Expert: Liliya - 5/2/2009

Question
QUESTION: Hi Liliya
How are qualified these grammatical forms such as: сформировавшемся-обеспечивающим-
Непреходящей- сравнивавших-укоренившейся- способствовавший-Сложившаяся- читаемый
How are they formed and what are the roles of these forms in the text? Give me some examples please.Best regards.



ANSWER: Hi Habib,

The forms you mentioned are known in Russian as причастия (adjectival participles). Причастия are built out of verbs (mostly with a suffix), and in most cases they play the role of the sentence element called attribute.

Formation of Adjectival Participles:

Present Active:

Suffixes -ущ,-ющ of a verb in the 1st conjugation
For example: летать – летающий (to fly – flying)
Suffixes -ащ, ящ of a verb in the 2nd conjugation
For example: смотреть – смотрящий (to look – looking)

Present Passive:

Suffixes -ем-, -ом of a verb in the 1st conjugation
For example: рисовать – рисуемый (to draw – being drawn)
Suffix -им of a verb in the 2nd conjugation
For example: ввозить – ввозимый

Past Active:

Suffixes -вш-, -ш
For example: летавший, смотревший

Past Passive:

Suffixes -нн-, -т-, -енн-:
For example: просмотренный, вымытый (watched, washed) – “You can use the washed plate.”

You might want to have a look at the following site for the conjugation of Russian verbs:

http://learningrussian.net/congratulations_verbs_grammar.php

Dealing with причастия, you should be careful with the tense, aspect, voice, gender, number, and case categories.

Let me know if something is unclear and if you still need help with this. I’ll do my best to help.

Liliya.


---------- FOLLOW-UP ----------

QUESTION: Hi Liliya
Tanks a lot, could you please give me the formation of Adjectival Participle for the following examples ending with “ся “ : сформировавшемся, укоренившейся, Сложившаяся in sentences . Best regards


Answer
As you already know, adjectival participles are formed out of verbs. The verbs that end with the suffix – ся are Reflexive Verbs.
  
http://www.alphadictionary.com/rusgrammar/reflex.html

  формироваться  (Imperfective Aspect, Reflexive Verb) – сформироваться (Perfective Aspect, Reflexive Verb) – сформировавшийся (Nominative Case, Perfective Aspect, Masculine, Singular, Adjectival Participle) – в, об, на, о, при сформировавшемся (Prepositional Case, Perfective Aspect, Masculine, Singular, Adjectival Participle)

Он рассказал мне об обычае, сформировавшемся в их семье.

He told me about the custom formed in their family. (If you change the word order in the sentence you will get “о сформировавшемся обычае,” which is the form of the Adjectival Participle “сформировавшийся” in the Prepositional Case.

  укореняться (Imperfective Aspect, Reflexive Verb) – укорениться (Perfective Aspect, Reflexive Verb) – укоренившийся (Nominative Case, Perfective Aspect, MASCULINE, Singular, Adjectival Participle) – УКОРЕНИВШАЯСЯ (Nominative Case, Perfective Aspect, FEMININE, Singular, Adjectival Participle) – УКОРЕНИВШЕЙСЯ (Perfective Aspect, FEMININE, Singular, Adjectival Participle – the case depends on the context of the sentence, because as you see below, it may be the Genitive, the Dative, the Instrumental or, if used with prepositions, the Prepositional Case: it is always easy to determine the case of an Adjectival Participle judging by the case of the noun that it is followed by)

Nominative – УКОРЕНИВШАЯСЯ привычка

Genitive – УКОРЕНИВШЕЙСЯ привычки

Accusative – УКОРЕНИВШУЮСЯ привычку

Dative – УКОРЕНИВШЕЙСЯ привычке

Instrumental – УКОРЕНИВШЕЙСЯ привычкой

Prepositional – В/ОБ/НА/О/ПРИ УКОРЕНИВШЕЙСЯ привычке

  складываться (Imperfective Aspect, Reflexive Verb) – сложиться (Perfective Aspect, Reflexive Verb) – сложившийся (Nominative Case, Perfective Aspect, MASCULINE, Singular, Adjectival Participle) – СЛОЖИВШАЯСЯ (Nominative Case, Perfective Aspect, FEMININE, Singular, Adjectival Participle).

For example: сложившаяся ситуация OR сложившаяся традиция

Regards,

Liliya.