AboutLeo Lingham Expertise In Managing a business, I can cover all aspects of running
a business--business planning, business development, business auditing, business communication, operation management, human
resources management , training, etc.
Experience 18 years of working management experience covering such areas
as business planning, business development, strategic planning,
marketing, management services, personnel administration.
PLUS
24 years of management consulting which includes business planning, strategic planning, marketing, product management, training, business coaching etc.
Question 1). What are the strategic planning process available in the tourism sector.
2). What are the strategic planning process available in the agricultural sector.
3). What are the strategies that can be employ when entering the market and what are the growth strategies necessary for the two sector; tourism and agricultural sector.
Answer HADDY,
HERE IS SOME USEFUL MATERIAL.
REGARDS
LEO LINGHAM
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1). What are the strategic planning process available in the tourism sector.
TRAVEL AND TOURISM PRODUCT,
UNLIKE OTHER PRODUCTS IS AFFECTED BY NUMEROUS FACTORS.
IT IS VERY SENSITIVE TO SOME AND LESS TO OTHERS.
APPRAISE THE MARKET AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS WHICH NEED TO BE FULFILLED FOR GLOBAL MARKETING TO BE A VIABLE OPTION IN A GIVEN MARKET.
The PESTLE factors play an important role in the value creation opportunities of a strategy. However they are usually outside the control of the corporation and must normally be considered as either threats or opportunities,
IN ANY GLOBAL NATIONS.
Below you will find examples of each of these factors.
Political (incl. Legal)
-Environmental regulations and protection
[what are the government regualtions/ protection laws that must be observed ]
-Tax policies
what tax hinder the business and what taxes incentives are available]
-International trade regulations and restrictions
[ does the government encourage exports / with high tariffs on imports]
-Contract enforcement law/Consumer protection
[does the government enforce on consumer protection ]
-Employment laws]
[ is the government encouraging skilled immigrants with temp. permits]
-Government organization / attitude
[ does the government have a very positive attitude towards this industry]
-Competition regulation
[ are there regulation for limiting competition]
-Political Stability
[ politically , does the government have a very stable government ]
-Safety regulations
[ has the government adopted some of the modern safety regulations]
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Economic
-Economic growth
[ what is the economic growth rate / what are the reasons ]
-Interest rates & monetary policies
[ are the interest rates under control / is there a sound monetary policies]
-Government spending
[is government spending is significant and is it under control ]
-Unemployment policy
[what is the employment / unemployment policies of the government ]
-Taxation
[ has the taxation encouraged the industry ]
-Exchange rates
[ is there well managed exchange controls and is it helping the industry]
-Inflation rates
[ is the inflation well under control ]
-Stage of the business cycle
[ is your industry is on the growth pattern]
-Consumer confidence
[ is the consumer confidence is high/ strong and if not, why ]
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Social
-Income distribution
[is there balanced income distribution policy ]
-Demographics, Population growth rates, Age distribution
[ what is population growth and why ]
-Labor / social mobility
[ what are the labor policies and is there labor mobility]
-Lifestyle changes
[ are there significant lifestyle changes taking place--more modernization/ why ]
-Work/career and leisure attitudes
[ are the population career minded and are seeking better lifestyle]
-Education
[ what are the education policies / is it successful ]
-Fashion, hypes
[are the people becoming fashion conscious ]
-Health consciousness & welfare, feelings on safety
[ are the people becoming health consciousness]
-Living conditions
[ is the living conditions improving fast and spreading rapidly]
Government research spending
[is the government spending on research and development]
Industry focus on technological effort
[are the industries focused on using improved technology]
New inventions and development
[ are new inventions being encouraged for developments]
Rate of technology transfer
[ is the rate of technology transfer is speeding up ]
(Changes in) Information Technology
[ is the information technology rapidly moving and is there government support]
(Changes in) Internet
[ is the internet usage rapidly increasing and why]
(Changes in) Mobile Technology
[is the Mobile technology rapidly developing and is there government support]
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ALL THESE FACTORS AFFECT THE TRAVEL / TOURISM
-in various combinations
-at different times
-at various emphasis
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Below you will find examples of each of these factors,
the impact on the TRAVEL/ TOURISM INDUSTRY.
Political (incl. Legal) [ [Poltical] EST[Environment][Legal] ]
==========================================
-Tax policies
what tax hinder the business and what taxes incentives are available]
[ if the tax policies are liberal / incentivated, TRA /TOU businesses will add
expansion , which means
-more people will travel
-more sales of travel products [ tickets/ transport /accommodations]
IF THE TAX POLICIES ARE SEVERE, IT WILL HANDICAP
THE GROWTH OF THE BUSINESS.
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-International trade regulations and restrictions
[ does the government encourage exports / imports ]
[ if the exports policies are liberal / incentivated, businesses will add
expansion , which means
-more people will travel
-more sales of travel products [ tickets/ transport /accommodations]
IF THE TRADE REGULATIONS POLICIES ARE SEVERE, IT WILL HANDICAP
THE GROWTH OF THE BUSINESS.
======================================================
-Employment laws]
[ is the government encouraging more employment opportunities]
[if the government relaxes the rules on employment ,businesses will
add expansion. which means
-more people will travel
-more sales of travel products [ tickets/ transport /accommodations]
IF THE employment REGULATIONS POLICIES ARE SEVERE, IT WILL HANDICAP
THE GROWTH OF THE BUSINESS.
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Economic [P[Economics][Social]TEL ]
-Economic growth
[ what is the economic growth rate / what are the reasons ]
[ if the economy is on growth path, businesses will add
expansion , which means
-more people will travel
-more sales of travel products [ tickets/ transport /accommodations]
IF THE ECONOMIC GROWTH ARE SEVERE, IT WILL HANDICAP
THE GROWTH OF THE BUSINESS.
==========================================================
-Interest rates & monetary policies
[ are the interest rates under control / is there a sound monetary policies]
[ if the interest rate goes down/ the monetary policies are liberal,
as the demand goes up, businesses will add
expansion , which means
-more people will travel
-more sales of travel products [ tickets/ transport /accommodations]
IF THE interest rates/ monetary POLICIES ARE SEVERE, IT WILL HANDICAP
THE GROWTH OF THE BUSINESS.
===========================================================
-Government spending
[is government spending is significant and is it under control ]
[ if the government increases the spending on infrastructures etc,
the demand goes up , businesses will add
expansion , which means
-more people will travel
-more sales of travel products [ tickets/ transport /accommodations]
IF THE government spending POLICIES ARE SEVERE, IT WILL HANDICAP
THE GROWTH OF THE BUSINESS.
========================================================
-Taxation
[ has the taxation encouraged the industry ]
[ if the taxation policies encouraged the industry, businesses will add
expansion , which means
-more people will travel
-more sales of travel products [ tickets/ transport /accommodations]
IF THE taxation POLICIES ARE SEVERE, IT WILL HANDICAP
THE GROWTH OF THE BUSINESS.
==========================================================
-Consumer confidence
[ is the consumer confidence is high/ strong and if not, why ]
[ as the consumer confidence goes up, more jobs are created,
demand for product/services will go up, businesses will add
expansion , which means
-more people will travel
-more sales of travel products [ tickets/ transport /accommodations]
IF THE consumer confidence is low, IT WILL HANDICAP
THE GROWTH OF THE BUSINESS.
=========================================================
Social [ PE[Social]TEL ]
-Income distribution
[is there balanced income distribution policy ]
[ as the income level goes up and income distribution improves,
demand for product/services will go up, businesses will add
expansion , which means
-more people will travel
-more sales of travel products [ tickets/ transport /accommodations]
IF THE income distribution lacks balance, IT WILL HANDICAP
THE GROWTH OF THE BUSINESS.
===================================================
-Demographics, Population growth rates, Age distribution
[ what is population growth and why ]
[ as the population level goes up and age distribution improves,
demand for product/services will go up, businesses will add
expansion , which means
-more people will travel
-more sales of travel products [ tickets/ transport /accommodations]
IF THE population growth is low , IT WILL HANDICAP
THE GROWTH OF THE BUSINESS.
===================================================
-Lifestyle changes
[ are there significant lifestyle changes taking place--more modernization/ why ]
[ as the life style goes up and more modernization improvements,
demand for product/services will go up, businesses will add
expansion , which means
-more people will travel
-more sales of travel products [ tickets/ transport /accommodations]
IF THE lifestyle changes is not significant , IT WILL HANDICAP
THE GROWTH OF THE BUSINESS.
=========================================================
-Work/career and leisure attitudes
[ are the population career minded and are seeking better lifestyle]
[ as the income level goes up and workers attitudes changes,
demand for product/services will go up, businesses will add
expansion , which means
-more people will travel
-more sales of travel products [ tickets/ transport /accommodations]
IF there are no attitudinal changes in career/ leisure, IT WILL HANDICAP
THE GROWTH OF THE BUSINESS.
=====================================================
-Education
[ what are the education policies / is it successful ]
[ as the education level goes up and income distribution improves,
demand for product/services will go up, businesses will add
expansion , which means
-more people will travel
-more sales of travel products [ tickets/ transport /accommodations]
IF THE education POLICIES ARE SEVERE, IT WILL HANDICAP
THE GROWTH OF THE BUSINESS.
==========================================================
-Living conditions
[ is the living conditions improving fast and spreading rapidly]
[ as the income level goes up and living conditions improves,
demand for product/services will go up, businesses will add
expansion , which means
-more people will travel
-more sales of travel products [ tickets/ transport /accommodations]
IF THE living conditions ARE SEVERE, IT WILL HANDICAP
THE GROWTH OF THE BUSINESS.
========================================================
Technological [ PES [Technology] EL]
==================================================
Industry focus on technological effort
[are the industries focused on using improved technology]
[ as the industry focuses on technology, more jobs are created,
demand for product/services will go up, businesses will add
expansion , which means
-more people will travel
-more sales of travel products [ tickets/ transport /accommodations]
IF THE technology POLICIES ARE SEVERE, IT WILL HANDICAP
THE GROWTH OF THE BUSINESS.
==========================================================
MARKETING DEPARTMENT MUST STUDY THESE FACTORS
IN DEPTH AND THEN USE THE 4 Ps
1.PRODUCT
2.PRICE
3.PROMOTION
4.PLACE
*Fashion trends
MARKETING MUST RESPOND TO THESE CHALLENGES / OPPORTUNITIES
BY MEETING THE NEEDS.
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*Consumer values
MARKETING MUST RESPOND TO THESE CHALLENGES / OPPORTUNITIES
BY MEETING THE CONSUMER VALUES.
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*Changing attitudes of society
MARKETING MUST RESPOND TO THESE CHALLENGES / OPPORTUNITIES
BY MEETING THE NEEDS OF SOCIETAL MARKETING.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Organised consumer groups and pressure groups
MARKETING MUST RESPOND TO THESE CHALLENGES / OPPORTUNITIES
BY POSITIONING THE COMPANY / PRODUCTS.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
=========================================================
*Cyclical fluctuations
MARKETING MUST RESPOND TO THESE CHALLENGES / OPPORTUNITIES
BY MEETING THE SEASONAL NEEDS.
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Population trends
MARKETING MUST RESPOND TO THESE CHALLENGES / OPPORTUNITIES
BY MEETING THE CHANGING / DEMANDS NEEDS OF THE GREY MARKET.
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Industry sector trends
MARKETING MUST RESPOND TO THESE CHALLENGES / OPPORTUNITIES
BY POSITIONING THE PRODUCTS AS PER THE INDUSTRY TRENDS/ NEEDS.
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Availability of materials
MARKETING MUST RESPOND TO THESE CHALLENGES / OPPORTUNITIES
BY SUITABLE POSITIONING OF THE COMPANY / PRODUCTS.
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*Average disposable incomes
MARKETING MUST RESPOND TO THESE CHALLENGES / OPPORTUNITIES
BY MANAGING THE MARKETING MIX EFFECTIVELY.
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*Competitiveness compared with overseas companies
MARKETING MUST RESPOND TO THESE CHALLENGES / OPPORTUNITIES
BY MANAGING THE MARKETING MIX EFFECTIVELY.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Changes in the structure of the population (e.g. impact of declining birthrate and an ageing population)
MARKETING MUST RESPOND TO THESE CHALLENGES / OPPORTUNITIES
BY MANAGING THE MARKETING MIX EFFECTIVELY.
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*Population drift to and between capital cities
MARKETING MUST RESPOND TO THESE CHALLENGES / OPPORTUNITIES
BY MANAGING THE MARKETING MIX EFFECTIVELY.
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* Product range
MARKETING MUST RESPOND TO THESE CHALLENGES / OPPORTUNITIES
BY MANAGING THE PRODUCT MIX EFFECTIVELY.
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* Marketing and channels of distribution
MARKETING MUST RESPOND TO THESE CHALLENGES / OPPORTUNITIES
BY MANAGING THE CHANNEL MIX EFFECTIVELY.
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* Price structure
MARKETING MUST RESPOND TO THESE CHALLENGES / OPPORTUNITIES
BY MANAGING THE MARKETING RESEARCH EFFECTIVELY.
=================================================
IN ALL THE FACTORS, THE ORGANIZATION WHICH RESPONDS
TO THE INTERNAL /EXTERNAL FACTORS,
WITH TIMELY ACTION PLAN, WILL SURVIVE / EXPAND.
WHILE THE ONES WHICH DO NOT RESPOND
TO THE INTERNAL/EXTERNAL FACTORS,
WITH TIMELY ACTION PLAN, WILL CONTRACT/ PERHAPS DEMISE.
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SOME ADDITIONAL RESOURCES.
OTHERS FACTORS TO CONSIDER
Economics/TRADE
Historical Basis for Trade: Throughout history, countries have tended to trade with each other, but usually to a much lesser extent than they do today. There are several reasons:
Difficulties in transportation and communication made it difficult to transport manufactured goods which would, in any event, arrive with long delays after manufacturing;
Border disputes, a history of invasions, and other tensions between countries discouraged trade with historical or potential enemies; and
Paper money was less readily available, so it was more difficult to match products for barter between the same buyer and sellers.
Nevertheless, countries did have to trade with each other to a more limited extent since:
Certain natural resources (e.g., iron, gold) were not readily available in some countries;
Some countries did not have the technology to produce certain goods (e.g., when steel was introduced, it could be made only in some countries);
In some countries, there was a demand for certain specialized goods, but not enough of a market to justify local production within reasonable economies of scale.
Today, trade is necessitated by several factors:
Technological advances are so fast that, at any point, a different country may have the latest and most effective technology in compelling areas (e.g., computers, medical);
Certain product lines (e.g., automobiles) require tremendous economies of scale to be cost effective, so these costs must be spread over several different markets;
With advances in transportation, it becomes essential to take advantage of relative strengths that different countries have (e.g., technological leadership, low labor costs).
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Protectionism:
Although trade generally benefits a country as a whole, powerful interests within countries frequently put obstacles—i.e., they seek to inhibit free trade. There are several ways this can be done:
Tariff barriers: A duty, or tax or fee, is put on products imported. This is usually a percentage of the cost of the good.
Quotas: A country can export only a certain number of goods to the importing country. For example, Mexico can export only a certain quantity of tomatoes to the United States, and Asian countries can send only a certain quota of textiles here.
"Voluntary" export restraints: These are not official quotas, but involve agreements made by countries to limit the amount of goods they export to an importing country. Such restraints are typically motivated by the desire to avoid more stringent restrictions if the exporters do not agree to limit themselves. For example, Japanese car manufacturers have agreed to limit the number of automobiles they export to the United States.
Subsidies to domestic products: If the government supports domestic producers of a product, these may end up with a cost advantage relative to foreign producers who do not get this subsidy. U.S. honey manufacturers receive such subsidies.
Non-tariff barriers, such as differential standards in testing foreign and domestic products for safety, disclosure of less information to foreign manufacturers needed to get products approved, slow processing of imports at ports of entry, or arbitrary laws which favor domestic manufacturers.
Justifications for protectionism: Several justifications have been made for the practice of protectionism. Some appear to hold more merit than others:
Protection of an "infant" industry: Costs are often higher, and quality lower, when an industry first gets started in a country, and it thus be very difficult for that country to compete. However, as the industry in the country matures, it may be better able to compute. Thus, for example, some countries have attempted to protect their domestic computer markets while they gained strength. The U.S. attempted to protect its market for small autos American manufacturers were caught unprepared for the switch in demand away from the larger cars caught U.S. auto makers unprepared. This is generally an accepted reason in trade agreements, but the duration of this protection must be limited (e.g., a maximum of five to ten years).
Resistance to unfair foreign competition: The U.S. sugar industry contends that most foreign manufacturers subsidize their sugar production, so the U.S. must follow to remain competitive. This argument will hold little merit with the dispute resolution mechanism available through the World Trade Organization.
Preservation of a vital domestic industry: The U.S. wants to be able to produce its own defense products, even if foreign imports would be cheaper, since the U.S. does not want to be dependent on foreign manufacturers with whose countries conflicts may arise. Similarly, Japan would prefer to be able to produce its own food supply despite its exorbitant costs. For an industry essential to national security, this may be a compelling argument, but it is often used for less compelling ones (e.g., manufactures of funeral caskets or honey).
Intervention into a temporary trade balance: A country may want to try to reverse a temporary decline in trade balances by limiting imports. In practice, this does not work since such moves are typically met by retaliation.
Maintenance of domestic living standards and preservation of jobs. Import restrictions can temporarily protect domestic jobs, and can in the long run protect specific jobs (e.g., those of auto makers, farmers, or steel workers). This is less of an accepted argument—these workers should instead by retrained to work in jobs where their country has a relative advantage.
Retaliation: The proper way to address trade disputes is now through the World Trade Organization. In the past, where enforcement was less available, this might have been a reasonable argument.
Note that while protectionism generally hurts a country overall, it may be beneficial to specific industries or other interest groups. Thus, while sugar price supports are bad for consumers in general, producers are an organized group that can exert a great deal of influence. In contrast, the individual consumer does not have much of an incentive to take action to save about $5.00 a year.
Effects of protectionism: Protectionism tends to lead to additional tariffs or other protectionist measures by other countries in retaliation, reduced competition (which results in inflation and less choice for consumers), a weakening of the trade balance (due in part to diminished export abilities resulting from foreign retaliations and in part because of the domestic currency loses power as there is less demand for it). An overall effect may be a vicious cycle of trade wars as each country responds to the other with a "tit for tat."
Efforts to encourage trade: The General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT), which was negotiated at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1947, sought to encourage international trade following World War II, when many countries were in bad shape after the war. There were several objectives:
To encourage trade in general;
To replace non-tariff barriers with tariff barriers—i.e., it is acceptable but not encouragable to impose some burden on foreign products, but this must be in the form of a readily identifiable duty rather than a more vague restriction which is less transparent;
Reciprocity: Countries should respond in kind when other countries reduce tariffs or barriers;
Providing the most favorable trade terms offered to anyone to all members of the agreement.
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CURRENCY / EXCHANGE issues:
"Open" vs. "closed" currencies. Not all currencies can be freely traded—some countries prohibit their currencies from leaving their borders, although this is mostly confined to developing countries that want to encourage tourists to spend their remaining currency rather than converting it back to their own currencies and spending it in their home countries. There are, however, some currencies for which international markets are not readily available, because the demand for those currencies is limited.
Exchange rates come in two forms:
"Floating"—here, currencies are set on the open market based on the supply of and demand for each currency. For example, all other things being equal, if the U.S. imports more from Japan than it exports there, there will be less demand for U.S. dollars (they are not desired for purchasing goods) and more demand for Japanese yen—thus, the price of the yen, in dollars, will increase, so you will get fewer yen for a dollar.
"Fixed"—currencies may be "pegged" to another currency (e.g., the Argentinian currency is guaranteed in terms of a dollar value), to a composite of currencies (i.e., to avoid making the currency dependent entirely on the U.S. dollar, the value might be 0.25*U.S. dollar+4*Mexican peso+50*Japanese yen+0.2*German mark+0.1*British pound), or to some other valuable such as gold. Note that it is very difficult to maintain these fixed exchange rates—governments must buy or sell currency on the open market when currencies go outside the accepted ranges. Fixed exchange rates, although they produce stability and predictability, tend to get in the way of market forces—if a currency is kept artificially low, a country will tend to export too much and import too little.
Trade balances and exchange rates: When exchange rates are allowed to fluctuate, the currency of a country that tends to run a trade deficit will tend to decline over time, since there will be less demand for that currency. This reduced exchange rate will then tend to make exports more attractive in other countries, and imports less attractive at home.
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Culture
Dealing with culture. Culture is a problematic issue for many marketers since it is inherently nebulous and often difficult to understand. One may violate the cultural norms of another country without being informed of this, and people from different cultures may feel uncomfortable in each other’s presence without knowing exactly why (for example, two speakers may unconsciously continue to attempt to adjust to reach an incompatible preferred interpersonal distance).
Warning about stereotyping. When observing a culture, one must be careful not to over-generalize about traits that one sees. Research in social psychology has suggested a strong tendency for people to perceive an "outgroup" as more homogenous than an "ingroup," even when they knew what members had been assigned to each group purely by chance. When there is often a "grain of truth" to some of the perceived differences, the temptation to over-generalize is often strong. Note that there are often significant individual differences within cultures.
Learned. Culture is not genetically based—if that were the case cultures across the World would have been much more similar to each other. We learn what is considered appropriate in our culture through trial and error. If a child engages in competitive behavior, this might be rewarded in the United States with the expression of parental approval, while in Japan it might result in subtle shows of disapproval, such as lack of attention.
Shared. The beliefs, interpretations, and behaviors are shared by all or most of the people within the culture, so that it becomes a truly society-wide phenomenon.
Compelling: Culture must have implications (such as social disapproval if contradicted) in order to be considered important.
Interrelated. Although there may be conflicts between elements of culture (e.g., respect for seniority may come into conflict with a growing value of achievement in Singapore), for the most part, elements of culture constitute a coherent and relatively consistent whole. For example, the tendency for Japanese business people to bow when meeting each other and the tendency of lower level Japanese employees to show great deference to their superiors are both manifestations of a strong emphasis on respect.
Beliefs. While Americans may attribute success to hard work or skill, it may be attributed to luck or connections in other cultures.
Attitudes. Beliefs, feelings, and behavioral intentions may differ. While the American may appreciate getting a bargain in a sale, this may conjure up images of not being able to afford the full price in other cultures.
Goals. While "progress" (having new and improved products, for example) is considered a good thing in the U.S., many Japanese parents are concerned that the "wa-pro" leaves their children unable to write the traditional Japanese pictographs.
Values. In the U.S., individual uniqueness is generally considered a good thing while in some cultures fitting in with the group is a higher priority. Thus, for example, an American may enjoy wearing relatively innovative clothing, which may be frowned upon in a more collectivistic society.
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Laws across borders.
When laws of two countries differ, it may be possible in a contract to specify in advance which laws will apply, although this agreement may not be consistently enforceable. Alternatively, jurisdiction may be settled by treaties, and some governments, such as that of the U.S., often apply their laws to actions, such as anti-competitive behavior, perpetrated outside their borders (extra-territorial application). By the doctrine known as compulsion, a firm that violates U.S. law abroad may be able to claim as a defense that it was forced to do so by the local government; such violations must, however, be compelled—that they are merely legal or accepted in the host country is not sufficient.
The reality of legal systems. Some legal systems, such as that of the U.S., are relatively "transparent"—that is, the law tends to be what its plain meaning would suggest. In some countries, however, there are laws on the books which are not enforced (e.g., although Japan has antitrust laws similar to those of the U.S., collusion is openly tolerated). Further, the amount of discretion left to government officials tends to vary. In Japan, through the doctrine of administrative guidance, great latitude is left to government officials, who effectively make up the laws.
One serious problem in some countries is a limited access to the legal systems as a means to redress grievances against other parties. While the U.S. may rely excessively on lawsuits, the inability to effectively hold contractual partners to their agreement tends to inhibit business deals. In many jurisdictions, pre-trial discovery is limited, making it difficult to make a case against a firm whose internal documents would reveal guilt. This is one reason why personal relationships in some cultures are considered more significant than in the U.S.—since enforcing contracts may be difficult, you must be sure in advance that you can trust the other party.
The reality of legal systems. Some legal systems, such as that of the Legal systems of the World. There are four main approaches to law across the World, with some differences within each:
Common law, the system in effect in the U.S., is based on a legal tradition of precedent. Each case that raises new issues is considered on its own merits, and then becomes a precedent for future decisions on that same issue. Although the legislature can override judicial decisions by changing the law or passing specific standards through legislation, reasonable court decisions tend to stand by default.
Code law, which is common in Europe, gives considerably shorter leeway to judges, who are charged with "matching" specific laws to situations—they cannot come up with innovative solutions when new issues such as patentability of biotechnology come up. There are also certain differences in standards. For example, in the U.S. a supplier whose factory is hit with a strike is expected to deliver on provisions of a contract, while in code law this responsibility may be nullified by such an "act of God."
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2). What are the strategic planning process available in the agricultural sector.
SIMILAR TO THE STRATEGIC PLANNING FOR TOURISM,
ONE CAN DEVELOP ONE FOR AGRICULTURE SECTOR.
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3). What are the strategies that can be employ when entering the market and what are the growth strategies necessary for the two sector; tourism and agricultural sector.
CORPORATE MARKETING STRATEGY
Marketing Strategies are plans designed to reach marketing goals.
Marketing strategies are partially derived from a broader corporate
strategies, corporate missions, and corporate objectives.
Marketing strategies are also influenced by a range of macro/
micro environmental factors.
Various marketing strategies available for the organizations .
MARKETING STRATEGIES FOR TOURISM
FOR ENTRY AND GROWTH STRATEGIES.
BASED ON DOMINANCE
marketing strategy based on dominance - NICHER
===========================================
SCOPE / STRENGTH
marketing strategy based on scope/strength- PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION
marketing strategy based on scope/strength-MARKET SEGMENTATION
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INNOVATIONS
marketing strategy based on innovations-PIONEERS
===============================================
GROWTH
marketing strategy based on growth- MARKET COVERAGE
marketing strategy based on growth- PRODUCT COVERAGE
==============================================
AGRESSIVE
marketing strategy based on agressiveness-BUILDING
============================================
WAREFARE
marketing strategy based on OFFENSIVE MARKETING
==============================================
marketing strategy based on dominance - FOLLOWER
marketing strategy based on dominance - NICHER
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SCOPE / STRENGTH
marketing strategy based on scope/strength- COST LEADERSHIP
marketing strategy based on scope/strength- PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION
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INNOVATIONS
marketing strategy based on innovations-CLOSE FOLLOWERS
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GROWTH
marketing strategy based on growth- MARKET COVERAGE
marketing strategy based on growth- PRODUCT COVERAGE**
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AGRESSIVE
marketing strategy based on aggressiveness-HARVESTING
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