. They can ...
Executive immunity & privilege12/4/2004
  Q: Hey there! Great to know your still available. Can you tell me what the differnce is between ...
  A: Executive Privilege means that certain documents or questions are privileged and cannot be obtained ...
Ex Parte Quirin12/4/2004
  Q: Troy Thank you for all the previous responses. Your assistance was/is greatly appreciated. I do ...
  A: In Ex Parte Quirin, the Supreme Court held that several Nazi Saboteurs caught in the US could be ...
checks and balances & war12/3/2004
  Q: My Qs are that the following: * how the "checks and balances" was used, misused, or not used in ...
  A: The same checks and balances that exist in government at any other time also exist in time of war. ...
Presidential Election12/2/2004
  Q: Is there a law preventing a US citizen born outside of the US (Henry Kissinger or Arnold ...
  A: The US Constitution requires the President be a "natural born citizen." Art. II, Sec. 1, clause 5. ...
Business and Profession Code12/1/2004
  Q: Troy... I ahve a question about Business and Professions Code of Section 23958.4 What is code ...
  A: I'm not sure even what code you are talking about. Is this a State law? If so, what State? Also, ...
What happens when the president dies in office?11/29/2004
  Q: Since the president is one of the most well protected person it seems like something drastic occurs ...
  A: While it is a shock to the system, the government usually goes on without much disruption. The Vice ...
louisiana elections11/18/2004
  Q: Why is it in Louisiana there seem to be several different Republicans and Democrats running for each ...
  A: Most States have primaries to decide what candidates go on the ballot. Each party nominates one ...
presidents cabinet resigns11/17/2004
  Q: Is it true that when a president gains a second term that the whole cabinet resigns as a courtesy, ...
  A: I hate to see you lose a beer over this, but unfortunately it is not the case that all cabinet ...
passing a bill into law11/11/2004
  Q: Is "cloture" a tactic used by legislators to delay action on a bill in national, state, and local ...
  A: The term "filibuster" is used to describe the tactic of continuing lengthy debate on a bill to ...
american constitution and its background11/7/2004
  Q: my Qs: according to the founding fathers what should be the relationship between the rulers and the ...
  A: In the Declaration of Independence, the founder said that governments were designed to protect man's ...
One-party control11/5/2004
  Q: When was the last time one political party controlled both houses of congress AND the white house ...
  A: Harry Truman served almost a full first term and began his second term with a Democratic House and ...
Can you help me understand?11/4/2004
  Q: I am a bit embarrassed to admit I don't understand how our country works. I have been watching the ...
  A: When the Constitution was created, the federal government was designed with lots of checks and ...
deficit11/3/2004
  Q: What could be the effects of the federal deficit going to high?Bad or good.
  A: The deficit means the government has to borrow more money to pay for thing where it does not have ...
branches of government and rights of individuals11/3/2004
  Q: What is the role of each branch of government in protecting the rights of individuals
  A: The legislative branch makes laws that are designed to protect or create new rights. The executive ...
Negative Campaigning10/31/2004
  Q: Hey there... Thanks for the website..Its great! I have one last question for you. What exactly is ...
  A: Negative campaigning simply consists of focusing on an opponent's weaknesses or failings rather than ...
ICC10/29/2004
  Q: Greetings Mr. Troy I have another question regarding the ICC. I'm conducting research on whether ...
  A: President Clinton did sign the treaty a couple of days before leaving office. However, the ...
ICC10/28/2004
  Q: Greetings Mr. Troy I have another question regarding the ICC. I'm conducting research on whether ...
  A: It probably in the paragraph right below the one guaranteeing a right to abortions and sodomy, and ...
federalism10/27/2004
  Q: Troy I have a question regarding federalism. I am currently taking Con Law I. Would you please ...
  A: Yes, there are always exceptions. One is that although you cannot sue the government, you can sue ...
federalism10/26/2004
  Q: Troy I have a question regarding federalism. I am currently taking Con Law I. Would you please ...
  A: Process Federalism is a term used by the courts to say that they will not enforce limitations on the ...
Madison10/24/2004
  Q: How would madison feel about the rise of a third party, specifically in reference to his Federalist ...
  A: Although he came to accept political parties, at the time he wrote his Federalist papers, he like ...
Bush's ruling on overtime pay..beneficial or not?10/22/2004
  Q: Could I please get your opinion on the Bush administration's recent ruling on overtime pay? Do you ...
  A: The recent changes to overtime rules are rather minor. In fact, they will have no impact at all on ...
General question10/20/2004
  Q: in my country we are not following the presidential form of government. we have the prime minister, ...
  A: In truth, the framers of our system thought that it would work much like your parliamentary system. ...
Contract Clause10/19/2004
  Q: Troy…. I have a question regarding the U.S. Constitution “Contract Clause”. How does the case of ...
  A: I am not sure I see how the case was in any way a step in the decline of the power of the contract ...
politics - electoral college10/18/2004
  Q: Do the number of electoral college votes assigned to a particular state increase every four years ...
  A: The change of electoral votes takes place every 10 years after the census. So the next time an ...
Vorys Amendment10/11/2004
  Q: How are you? My question is this;Regarding the Vorys Amendment; I CAN'T FIND ANY...ANY...ANY ...
  A: John Martin Vorys was a Republican Congressman from Ohio from 1939 to 1959. As a member of ...
Political Question 6 elements10/11/2004
  Q: I have another question Im hoping you could assist me with. I'm currently studying the 6 elements of ...
  A: Keep in mind that these six criteria are just made up by somoene. Courts certainly take these ...
Legal Terms10/7/2004
  Q: Troy I have a question...Would you assist me? What is the difference between an Injunction and a ...
  A: There really is not much difference. A writ of mandamus is a type of injunction forcing the person ...
finding objective information10/6/2004
  Q: and thanks for fielding myIt's pretty simple: I'd like to know if you know the best places/websites ...
  A: It is said that in war, truth is the first casualty. I think the same could be applied to political ...
GOVERMENT10/6/2004
  Q: HOW MANY AMENDMENTS HAVE BEEN ADDED 2 CONSTITION WHICH AMENDMENT DEALS WITH THE POWER OF CONGRESS 2 ...
  A: You can answer the first three questions yourself simply by looking at a list of the Amendments, ...
history10/1/2004
  Q: What did John Quincy Adams do during his presidency?
  A: John Quincy Adams primarily focused on building Canals and other infrastructure during his four ...
------------------------- ...9/22/2004
  Q: What are the president's four official titles? What are the dinners called that the president hosts ...
  A: I don't know who made up that list, but the President is not the Chief legilator. He is not even a ...
What are the president's four...9/21/2004
  Q: What are the president's four official titles? What are the dinners called that the president hosts ...
  A: I'm not sure what you are looking for in your first question. The President's official title is ...
Nonjusticiable/political question9/14/2004
  Q: Mr. Troy I have a question regarding "political questions." (nonjusticiable) Would you please assit ...
  A: There is no good answer to this question. First off, there are things other than "political ...
American Govenment-individualism9/12/2004
  Q: I am not sure you want to answer this but I am currently in an American Government class and have to ...
  A: Most old world countries have been highly dependent on government to meet their basic needs. They ...
Education9/11/2004
  Q: Based on your knowledgeable expertise in politics,I would like to know your opinion concerning why ...
  A: I dont agree with your premise. Overall, government spending on education is far higher than ...
Nixon v. U.S. Question 29/9/2004
  Q: .. In regards to the Nixon v. U.S. Case (Just want to make sure) Nixon won his appeal to to the ...
  A: I'm not sure why you think he won his appeal. In some sense, I guess it's a victory that the Court ...
Human rights & International Criminal Court9/8/2004
  Q: Mr Troy... I have a general question about Human rights and the International Criminal Court. I ...
  A: The ICC is designed to punish people who violate certain human rights by enaging in genocide, crimes ...
Ex Parte McCardle Question9/4/2004
  Q: Troy, Im back with another. I have a question regarding the case of Ex Parte McCardle. (1869) Would ...
  A: In Ex Parte McCardle, the Court's reasoning was that Article III, Section 2 of the Constitution ...
financing the campaign9/2/2004
  Q: In the most recent almanac,i have to find the five biggest-spending Political Action Committees,and ...
  A: I'm not sure what almanac you are using or who you are defining spending (is it contributions to ...
the running mate9/2/2004
  Q: Who are the eight Vice Presidents who were elected to the Presidency? Who is the Vice President who ...
  A: There have been nine men who have served as Vice President and who were later elected President: ...
nominating conventions9/1/2004
  Q: Who were the Republican and Democratic nominees for President and Vice President in 1960,1972,and ...
  A: In 1960, John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Baines Johnson were the Democratic nominies. Richard M. Nixon ...
nominating conventions9/1/2004
  Q: What is the minimun number of delegates the Republican and Democratic parties in California will be ...
  A: For the Republicans, California gets three delegates for each of its 53 Congressional districts. It ...
presidential primaries9/1/2004
  Q: Does California use primary election or party caucuses to select delegates to the Presidential ...
  A: Like most States, California has a Presidential primary. For a long time, this has traditionally ...
election history9/1/2004
  Q: What other government offices were these recent Presidesnts elected? Ronald Reagan Jimmy Carter ...
  A: Reagan was Governor of California. Carter was Governor of Georgia. Nixon was Vice President and ...
Baker v. Carr8/31/2004
  Q: It gave me a clear perspective of the subject matter. Now for my second question. This question is ...
  A: Justices Harlan and Frankfurter dissented in Baker v. Carr. Basically, they believed the Court was ...
Judical Review Question8/31/2004
  Q: I have two questions for you regarding the Constitution. I would prefer to provide one answer at a ...
  A: Federa Judges are obligated to ensure that the Federal Constitution is upheld. Part of that is ...
Constitutional8/29/2004
  Q: Troy, I have two questions, one is a follow up question from the prvious subject of Marbury v. ...
  A: The legal reasoning behind Marbury is that the Constitution specifies that in most cases the Supreme ...
residential elections8/28/2004
  Q: What presidents beside George W Bush were elected by electorial vote while losing in the popular ...
  A: There have been 16 other elections where the President failed to win a majority of the popular vote. ...
Bill of Rights8/28/2004
  Q: I know that if the federal government creates a law that restricts free speech, it is a violation of ...
  A: Good question. The legal reasoning is that localities get all their governing authority from the ...
Marbury v. Madison8/24/2004
  Q: ..Mr Troy I have a question regarding Marbury v. Madison case. Can you briefly summarize what this ...
  A: Marbury v. Madison is probably the most significant case ever decided by the Supreme Court. The ...
legislation8/20/2004
  Q: Was 2844 (on human rights in Viet Nam) ever passed by the Senate. What happened after it was passed ...
  A: I am guessing from the number that you meant HR 2833 which was passed by the House in 2001. It ...
The qualifications of President and Vice President8/12/2004
  Q: me and my freind were having different views about president and how long he can sever for. I wanted ...
  A: The truth is that no one knows for certain. Since no two-term President has ever tried to become ...
assassination of the president8/10/2004
  Q: I WOULD LIKE TO KNOW IF THERE'S ANY SPECIAL LEGISLATION IN THE STATES AN ASSASSINATION OF THE ...
  A: In addition to the general murder laws that are applicable in such a situation, there is a federal ...
Congress8/9/2004
  Q: Who was the youngest person to serve in the US House of Representatives? Who was the youngest ...
  A: The youngest ever was William Charles Cole Claiborne. He represented Tennessee from 1797-1801. He ...
Civil unions vs gay marriage8/9/2004
  Q: How would a homosexuals rights be different if they were only allowed to have civil unions as ...
  A: It is really not known at this time since civil unions have not been well defined. In most cases, ...
Elections8/4/2004
  Q: Did I have to vote in the Primary in order to vote in this year's Presidential Election?
  A: The primary is basically a whole separate election to determine who is the party nominee on the ...
dv lottery7/31/2004
  Q: i recently visited the official site of the diversity lottery and to my great surprise it said ...
  A: My understanding of the diversity lottery is that it provides 55,000 visas per year. Once all the ...
Ronald Reagan7/27/2004
  Q: Can you answer questions about the attempted assassination of Reagan and the immediate aftermath of ...
  A: I did not see that movie, but there was a great deal of panic and confusion that day. Vice ...
Senator/Represenatives Pensions7/24/2004
  Q: How many years does a Senator/Representative have to serve before being eligible for a pension? ...
  A: Members who participate in the congressional pension system are vested after only 5 years of ...
constitution7/18/2004
  Q: In Mo the constitution says amendments will be voted on at the general election or at a called ...
  A: I think the ruling is that holding the vote at the same time as a primary election is the same as a ...
Common knowledge7/18/2004
  Q: I am a Actuarial Science Major at Uconn and am very interested in politics. My question is how do I ...
  A: The best way to learn about inside politics is to be inside yourself. Try volunteering for a ...
Lyndon Johnson-Great Society7/18/2004
  Q: Who were the people in power during Lyndon Johnson's Presidency who opposed his "Great Society"?
  A: One of the most amazing things about LBJ was his persuasive ability and understanding of how ...
Congress7/16/2004
  Q: I found the following sentence in a book which brings me to ask a"The Senate isn't alone in writing ...
  A: A Senator is elected for six years. A Representative is elected for two years. Senators are ...
What is a liberal, and am I one?7/9/2004
  Q: I'm writing because I'm rather unsure of whether or not my politcal views would label me as a "right ...
  A: Your confusion is understandable since those labels are frequently misused in the media. Basic ...
Dubya7/9/2004
  Q: Why is president George Bush referred to as “Dubya” ? What is actually meant by the word “Dubya”?
  A: He there, The name "Dubya" was made up by the press during the 2000 campaign (at least that's the ...
the Constitution7/5/2004
  Q: can you tell me what our nation's first insider trading scam was? In relation to the constitution. ...
  A: I think you are referring to the situation where the federal government agreed to assume debts from ...
presidential history7/2/2004
  Q: How many times has a president been elected by the electoral college though the popular vote ...
  A: There have been four Presidents who were elected even though someone else got more popular votes: ...
Super delegates6/29/2004
  Q: I don't really understand what the super delegates are and I am trying to figure out how they could ...
  A: Superdelegates are people that get to go to the convention and vote for a nominee without being ...
How voters decide6/29/2004
  Q: Michael, Thanks for the great info -- wondering how you'd like to be indentified in the article -- ...
  A: I live in Medford, NJ. My current job really has nothing to do with my expertise in this area. I ...
How voters decide6/28/2004
  Q: I'm a freelance writer preparing an article on how voters decide who to vote for in presidential ...
  A: You are correct that most people vote according to party. Even though there are large numbers of ...
Fiscal & Monetary policies6/28/2004
  Q: .. Im aware this is not in your area of experties but, What is the differnce between monetary ...
  A: Monetary policy is that which sets how plentiful money and credit is in the economy. If it is not ...
presidents re-elected6/20/2004
  Q: I'm having a debate with someone over a statement I made. I repeated what I had read one time which ...
  A: Presidents Carter and the first Bush were both elected to one full term. Both ran for second terms ...
Political regimes6/17/2004
  Q: .I have a question regarding politics and the economy My book list five "economice regimes" ...
  A: Virtually every economy is a mix of all of these regimes, which I think is quite appropriate. Our ...
Former two term president.6/11/2004
  Q: Could a former two term president like Bill Clinton run today and be elected for vice president? ...
  A: It's debatable. The Supreme Court has never had the opportunity to rule on the issue, but I suspect ...
California history6/9/2004
  Q: I need these terms defined please. Townsend Plan, Executive Order 9066, Rumford Fair Housing Law, ...
  A: The "Townsend Plan" was the initial proposal that eventually became Social Security. You can read ...
media coverage of residential speach5/26/2004
  Q: A conservative friend believes that the failure of the major networks to cover President Bush's most ...
  A: Yes, there are frequently Presidential speeches not broadcast. If the White House requests air time ...
disadvantages of citiy strategies of econ. dev.5/21/2004
  Q: Troy…. I'm hoping you can assist me here. BREIFLY what would be disadvantages if cities offered ...
  A: The main disadvantage of any of the techniques described is that it costs the city money. In each ...
Econ. Dev5/20/2004
  Q: How do the following factors influence city government in terms of economic development? -Geography ...
  A: Local government is typically in competition with lots of other local governments to improve its ...
The qualifications of President and Vice President5/16/2004
  Q: I am interested in finding out the list of qualifications for each of these offices or at least ...
  A: The qualifications for President are spelled out in the Constitution. Article II specifies that the ...
Supporting Israel5/11/2004
  Q: Why does the American Government favors and supports Israel so much politically? What benefits does ...
  A: One reason that the US was an early and active supporter of Israel after WWII was that President ...
President-frnaklin Pierce5/8/2004
  Q: Can you tell me how much a stamp cost when Pierce was president?
  A: Franklin Pierce was President from 1853-57. Prior to 1863, the cost of mailing a letter varied ...
Congressional fringe benefit & Foreign Aid5/7/2004
  Q: I would like to see the benefit package that our congressmen have and could you direct me to a site ...
  A: Not suprisingly, members of congress don't like to publicize the various benefits they give ...
Presidential power5/6/2004
  Q: How has the power of the federal government and in particular that of the Executive branch increased ...
  A: The most dramatic increases in the size and power of the government have taken place during wars. ...
TABOT5/5/2004
  Q: Do you think the "Taxpayer Bill of Rights" is a good idea for Wisconsin?
  A: The proposed Taxpayer bill of rights is a referendum to limit increases in taxes and spending for ...
Bill numbers carried over?5/5/2004
  Q: I've been unable to find out what happens to a congressional bill number after two years in the ...
  A: No bill lasts more than one Congress (two years). The two year session applies to both House and ...
Conditional Party Government5/4/2004
  Q: Hey Mike, In regards to what has happened with responsible parties in Congress over the past 30 ...
  A: The only people I know that use the term "responsible parties" in this context or Political Science ...
Legislation5/3/2004
  Q: I have a four part question...What is a legislative amendment? At what stage in the policy process ...
  A: Under each system of government, the conditions for amendment are different. For purposes of this ...
Texas Constitutional History5/1/2004
  Q: When the state of Texas was formed, was there a segment allowing for the forming of 4 separate ...
  A: Texas was a state within Mexico when it broke way to form an independent nation. A few years later, ...
I have a question that i need...4/29/2004
  Q: I have a question that i need to answer, and the question is, Compare the US at three points in ...
  A: In the 1950's, the US was extremely powerful. It's only real rival was the Soviet Union. Until ...
Legal4/28/2004
  Q: Troy... I have a question for you. I have noticed in your profile you have a J.D. I have a question ...
  A: Although I have a J.D., I cannot provide specific legal advice in this forum. To do so would ...
Kennedy's foreign policy4/21/2004
  Q: I was wondering if you could tell me kennedy's foreign policies, and their significance... like how ...
  A: Most of JFK's foreign policy dealth with the Cold War rivalry with the Soviet Union. He began his ...
presidential trivia4/20/2004
  Q: Michael,can you answer this question for me today? I need it for a daily trivia question. Being the ...
  A: The legislative branch does not really have a single head. the Vice President is head of the Senate ...
John Adams' Political Views4/18/2004
  Q: I have a big essay question and im having trouble finding the right answers...the ollowing is about ...
  A: John Adams was an important national leader long before he became President. As a member of the ...
Sensenbrenner Voting Record4/15/2004
  Q: Could you please tell me, if Congressman James F. Sensenbrenner voted yea or nea for the legislation ...
  A: The creation of a so-called "Wall" between the FBI's criminal investigations and intelligence ...
Ronald Reagan and the economy4/14/2004
  Q: Supply side economics was the brainchild of Arthur Laffer and economist at the University of ...
  A: Supply-side economics theorizes that if businesses are taxed less, they will take greater risks by ...
ap u.s history4/11/2004
  Q: in what ways did the emerging sectional conflicts within the u.s manifest themselves in the election ...
  A: The rise of Andrew Jackson was the first time westerners had any representation in the White House. ...
Mayor4/7/2004
  Q: ..there Mr. Troy I have a question for you regarding some Mayor terms. Would you please assist me. ...
  A: A mayor's responsibilities vary quite a great deal depending on the city or town he or she governs. ...
25 years old4/6/2004
  Q: In Article I of the Constitution of the United States, it reads that "no person shall be a ...
  A: No, there was nothing particularly special about the number 25. The framers wanted to make sure ...
Roosevelt3/31/2004
  Q: Why do a lot of people think that Franklin Delano Roosevelt's middle name was "Deleanor" That is ...
  A: Many people make that mistake, but I'm not sure why. It would not suprise me if it originated as a ...
Rep Vs Dem3/31/2004
  Q: I am almost ashamed to ask this question but the only stupid question is... So here it goes. I'm a ...
  A: Your confusion over the parties is understandable. The major parties are not very well defined in ...
Barron vs Baltimore Case//Amendment 53/29/2004
  Q: ------------------------- Followup To I appreciate your answer. That was great. I am still puzzled ...
  A: The case had very little impact on law and society as it simply reaffirmed what was widely ...
Barron vs Baltimore Case//Amendment 53/28/2004
  Q: I have reccently studies this case, however, I cannot determine how this case decision impacted ...
  A: Barron v. Baltimore was a case in the 1830's which reaffirmed the widely accepted view at the time ...
Constitution3/25/2004
  Q: What are the rights of students in high school as compared to the legal rights set forth in the ...
  A: The Constitution covers everyone, including high school students. They have the same rights as ...
Death Penalty3/24/2004
  Q: Does the death penalty exist in all US states. In the states that it does exist is it by gas chamber ...
  A: Currently, 38 states have a death penalty available. However, some of them almost never use it. In ...
vice presidents3/22/2004
  Q: how many us presidents served without a vice-president for more than a year of their term ?
  A: Four Presidents never had a VP at all: John Tyler in 1841, Millard Fillmore in 1851, Andrew Johnson ...
bil of right in the democratic governor3/18/2004
  Q: why is the freedom of press and the trial of jury important to the democratic governor?
  A: I don't think such freedoms are particularly important to a Governor any more than anyone else. ...
Senate3/9/2004
  Q: I just had a quick question, Can the senate of U.S. reject a presidents appointment? ...
  A: It depends on the appointment. Most major positions require the "advice and consent of the Senate." ...
congress3/8/2004
  Q: how many representatives are there in congress and for how long do we elect the representatives?
  A: There are 435 Representatives in the House of Representatives plus 5 non-voting delegates from ...
Legal question3/7/2004
  Q: After reviewing your profile I noticed you have a J.D. degree. Before I pose my question, I would ...
  A: I have only a general understanding of family law. It really is not a specialty of mine. Further, ...
John F. Kennedy3/5/2004
  Q: Did John F. Kennedy write his own inaugural address or did speech writer write it for him?
  A: All Modern President, including Kennedy use speech writers. Pres. Kennedy's inaugural address is ...
Watergate Scandal3/2/2004
  Q: 1. Who was involved in the Watergate Scandal? 2. Did President Nixon ever get convicted of ...
  A: 1. This site lists most of the key players, although thousands of people were involved in minor ...
Govenment3/1/2004
  Q: How has the Supreme Court allowed Presidential power to expand? How have changes in party ...
  A: The Supreme Court typically gives the President a great deal of discretion in how the government is ...
Watergate Scandal3/1/2004
  Q: I am doing a research paper on this subject if you have any information will you please write me ...
  A: You may find these sites helpful: ...
Constitutions2/29/2004
  Q: how does the constitution make war powers a "grey area"?
  A: The Constitution is rather clear that only has Congress has the power to declare war. It makes the ...
judge selection2/25/2004
  Q: i was wondering if you had any information on, or knew where i could find information, the "Missouri ...
  A: A system of selecting judges without regard to political parties is sometimes called the "Missouri ...
Presidential2/23/2004
  Q: President Wilson asked congress to declare war. Why did he ask congress to declar war? Do you think ...
  A: There are a number of reasons why President Wilson asked for a declaration of war. Germans had sunk ...
Elections2/21/2004
  Q: I have a question for you regarding elections. My book talks about "at large elections" and "ward ...
  A: Some city elections elect members from smaller districts called wards. Just like a state is divided ...
Declaration of Independence2/18/2004
  Q: Would you consider the Declaration to be a law or a collection of laws? Thank you
  A: The Declaration of Independence is exactly what it says it is: a "declaration". It is not a law or ...
City Council2/18/2004
  Q: Troy, What is a City Council? You have recently defined what a city manager is, now would you ...
  A: City structure can vary greatly from town to town, but here is generally how it works: A City ...
Andrew Jackson2/17/2004
  Q: how did he get on the $20 dollar bill?
  A: President Andrew Jackson has appeared on various bills cince 1869. In 1929, the Treasury Department ...
Domestic political terms2/17/2004
  Q: Troy, I have a few terms Im hoping you can define for me. Would you please briefly define the terms ...
  A: Well the short answer is "not much". Both are individual units created by the various states ...
Domestic political terms2/17/2004
  Q: Troy, I have a few terms Im hoping you can define for me. Would you please briefly define the terms ...
  A: "Special Districts" usually refers to districts within a city that are created for special purposes. ...
term2/10/2004
  Q: .. What does the term "Trial Consultant" mean? What do they do?
  A: A trial consultant is someone, usually a lawyer, who is a specialist on trials. Typically, they ...
Amendment v. Act of Congress issue2/9/2004
  Q: I am trying to learn about the Reagan administration and economic policies. Just answer any of ...
  A: 1. The reasons for proposing a balanced budget amendment were that the goverment seemed unable to ...
impeachment2/7/2004
  Q: Do you think the US impeachment process as it currently stands is working? If not, how should it be ...
  A: Only two Presidents have ever been impeached: Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton. Neither was removed ...
Definition2/4/2004
  Q: Troy, I have a question for you regarding a political term. Can you tell me what exactly ...
  A: Liberalism simply means support for change and reform in society on a fast but orderly basis. Neo ...
American Polictics - Federalism1/26/2004
  Q: what has been one of the things that has kept local governments independent of the national governt?
  A: I'm not sure where you have been for the last fifty years, but local governments are highly ...
Nevada Constitution12/19/2003
  Q: What are some requirements that must be met to qualify to serve in the Nevada Legislature?
  A: A quick look at the Nevada Constitution shows that the only requirement is that the person be ...
Parties responsible12/1/2003
  Q: Hey there Mr Mike... I have a question once again and a couple of political words Imnot familiar ...
  A: I'm assuming based on your previous questions that by "responsible" you really mean "disciplined." ...
Terms defined11/22/2003
  Q: ..Im back with a few more terms... Would you please tell me once again the significance of these ...
  A: The significants is that these elements govern how party leaders try to control the choices people ...
Political TERMS11/22/2003
  Q: Would you help me with a few political terms? I cant seem to find the definitions of these terms ...
  A: Political machines were much more common from the middle of the 19th Century to the middle of the ...
ResponsibleParties 3 question11/22/2003
  Q: Well I recieved your 2nd response and must agree with you. Thank you for the response. I do have one ...
  A: As you can probably guess from my previous answers, I don't think parties should be more ...
Poltical Parties 2 Quest.11/21/2003
  Q: . I would first like to thank you for the first excellent response. You have provided me a better ...
  A: They are less responsible, particularly because of television and campaign finance laws, which I ...
Political Parties11/21/2003
  Q: Its CARL I'm back with another question regarding political parties. I have about four questions ...
  A: Yes, compared to many other democratic countries, US parties have little cohesion. Personally, I ...
Spoil System11/12/2003
  Q: its me again back with a few questions. Briefly Mr Troy, What is the “spoil system” and how does or ...
  A: The spoils system describes when a winning politician gives jobs or other favors to those who ...
Presidential Elections II Quest.11/12/2003
  Q: Okay, I have one more question regarding the presidential elections. What kind of candidate is most ...
  A: Since the caucuses tend to be dominated more by party activists, they are more likely to pick a more ...
Presidential Election process11/12/2003
  Q: Troy, I have a question for you regarding the presidential election process. I may have asked this ...
  A: A Caucus is where people get together, discuss the various candidates and eventually select a ...
budgets11/11/2003
  Q: I love working with dollars and cents. What are some ways federal budgeting could be used to promote ...
  A: The federal government spends well over $2,000,000,000,000.00 each year. That is a cost of almost ...
Iraq & China relation11/5/2003
  Q: Now that we are on the subject of China. I have a question regarding China and Iraq. Is China in ...
  A: Hi Phil, I really don't think China has anything to do with Iraq. The only general economic ...
China economy & the United States11/5/2003
  Q: I have returned with another one. I have a question regarding the United States and China. I am ...
  A: Short of going to war and destroying them (which is not going to happen) there is little the US can ...
state governor trivia11/4/2003
  Q: please help. who was a governor of two seperate states AND head/president of a foreign nation?
  A: Sam Houston was Governor of Tennesee, then moved to Texas where he took part in the War for ...

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