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About Arctica
(Top Expert on this page)

Expertise
I can answer a broad range of questions about the history of life on Earth, from the origins of single-celled organisms to the evolutionary history of plants, invertebrates and, particularly, vertebrates. I am also experienced in debating creationists and can provide rebuttals of many common creationist arguments. I cannot, however, answer questions about archaeology, and I generally cannot answer technical questions about rocks, bone structures or fossils - I am a reader, not a digger.

Experience
Many years of research into the history of life on Earth. I have no formal qualifications, but what I lack in technical expertise I make up for in range. I have spent many months debating creationists on the BBC''s science forum, and have consequently thoroughly researched a great deal of creationist and anti-creationist material.

   

You are here:  Experts > Science > Archaelogy > Paleontology (Dinosaurs)

Questions Answered By Expert  Arctica 
In Category  Paleontology (Dinosaurs)

SubjectDate Asked

apatosaurus8/17/2008
  Q: and how abundant they were thanks
  A: I'm afraid nobody knows what colour Apatosaurus was, since skin colouration does not survive the ...
dimetrodon8/16/2008
  Q: Which traits exactly does a fossil need to have in order to be classified as a dinosaur? Why is a ...
  A: The word "dinosaur" refers to a specific group of animals, which did not include Dimetrodon. ...
spinosaurus vs t-rex7/11/2008
  Q:
  A: The reason you can't find the answer to this question is that there is no good answer. ...
dinosaurs5/9/2008
  Q: Are the dinosaurs fed their babies with milk?Thanks.
  A: No, dinosaurs did not feed their babies with milk - this is something that only mammals do. ...
Foraminifera4/3/2008
  Q: where would the nucleus be in a multilocular protozoan such as Nummulites? I assume they have just ...
  A: since I know next to nothing about them). After a little research, however, I can answer your ...
Co-evolution3/30/2008
  Q: Please help me understand how two separate animals can evolve the same adaptations; for example the ...
  A: The subject of convergent evolution is fascinating, but it's really not much of a mystery. Animals ...
Dogs3/12/2008
  Q: We all know that dogs are primarily a domesticated subspecies originating from the gray wolf, Canis ...
  A: That's an interesting question, B.J.! And the answer, I suspect, is that greater differences than ...
octopus3/12/2008
  Q: Can you tell me please why octopuses did not evolved to land dwelling animals? Their relatives ...
  A: and thanks for your question. You make an interesting point! The answer may lie in the mollusc ...
How did certain animals survive?2/27/2008
  Q: When the dinosaurs an dother life forms went extinct about 65 million years ago, how did aquatic ...
  A: The short answer is that we don't yet have all the answers to those questions, and the matter is ...
first dinosaur1/30/2008
  Q: i need to know about the worlds first dinosaur and why it is a milestone in evolution
  A: Scientists don't actually know what the first dinosaur was, but I can certainly tell you which of ...
Can Haldane's "fossil rabbit" idea be reversed?1/20/2008
  Q: As you may know, J.B.S. Haldane once replied to a question on how Darwinian evolution could possibly ...
  A: The answer is "absolutely not". Complex life-forms arose from simple life-forms, but this does not ...
size of dinosaurs1/10/2008
  Q: I'm curious why the prior organisms of our planet (arthropods, dinosaurs, etc.) from millions of ...
  A: This is a very good question and one about which there has been much debate among scientists. And ...
help plz1/9/2008
  Q: what functions did the crest of a Parasaurolophus have?
  A: The crest of a Parasaurolophus was probably used for several reasons. The major reason may have ...
Biggest head11/13/2007
  Q: Can a T-rex head grow larger to 7 feet or more? (Because I heard T-rex have the most largest skull ...
  A: No, the biggest known T-rex skull is a little over 5 feet long, and it is far from being the largest ...
Jaguars11/7/2007
  Q: i'm doing a project on jaguars, relating mainly to its evolution (tree of life) and more ...
  A: I have actually answered a question on the evolution of jaguars already, so I'm going to cheat and ...
Theropod dinosaurs11/7/2007
  Q: What features are diagnostic of theropods and what types of behavior can we infer from these ...
  A: Unfortunately after a couple of days of mulling it over, I really don't have a good answer for you. ...
Proboscidean ears11/5/2007
  Q: I was researching for a project on elephant evolution when I ran across an interesting theme-every ...
  A: This is an excellent question, but I am afraid the answer is most unsatisfactory. The truth is that ...
dinosaursandhumans9/2/2007
  Q: Is this possible and if not so then why? now i understand that evidence that supports this always ...
  A: The overwhelming scientific consensus is that dinosaurs (excluding birds) died out 65 million years ...
paleontology7/17/2007
  Q: I am only 10 and decided to become a paleontologist what college and degreases do i have to pass to ...
  A: Thsnk you for your question - it's great that you are planning to become a paleontologist. The ...
Which universities?6/12/2007
  Q: I've been really intereted in Palaeontology since I was 5 or 6 and now I'm in my first year of my ...
  A: Here's a link to a page at the Natural History Museum's website that will answer your question in ...
Paleo-meteorolgy6/10/2007
  Q: This may be way out of your area. Feel free to speculate. Today the Arctic and Antarctic regions ...
  A: Yes, this is really not my area, but I’ll risk low ratings because it's an interesting topic and I'm ...
Was t-rex the worst predator?5/30/2007
  Q: Was Giganatousaurus a bigger predator than T-Rex?and spinasaurus? and is it truth that a T-Rex canīt ...
  A: Giganotosaurus, at 45 feet long, was a little longer than T. rex, but at just over 5 tons it was ...
Qualifications for Palaeontology5/17/2007
  Q: I'm doing my GCSEs next year and I'd like to know what qualifications I would need to become a ...
  A: I've never been a qualified palaeontologist, as my profile states, but nevertheless I have a pretty ...
Saber-toothed Tiger5/4/2007
  Q: My son is writing a research paper on how the saber-toothed Tiger became extinct? I'm having a hard ...
  A: and thanks for your question. The truth is that nobody knows, but there are several theories. At ...
American lion (Ice Age)4/29/2007
  Q: This question concerns the last Ice age. The American lion was found 10,000 years ago between the ...
  A: The American lion seems to have preferred warmer temperatures, at least latterly, though it was ...
Hi4/28/2007
  Q: Sorry for the long question. Anyways, for that one question, I just want to know where all the ...
  A: I think the problem here lies in your conception of transitional fossils. Every animal that ever ...
Dinosaurs and humans?4/26/2007
  Q: The internet seems to be full of Christian websites telling us that dinosaurs and humans co-existed. ...
  A: You are absolutely right - the fundamentalists who believe that humans coexisted with dinosaurs are ...
Baryonyx4/17/2007
  Q: My son is doing a report on Baryonyx. I have tried to help him find out as much info as possible, ...
  A: The common names for male, female and young animals that are around today, such as stag, doe, faun, ...
Andrewsarchus4/10/2007
  Q: What was the timeline of their extinction. Thanks
  A: Unfortunately Andrewsarchus is known from only one fossil, so we cannot be sure for how long the ...
dinosaurs4/8/2007
  Q: Why were some dinosaurs so huge?
  A: The reason some dinosaurs were able to grow so large is simply because they could. Throughout the ...
Urban Myth question3/20/2007
  Q: I've twice heard a story about how the Earth supposedly had far more oxygen in the air in the ...
  A: SO sorry about the delay in my response - I have been away and not checking my emails. On to your ...
Giant barn owls2/23/2007
  Q: I would like to know as much as possible about Tyto gigantea and Tyto riveroi. I'm specially ...
  A: Unfortunately I have not been able to find out much about these birds. I had not even heard of them ...
Evolution of Jaguars1/9/2007
  Q: I know this is sporadic but would like to know how I can portray the evloution of the jaguar. We are ...
  A: You've picked a tricky challenge. How far back do you want to go in showing the evolution of the ...
Extinction1/8/2007
  Q: What do you believe was the main reason for the extinction of the sabre toothed cats? Also, do you ...
  A: and thanks for your question. True sabre-toothed cats (genus Smilodon) lived in North and South ...
extiction12/11/2006
  Q: what are the possiblities of the dinosaurs and most of the Mesozoic era life coming to end because ...
  A: You are absolutely correct that there was a super-volcanic eruption at the end of the Cretaceous. ...
dinosaurs scientific names and their evolution10/6/2006
  Q: .please help me....?
  A: I think you will find the following link useful: http://www.dinosauria.com/dml/names/dinosi.htm If ...
A follow up on ' Do modern birds still possess an open acetabulum?'10/2/2006
  Q: First of all, I'd like to thank you for your quick and informative reply. You said that modern ...
  A: It seems I'm not such a good expert after all - I made a deductive leap after insufficient research, ...
Do modern birds still possess an open acetabulum?10/1/2006
  Q: As I understand it, dinosaurs are characterised by this key trait of an open acetabulum in the ...
  A: The perforate acetabulum in dinosaurs is shared by primitive birds, including Archaeopteryx, but the ...
Dinosaur models8/21/2006
  Q: In other words what makes a good dinosuar model?
  A: Dinosaur models vary greatly in terms of accuracy. The models you are likely to find in toy shops ...
Dinosaurs8/9/2006
  Q: We all know that there are still single celled organisms on our planet. Are these Cells evolving, ...
  A: Single-celled organisms are evolving all the time. In fact they tend to evolve much more quickly ...
Dinosaurs8/7/2006
  Q: the reason being is my theroy is they could have cauesed global warming of a kind, so the tempreture ...
  A: I'm afraid there is no possibility of the dinosaurs causing global warming simply by virtue of their ...
Baryonyx walkeri8/4/2006
  Q: While I was searching and reading through a book called The Dinosaur Investigator's Handbook, they ...
  A: If you want to see what Baryonyx looked like, just type "baryonyx" into Google's image search. Or ...
prehistoric animals7/6/2006
  Q: thank you
  A: The largest species of mammoth was the imperial mammoth, which lived in California. It grew to a ...
sabre toothed tiger7/5/2006
  Q: were dinosaurs and sabre toothed tigers ever alive at the same time?were any non-dinosaur creatures ...
  A: The answer to your question, if I follow the traditional definition of the word "dinosaur", is: no, ...
britishmuseum6/17/2006
  Q: Hallo -I would like to about the tyrannosaurus skeleton that was once dislayed in the british museum ...
  A: The skeleton was originally called Dynamosaurus, and this would have been the correct name for T. ...
dinosaurs weight5/11/2006
  Q: Hallo-I would like to ask you what is known about the dinosaur called pelorosaurus.I would also like ...
  A: Pelorosaurus was actually one of the first dinosaurs to be found (in 1850, in England). It is a ...
Paleontology3/19/2006
  Q: My name is Zach Liechty, I have been doing research on dinosaurs for a while for a school project. ...
  A: and thanks for your interesting and unusual question. Why care? Well, people care about dinosaurs ...
tyrannosaurus rex/creationism3/17/2006
  Q: My first question has to do with the continued comparisons of T rex to Giganotosaurus. I was ...
  A: Why would the organism have to develop a brain simultaneously? A brain is not dependent on sight. ...
Dinosaurs2/27/2006
  Q: How did the dinosaurs become extinct?
  A: A meteorite impact was almost certainly involved in the dinosaurs' extinction. A huge crater, 160 ...
ergaster2/14/2006
  Q: i was wondering whether you could give me the names of any species that would have lived in Africa 3 ...
  A: and thanks for your question. I'm afraid the answer is not as interesting as you might have hoped. ...
triceratops9/17/2005
  Q: I was wondering why triceratops is always put at 30ft long since there is no skeletons in any museum ...
  A: and thanks for your question. This phenomenon is really quite common. The skeletons in museums ...
What was the biggest dinosuar6/13/2005
  Q: What was the biggest dinosuar?
  A: Although we can't be certain, since we keep discovering new dinosaurs all the time, the largest ...
Diatryma Gigantea5/5/2005
  Q: i believe i sent you a question earlier but i put the wrong email address. In a science project i am ...
  A: Here is what I wrote last time... Hi Andrew. Thank you for your question, which is truly excellent ...
two questions about entelodonts5/4/2005
  Q: My name is Alison Presswood and I go to Westminster. My science teacher requires us to contact a ...
  A: The smallest entelodont that I know about was a species of Archaeotherium that was just four feet in ...
Diatryma Gigantea5/1/2005
  Q: i am studying Diatryma Gigantea. I cannot find the actual meaning of this name what is it. Also my ...
  A: which is truly excellent as it is proving impossible for me to find the answer! Here's what I have ...
Quetzalcoatlus4/28/2005
  Q: my name is Jill Giornelli. I am in seventh grade and we are doing projects on extinct species in my ...
  A: I am sorry it has taken me so long to reply. Quetzalcoatlus has no close living relatives - it was ...
FOSSILS3/4/2005
  Q: Have you ever heard of fossilzed teeth that were uncovered, without the creature they were attached ...
  A: and thanks for your question. I believe you are referring to conodonts, the 'teeth' or denticles ...
Age of the Earth2/15/2005
  Q: I am fed up with creationists insisting the earth is 10,00 years old. I am looking for as many ...
  A: and thanks for your question. Carbon-dating is a reliable enough dating technique, but it is never ...
Hello, My name is Chelsea;...1/14/2005
  Q: My name is Chelsea; I am a student at Cass City Middle School in Michigan. We were asked to e-mail ...
  A: There are many ways to research the history of life. Books are always helpful - a good library or ...
DAting Methods12/29/2004
  Q: I asked a creationists about current dating methods and this is what he said, is what he's saying ...
  A: and thanks for your question. This is a huge subject and to properly answer all of the horrors ...
Dinosaurs and Birds10/13/2004
  Q: Im working on a website about the evolution of dinosaurs into birds and I need help narrowing it ...
  A: I have taken some time to research this question and figure out which five animals to list. Firstly ...
Dinosaurs9/14/2004
  Q: We are being serious with this question. Who would win in a bout, a Velociraptor or a Pterodactyl?
  A: There's really no such thing as 'a pterodactyl'. If you mean 'a pterosaur' (i.e. one of the flying ...
climate in dinosaur times7/26/2004
  Q: I have an unusual question, but if a person would be magically transported to some random spot in ...
  A: and thanks for your question! It's an interesting one, because much of California was underwater ...
Dinosaurs7/5/2004
  Q: Could any dinosaurs fly?
  A: and thank you for your question. This is an interesting one, because it depends on your definition ...
Dinoasaurs7/5/2004
  Q: Were more dinosaurs plant-eaters or meat-eaters?
  A: Most dinosaurs were definitely plant-eaters. In any habitat, you've got to have more plant-eaters ...
Dinosaurs7/5/2004
  Q: How small were the smallest dinosaurs?
  A: If we're not counting birds, then there are a couple of candidates for the title of 'smallest ...
Dinosaurs7/5/2004
  Q: How long were the longest dinosaurs?
  A: and thank you for your question. This is a particularly difficult question, because the truth is ...
from dinosaurs to birds6/22/2004
  Q: I have a few more questions which stem from your response. You say that birds evolved from a group ...
  A: Yes theropods were 'lizard-hipped'. But so were the first birds. The characteristic 'bird hip' ...
from dinosaurs to birds6/16/2004
  Q: Being a creationist, I find your profile very interesting. I do not know much about the view of the ...
  A: I have been busy lately and haven't checked my email in about a week - not a very good excuse I ...
Andrewsarchus5/19/2004
  Q: Is there any evidence about the behavior of the Andrewsarchus? For example, did it travel by itself ...
  A: and thanks for your question. Since Andrewsarchus is known only from a skull, there is not much ...
Arctodus Simus Yukonensis5/14/2004
  Q: My name is Emily, and I am doing a seventh grade fossil project. I have a few questions that I would ...
  A: and thanks for your interesting question. Arctodus simus yukonensis - now I had to look this up and ...
Dilophosaurus5/13/2004
  Q: I am doing a report for my sience class on the dilophosuarus. I had aWhat is the height of a adult ...
  A: and thanks for your question. Dilophosaurus was twenty feet in length, and about eight or nine feet ...
dinosaurs/Archaeopteryx5/2/2004
  Q: My name is Aaron Byrne. I am a 7th grade student at Westminster in Atlanta, Georgia. My science ...
  A: and thanks for your very interesting question. I am a huge fan of Archaeopteryx, but one thing I've ...
Baryonyx4/23/2004
  Q: my name is Erin Yu-Lee and I am a seventh grader at Westminster. Currently, I am working on a fossil ...
  A: and thanks for your question. We can't tell much about the behaviour of Baryonyx, but we can guess ...
Andrewsarchus4/23/2004
  Q: My name is Mary Austin Williams. I'm in seventh grade at the Westminster Schools in Atlanta, ...
  A: and thank you for your question. Andrewsarchus is not very well known, because only its skull and a ...
Smilodon12/18/2003
  Q: When was Smilodon discovered? Who discovered it? Can you give me a couple of facts about the ...
  A: and thanks for your question. Smilodon was discovered in Brazil in 1842 by a paleontologist named ...
Macrauchenia12/15/2003
  Q: My name is Caroline, I'm in 7th grade. I am working on a science project about the Macrauchenia. It ...
  A: and thank you for your question. Macrauchenia was an interesting animal, a late representative of a ...
archaeopteryx10/9/2003
  Q: I want to konw when,where & in what kind of sediment where archaeopetrix fossils found thank you
  A: Archaeopteryx is one of my favourite prehistoric animals and I never get tired of talking about it. ...
Peteinosaurus11/20/2002
  Q: I am doing a project on the Peteinosaurus. Here are my questions. 1.Do you know who discovered the ...
  A: and thanks for your question. My goodness, your class is giving me a lot of work! Let's see now, ...
Quetzalcoatlus11/18/2002
  Q: My name is Ryan Engelberger. I am a 7th grade student at Westminster in Atlanta, Georgia. My ...
  A: Quetzalcoatlus, as you may be aware, was the largest of the pterosaurs - the flying reptiles that ...
School Fossil Project11/18/2002
  Q: My name is Adelaide. I am a seventh grader at the Westminster Schools. I am doing a project on a ...
  A: and thank you very much for your question. Dimetrodon is an interesting animal! To tackle each of ...
Horses10/11/2001
  Q: My name is Sarah and I am a high school student trying to do a science report. My science teacher, ...
  A: and thanks for your question. The evolution of horses is really a great subject, and the various ...
Earth mass change8/9/2001
  Q: I have a question that has bothered me for a number of years. I hope I am in the correct place for ...
  A: A valid question, and fortunately one I can easily answer. The short answer is no. The meteorite ...
mass extinction2/15/2001
  Q: I am a first year science student in UCD in Dublin,Ireland.I am studying geology as a subject and I ...
  A: and thank you for your question. Any essay on the subject of mass extinctions would have to cover ...
earth history timeline2/6/2001
  Q: I am looking for a book or online resource that might offer a detailed visual/illustrated timeline ...
  A: I have found nothing on the web that satisfactorily fulfils your requirements. However I have ...
Paleontology as a career1/22/2001
  Q: I'm not sure if you can answer this, but I thought I'd ask anyway. I am an independent-study ...
  A: and thanks for your question. I've never done any field work - palaeontology is my hobby, not my ...
paleontology1/10/2001
  Q: what is the oldest life form (single-celled animal or vegetable and its age? Also: How old is ...
  A: The oldest lifeform is not known, as the oldest fossils we have so far discovered must have had more ...
Stu Pullen1/9/2001
  Q: Can you please tell me what you think of Stu Pullen's site at www.theory-of-evolution.org/ ? He ...
  A: This, as you are probably aware, is a huge subject and one which I cannot do justice to within a ...
age of earth10/31/2000
  Q: I thought that the earth was about 4.5 billion years old. Our earth science teacher says that it is ...
  A: The oldest rocks on Earth are about 4 billion years old, but minerals (for instance zircon crystals) ...
Triassic Life10/21/2000
  Q: Which plants and animals could have been poisonous or dangerous back in the Late Triassic period?
  A: The Triassic is one of my absolute favourite periods and its great to get a question on it. ...
mammalian extinction10/3/2000
  Q: Like most of us, I know what I know but cant always put my finger on exactly where I learned it. ...
  A: and thanks for your interesting question. The extinction event you are referring to would be the ...
Homo Erectus9/21/2000
  Q: First, I`m not very good in English, hope you can understand my Q, sorry! As far as I know, the ...
  A: Homo erectus literally means "Upright Man", and indeed you are right that this species was bipedal. ...

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