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About Mark C J Posen
(Top Expert on this page)

Expertise
I am happy to answer questions of a technical and regulatory nature in the area of satellite and radio communications. I am best able to answer questions about systems and technology and less able to respond to questions about specific hardware and equipment setup and installation, but I'm happy to try and address any question put my way. My main areas of expertise are link analysis (link budgets, performance, Eb/No, capacity), interference analysis (C/I, protection ratios, interference avoidance), spectrum management (frequency coordination, inter-system sharing), Radio Regulation (ITU, ITU-R) and satellite technologies and trends.

Experience
I have worked as a satellite communications engineer at a professional level since 1983. Since 1990, as Managing Director of RPC Telecommunications Limited, I have operated a private satellite communications consultancy and have provided technical support to many satellite operators and national governments.

Organizations
IET - Institution of Engineering and Technology, IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers

Education/Credentials
B.Sc. Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bristol University, 1983, M.Sc. Satellite Communications Engineering, Surrey University, 1986

Awards and Honors
C.Eng. - Chartered Engineer registered with the Engineering Council (UK)

   

You are here:  Experts > Industry > Satellite Communications > Satellite Communications

Questions Answered By Expert  Mark C J Posen 
In Category  Satellite Communications

SubjectDate Asked

Satellite internet in India11/6/2009
  Q: I am looking for 2 way mobile land based satellite internet service in india. do you have any info ...
  A: Many thanks for this question. Regarding satellite internet in India, I don't personally get ...
satellite communication10/20/2009
  Q: How to calculate sun outage for a place
  A: Many thanks for this question. Unfortunately it's much too complicated to describe the process ...
Roll Off Factor...10/5/2009
  Q: Please tell me that what would be the symbol rate which i can configure in my modulator for 6Mhz ...
  A: There is not really a fixed relationship between the roll-off and the spacing factor in the way that ...
Roll Off Factor...10/1/2009
  Q: Please tell me that what would be the symbol rate which i can configure in my modulator for 6Mhz ...
  A: Yes, what you have stated is exactly the case. BUT there is an important clarification here. It ...
Roll Off Factor...9/29/2009
  Q: Please tell me that what would be the symbol rate which i can configure in my modulator for 6Mhz ...
  A: Really the issue depends on what ISRO mean when they allocate you 6 MHz. Do they allow a guard-band ...
FEC9/28/2009
  Q: In our Uplink, we are changing FEC 3/4 to 5/6,I know advantage of FEC,but can you explain me what ...
  A: When you change from rate 3/4 to rate 5/6 FEC you are reducing the amount of coding (i.e. before you ...
Roll Off Factor...9/24/2009
  Q: during symbol rate calculation, we consider Bandwidth=1.28*Symbolrate where the roll off factor = ...
  A: I am not familiar with that calculator, but I took a look at the page you indicated. For each of ...
Latitude & Longitude9/19/2009
  Q: I want know about Latitude and Longitude,Plz explain my question? sanat
  A: You ask a very general question, so I don't know if you were really looking for something more ...
Roll Off Factor...9/17/2009
  Q: during symbol rate calculation, we consider Bandwidth=1.28*Symbolrate where the roll off factor = ...
  A: Sorry it's taken me a while to answer but I've been very busy this week. The 3dB Satellite ...
Roll Off Factor...9/14/2009
  Q: during symbol rate calculation, we consider Bandwidth=1.28*Symbolrate where the roll off factor = ...
  A: The roll-off factor of a digital filter defines how much more bandwidth the filter occupies than ...
Antenna9/14/2009
  Q: In earth station antenna, there are two categories: a) Cassegrain b) Gregorian I want to know that ...
  A: Cassegrain antennas (where the subreflector is a hyperbola) are generally more popular for ...
FEC9/7/2009
  Q: I know why we are using FEC.Plz tell me why we are using 3/4 and 5/6 etc.what the means of 3 and 4 ...
  A: Many thanks for your question and I apologise for the short delay in answering. In any digital ...
carrer options in satellite communications9/6/2009
  Q: good evening. i am parnita and im currently doing b.tech degree in electronics and communication,4th ...
  A: Many thanks for your question. The field of satellite communications is a really interesting one ...
C/N9/2/2009
  Q: I was trying to calculate downlink C/N for our C band downlink freq.To find downlink C/N i used the ...
  A: Many thanks for your question and I apologise for the short delay in answering. There is a small ...
Link budget5/13/2009
  Q: I doing a link budget where I have the SFD (dBW/m2) needed to saturate the satellite Transponder. As ...
  A: Many thanks for your question. The formula you quote for SFD is correct; it correctly describes ...
antenna5/10/2009
  Q: what is the difference between than mesh and solid antenna, and we can use mesh in Ku band or solid ...
  A: Many thanks for your question. Electrically there is not a great deal of difference between mesh ...
Sidelobe mask and off-axis EIRP5/7/2009
  Q: As a follow up to your response to above, usually the side lobe pattern is given as: 31 - 25 log10 ...
  A: Many thanks for your question. Antenna sidelobe gain and off-axis EIRP masks are an attempt to ...
Link budget4/14/2009
  Q: Definition & explanation required that used in link budget of Satellite communication (VSAT), i am ...
  A: Many thanks for your question. There is a good introduction to Link Budgets on my "Satcom Online" ...
Buying and using Satellite Bandwidth.3/23/2009
  Q: I'd like to say in advance how I really appreciate you taking the time to answer my question. I am ...
  A: Many thanks for your question. I'm sorry for the small delay in answering it. Your question is an ...
Affect of eclipse season on geostationary satellites.3/14/2009
  Q:
  A: Many thanks for your question and I'm sorry for the delay in answering it. Geostationary satellites ...
satellite internet3/11/2009
  Q: I planning to connect to the Internet via VSAT. But I was told that it's not allowed in my ...
  A: Many thanks for this question. Yes indeed, there are satellite phones which (at a price, often ...
Antenna3/11/2009
  Q: what is the difference between 31 - 25.log(theta) dBW and 29 - 25.log(theta)? Can you explain ...
  A: Many thanks for your question and I'm sorry for the delay in answering it. The formulas that you ...
Choice of uplink & downlink frequency3/9/2009
  Q: Why is the uplink frequency always lesser than the downlink frequency ? although this question has ...
  A: Many thanks for this question and I'm sorry for the delay in answering you. The answers which ...
satellite communication3/8/2009
  Q: in radio link design,I'd like to calculate the effeicency between certain satellite and associated ...
  A: Many thanks for your question and I'm sorry for the small delay in answering it. In order to ...
Regarding sun outage3/8/2009
  Q: Sir , What do you mean by Sun Outage ? Where it affect highly either in C band or Ku band ? Do you ...
  A: Many thanks for this question and I'm sorry for the delay in answering you. I've changed this to a ...
the disadvantages of satellites3/7/2009
  Q: what are the disadvantages of satellites?
  A: Many thanks for this question and I'm sorry for the delay in answering you. Like all communications ...
satellite communications3/6/2009
  Q: I am a regular reader of your question and answers blog. I would like to ask you some important ...
  A: Many thanks for your question and I'm sorry for the small delay in answering it. You say that you ...
TWTA in satellite3/3/2009
  Q: in space segment we mostly use TWTA rather than SSPA. WHY
  A: Many thanks for your question and I'm sorry for the delay in answering it. Both TWTAs and SSPAs are ...
geostationary orbital satellites2/27/2009
  Q: what is the role of goestationary orbital satellites in international organizational communication
  A: Many thanks for your question and I'm sorry for the small delay in answering it. I don't fully ...
about satilite2/26/2009
  Q: hai, i have small doubt about satellite coverage.ie)howmany satellites are required to cover the ...
  A: Many thanks for your question. I've changed this to a public answer, because I don't answer ...
Off-axis EIRP2/26/2009
  Q: I am looking at link budget and in particular the off-axis EIRP I have to respect in compliance with ...
  A: Many thanks for your question and I'm sorry for the small delay in answering it. I don't think ...
Terms2/25/2009
  Q: plz tell me the difference b/w CNR, SNR, Eb/no , Es/no in detail
  A: Many thanks for your question and I'm sorry for the small delay in answering it. I've changed ...
Satellite Communications2/19/2009
  Q: Please tell me how to find the interference caused in the Outbound signal of the hub? We do not know ...
  A: The situation you describe can be difficult to analyse and it's not possible within the scope of a ...
Received signal strength2/11/2009
  Q: good evening... i would like to ask for the formula given only the equipment's specifications. is ...
  A: Many thanks for your question. I've changed this to a public answer, because I don't answer private ...
encoding2/9/2009
  Q: Sir , What is difference between analog and digital encoding. could we get a analog signal after ...
  A: Many thanks for your question and sorry for the short delay in answering you. I've changed this to ...
querry about units2/9/2009
  Q: what is the difference between dbi, dbd ,dbm and dbw. I meant which unit we should use in link ...
  A: Many thanks for your question and sorry for the short delay in answering you. Getting to grips with ...
Satellite Communication2/7/2009
  Q: why we use HPA instead of BUC for higher data rates/what results are achived by more watts in HPA. ...
  A: Many thanks for this question. The decision as to whether to use a BUC (with an integrated HPA) or ...
Downlink EIRP2/4/2009
  Q: I would like to know how can I calculate the downlink EIRP if the C/N is available. If I am not ...
  A: Luis Emiliani already answered this same question here: ...
ku-band uplink/downlink frequency2/4/2009
  Q: how can one convert from ku-band uplink frequency to downlink frequency? Just as 2225MHz is the ...
  A: Many thanks for this question. The difference between the uplink and the downlink frequency in a ...
SATELLITE INTERFERENCE1/9/2009
  Q:
  A: Many thanks for this question. Unfortunately there is not a straightforward answer to your ...
satellite communication1/6/2009
  Q: why in satellite communication uplink frequency is lesser than downlink frequency?
  A: Actually you have this the wrong way round! Normally it is the case that the downlink frequency is ...
LST 5 Pattern Advantage11/5/2008
  Q: I'm competant with Satmaster Pro link budgeting but have come across a problem using intelsat's LST5 ...
  A: Since the LST5 lease transmission planning software is proprietary to Intelsat I would suggest that ...
Beacon signal in GEO satellite10/29/2008
  Q: Can you please define what is a beacon signal? why it is used? and what is the typical EIRP ...
  A: A satellite beacon is a fixed-frequency, fixed power, unmodulated carrier which is radiated by the ...
How to find G/T of antenna if everything else is provided - Link budget10/23/2008
  Q: i got to design the ground station antenna. I need atleast to figure out G/T of the station. I ...
  A: The question you ask is rather a complicated one, and I don't really have time for a very detailed ...
Maneuvering10/20/2008
  Q: Good day. Can you please explain what is maneuvering in satellite systems?Thank You
  A: Satellite maneuvering (manoeuvering in "British" English!) is the use of (usually) on-board ...
Transponder capacity9/26/2008
  Q: I would like to ask you a question regarding how many E1 link could be provided by 1 transponder ...
  A: Unfortunately the situation is not as simple as you hope! There are two factors which determine ...
satellite9/22/2008
  Q: there is a disadvantage of sattelite is that there ie half second delay of communication between ...
  A: I'm sorry but what you are asking is not entirely clear to me, but I *think* you are asking where ...
Link budget OBO9/18/2008
  Q: I know that OBO is the output back-off for a satellite transponder . To my understanding it should ...
  A: You are right that the output backoff point should represent the operating point in the ...
Band9/11/2008
  Q: Do you have a chart that describes each satellite band by capability and limitation? Thanks, pls ...
  A: I don't have a chart which describes what you are looking for, I'm afraid. There's lots of useful ...
PSD9/10/2008
  Q: 1- please explain the concept of power spectral density in easiest manner & its use in link budget ...
  A: 1) Re PSD, I already answered this exact point in your previous question so I won't repeat my answer ...
sat com9/9/2008
  Q: please explain the concept of power spectral density & its use in link budget calculations
  A: A modulated radio carrier has a power and a bandwidth. We can make link budgets in terms of the ...
SSOG and IESS9/4/2008
  Q: I have a pretty broad question. Is the new name for SSOG now IESS? If not, generally speaking what ...
  A: It's been a while since I worked on Intelsat standards! These two sets of documents are not the ...
Signal fading in inclined orbit satellite.9/3/2008
  Q: I have an interesting problem. I have a 9.3m dish in Nairobi tracking is601 and it connects to a ...
  A: Interesting questions get faster answers! The C/N is clearly lower than expected and this could ...
Signal fading in inclined orbit satellite.9/3/2008
  Q: I have an interesting problem. I have a 9.3m dish in Nairobi tracking is601 and it connects to a ...
  A: Indeed an interesting problem. Do you have a link budget for the link? If you are only 2 dB from ...
communicating8/31/2008
  Q: I hope you can help me (if not send me somewhere that can). I want to transfer programs that i have ...
  A: Tony, I did a bit of Googling and the general consensus was that it's not possible using the USB ...
satellite8/28/2008
  Q: what do you mean by satellite link designing? what type of satellite link? what is link budget?
  A: Satellite link designing is the engineering "art" of determining the technical parameters of the ...
bandwidth vs Symbol rate and Data rate8/27/2008
  Q: i have a video uplink and my modulatior/encoder has this readings Data rate: 5119800 bps Symbol ...
  A: To give a general answer, one piece of important data is missing from your question and that is to ...
satellite communictaion8/22/2008
  Q: what is roll of factor ?kindly define it in simple word ANSWER: Hello, I suppose that you are ...
  A: Sorry that it has taken a little time to get back to you. Roll-off factor and symbol rate refer to ...
satellite communictaion8/21/2008
  Q: what is roll of factor ?kindly define it in simple word
  A: I suppose that you are asking about the roll-off factor of a digital filter? The roll-off factor of ...
antenna8/20/2008
  Q: Sir tell me the main advantages of using CENTER FITTED and OFFSET FITTED antenna?Which one is ...
  A: Sorry for the delay in answering your question. The main advantage of antennas with an offset feed ...
1100208/18/2008
  Q: Could you please tell me that why we use cassegrain antenna in bigger antenna's application in ...
  A: Cassegrain antennas (where the subreflector is a hyperbola) are generally more popular for ...
satellite communcation8/14/2008
  Q: what is the rain effect in satellite communication transmission system ? have a nice day
  A: Rain (also snow, hail and ice to varying degrees) in the satellite communications path will cause ...
satellite communication8/13/2008
  Q: why the uplink frequency higher than downlink frequency ? have a nice day
  A: I have always understood that the reason is because the path attenuation (loss) due to rain ...
beacon8/9/2008
  Q: could u please explain to me the meaning of a BEACON. i am new in the field of vsat engineering,and ...
  A: A beacon is a fixed-frequency unmodulated carrier transmitted by the satellite for reception on the ...
how to install micrwave (v-sat)8/8/2008
  Q: please i would like to know the practicl step-by-step in installing vsat and microwave communication ...
  A: The reply would be too long and complex to give a detailed answer here, but this training website ...
Anteena6/7/2008
  Q: (1)what is the main roll of Antenna ? (2)Why we use different sizes of antenna ? what is the logic ...
  A: (1) Not sure what you mean by this question - please send a follow-up to explain in a bit more ...
Question6/3/2008
  Q: Sir,I work in satellite ground segment. Please tell me how to assign the EIRP to the customers with ...
  A: Unfortunately there is no simple answer to this question. You can think of the transponder as ...
Bandwidth6/1/2008
  Q: What is the relation between symbol rate & Bandwidth ?
  A: The Nyquist bandwidth is the smallest theoretical bandwidth that can be used to receive the signal, ...
Amplifiers5/31/2008
  Q: why TWTA is called as a broadband amplifier & KPA is called a narrow band amplifier
  A: A klystron power amplifier (KPA) is a tuned device in which the amplification is achieved through ...
vsat5/28/2008
  Q: Is It possible to capture the C/N value at the remote end instead of Hub? ANSWER: This will depend ...
  A: Except in some limited and rather specific cases, you have to use different frequencies for uplink ...
data rate and SSPA size5/27/2008
  Q: how can i choose data rate with SSPA size... how can we calculate beacon frequency of satellite
  A: It's rather more complex than your question implies. You need to know the satellite parameters ...
Internet access.5/24/2008
  Q: Between Ku-band and C-band which is better as a backhaul/gateway for Mesh Network.
  A: If the link is engineered properly - i.e. sufficient Eb/No to support the required BER and enough ...
combiner5/23/2008
  Q: the output of modems connected to combiner.then output of combiner is connected to up converter. ...
  A: The upconverter (block upconverter or BUC) has a single RF input port and a single RF output port. ...

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