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About Kevin
(Top Expert on this page)

Expertise
Chemical thermodynamics, kinetics, reaction thermochemistry and aspects of combustion.

Experience
I am the head of a major chemical companys thermochemistry and safety testing lab.

Organizations
Ciba Expert Services

Education/Credentials
BSc and MSc from Sheffield University

   

You are here:  Experts > Science > Chemical Engineering > Thermodynamics

Questions Answered By Expert  Kevin 
In Category  Thermodynamics

SubjectDate Asked

desalinisation11/23/2009
  Q: I am from Adelaide in South Australia. This is the driest and sometimes the hottest place in the ...
  A: An original thought. However, it is beset with problems. The first of which is how are you going to ...
Open Window cooling11/11/2009
  Q: I have been wondering; how can one measure or use a formula to find the cooling done in a room by an ...
  A: There are several factors which have to go into the model. One is the difference in temperature ...
Thermoelectric Generators?11/8/2009
  Q: If I'm correct thermoelectric generators are used to convert heat into electricity. Why don't they ...
  A: These devices are very inefficient (5-8%) and can only usefully be considered with waste heat. They ...
LPG Vs Petrol Vs Ethanol11/2/2009
  Q: I am currently doing a chemistry assignment on the validity of using LPG or pure Ethanol (not a mix ...
  A: This is too long and involved for me to do so I will supply some brief answers/suggestions. Q1. You ...
Atomic Structure10/26/2009
  Q: I am an eighth grade student and we have been asked to interview a chemist. I would appreciate it ...
  A: Q1 You read the label on the jars! But if there is no label there are a series of tests that you do ...
8th grade interview10/26/2009
  Q: Hey in am eighth grader and I have been asked to interveiw an expert so I was wandering if I could ...
  A: Q1. Yes at one point in my career I was responsible for making a range of phenol derivatives as pure ...
how salt effects boiling water10/11/2009
  Q: I've heard several times that salt makes water boil faster and that is why people add it to the food ...
  A: Adding salt to water allows the salt to be spread evenly throughout the water. Water has to be ...
physics10/10/2009
  Q: The outside diameter of a wheel is 1m. An iron tire for this wheel has an inside diameter of .992m ...
  A: You need to treat the hoop as a straight piece of iron. The piece is 0.992m and needs to be 1.001m. ...
Thermodynamics10/8/2009
  Q: Why does residual Gibbs energy have a link to experiment while Gibbs energy does not? In other ...
  A: This is a difficult and profound question and lies at the root of why chemical reactions occur at ...
Printer Cartridge10/5/2009
  Q: I watched a show called "How They do It" on the Discovery Channel. This is a Canadian science ...
  A: This is a popular science show not a university lecture so a lot of "poetic license" is in use to ...
chem question10/4/2009
  Q: Hey I've been stuck on this question for over 2 hours from an old test of one of my professors. ...
  A: You need to know how many moles of each (H2S and SO2) are present to do this is easy with the H2S as ...
dyne10/2/2009
  Q: i want to ask what is the history of a dyne as a unit? i mean who invented it and how did it come ...
  A: We now work in the KMS or SI system, kilogram, meter, second. In other words all are units are based ...
thermodynamics10/2/2009
  Q: i am studynig metallurgy engineering and have 2 questions. first i want to know what is the ...
  A: Thermodynamics is that subset of Physical chemistry which concerns itself with heat. As opposed to ...
thermodynamics9/25/2009
  Q: I understand that the combustion of a hydrocarbon releases thermal energy and visible light energy ...
  A: The light emitted from burning a hydrocarbon is a function of the way in which the reaction is ...
Steel expantion9/24/2009
  Q: How do I detriment the growth of oil field casing when heat (steam) is apply. Casing is ran and ...
  A: No stretching the pipe will not work. Metal expands and contracts as it is heated and cooled. This ...
Steel expantion9/23/2009
  Q: How do I detriment the growth of oil field casing when heat (steam) is apply. Casing is ran and ...
  A: The steel will grow by 12 X 10^-6 of its original length (1.000012 times) for every 1°C temperature ...
Radium Clock9/17/2009
  Q: Q1. Can a small amount of Radium be used to charge an electroscope? Q2. If so, can you use the ...
  A: The basis of the whole thing is radioactive decay. The unstable radium nucleus wants to split into ...
Liquid Nitrogen9/17/2009
  Q: What technology do scientists use to create liquid nitrogen?
  A: It is just basic engineering using compressors, pumps and valves. Basically they take air and ...
Radium Clock9/16/2009
  Q: Q1. Can a small amount of Radium be used to charge an electroscope? Q2. If so, can you use the ...
  A: A1. Yes I have done this experiment when I was at school and radium will cause an electroscope to ...
Wood flame vs. C4N2-O3 flame -- which emits more radiant heat?9/14/2009
  Q: A dicyanoacetylene-ozone [C4N2-O3] flame reaches a temperature of 5516 K. This causes it to emit EM ...
  A: "Since IR generates more heat on human skin than UV of the same intensity" This is not true. UV is ...
Do yellow flames emit more infrared than blue flames?9/12/2009
  Q: Does a yellow bituminous coal flame give off more infrared radiant heat than a blue methane flame? ...
  A: The amount of radiation of any specific wavelength (UV, Visible, IR) given out by a flame is ...
thermodynamics9/8/2009
  Q: i have problem in understanding that "in a cyclic process the internal energy of a system remains ...
  A: If you take a tank of gas (A) compress it to half its volume heat it to 100°C expand it to its ...
Specific heat capacity8/30/2009
  Q: hey i was just wondering what is the specific heat capacity of ethanol, methanol and propan-1-ol? ...
  A: The specific heats are Methaanol 0.57 Ethanol 0.54 Propan-1-ol 0.52 cal/g K. The normal procedure ...
bonding in thermochemistry8/27/2009
  Q: hey kevin i'm doing some work on thermochemistry in the form of calorimetery. i'm doing the three ...
  A: Bond energies are published in many documents. They can be used to estimated the heat of reaction ...
dangarous radiation8/25/2009
  Q: could you help me please I want to ask you some iq about dangarous radiation ...
  A: All radiation is part of the electro-magnetic radiation spectrum. At one end are low energy radio ...
Water evaporation mass and volume8/24/2009
  Q: I am trying to understand how water evaporates. My current understanding is that water molecules ...
  A: A GAS FILLS ALL SPACE EQUALLY (OVER TIME). Why? Is it because the molecules are pushing away from ...
Loading road vehicles in a refinery.8/24/2009
  Q: Working on a bitumen plant, we load road vehicles(one at a time or several),from bitumen storage ...
  A: Without looking at your system directly I can only guess. If you are pumping bitumen out of a ...
thermodynamics8/24/2009
  Q: please tell me why we do not use the symbol of degree when we refer to kelvin scale.for example why ...
  A: The old temperatures (°F, °C etc) were based on the fixed melting and boiling of various pure ...
Water evaporation mass and volume8/24/2009
  Q: I am trying to understand how water evaporates. My current understanding is that water molecules ...
  A: ---------- FOLLOW-UP ----------Hi Kevin Thank you for your answer. You are getting there but, I am ...
Water evaporation mass and volume8/24/2009
  Q: I am trying to understand how water evaporates. My current understanding is that water molecules ...
  A: Your basic idea of molecules of water "bouncing" around is sound if unsophisticated. More accurately ...
comparing different energies8/20/2009
  Q: Can you tell me how one goes about answering thisHow big does a compressed air tank have to be so ...
  A: If you assume that the engine is 2.0 l capacity in both cases and that it takes 1.0 l of air to ...
Cooling hot equipment in space?8/18/2009
  Q: In short, my question is this: if you have something hot in space (in a spacecraft for instance), ...
  A: The answer is that space is very cold 3K or -270°C. Once in true space, away from our Sun, it is ...
physics of cold water7/25/2009
  Q: I wanted to know why ice cubes would have a spike of ice in them near the middle, at about a 20 ...
  A: This is thought to be caused by the water in the center freezing more slowly than the water at the ...
a bottle of steam7/21/2009
  Q: My name is Nicolae Gari, and I would like to thank you for your previous answers several months ago. ...
  A: Well here goes, water boils when its vapour pressure equals the pressure of the gas above it. On ...
a bottle of steam7/20/2009
  Q: My name is Nicolae Gari, and I would like to thank you for your previous answers several months ago. ...
  A: In deep space if we open a bottle of water the water will start to boil. The boiling will be ...
Heat transfer rate7/20/2009
  Q: Kevin, I asked this question earlier today, but was mistaken as a home work question. It is ...
  A: You are in the specialist area of heat transfer. I cannot go into detail here as the limited fonts ...
a bottle of steam7/20/2009
  Q: My name is Nicolae Gari, and I would like to thank you for your previous answers several months ago. ...
  A: It works like this. Water always has some of its molecules as a gas above it (as steam or vapour). ...
Chemistry7/18/2009
  Q: Why does a blue flame on a Bunsen burner produce carbon dioxide as on of the products? ANSWER: Hi ...
  A: There does not need to be any hydrogen for things to burn. In the case of carbon monoxide CO the ...
Flame temperature and power7/16/2009
  Q: A 1kg block of concrete is exposed to a flame burning at 1000°C. The specific heat capacity of ...
  A: Not enough information to help you here, sorry. If the flame is very small (say a match) then a 1kg ...
Ice Engine7/11/2009
  Q: Will you please help me with some suggestions on how to build my invention, the ICE ENGINE? Here ...
  A: 1. Heat transfer (to freeze and melt water) is dependent on three main factors: surface area, ...
Chemistry7/9/2009
  Q: Why does a blue flame on a Bunsen burner produce carbon dioxide as on of the products?
  A: A Bunsen burner is burning a gas called methane. This is a gas made from carbon and hydrogen and is ...
entropy7/5/2009
  Q: What is meant by entropy?
  A: Entropy is a property of matter. It is in effect a measure of the randomness of the molecules or ...
Combustion of Methane gas7/5/2009
  Q: I need to calculate the volume of the products of combustion when burning 0.72 M3/HR of Methane when ...
  A: I do not fully understand your question so let me give you a few ideas to start with. If we assume ...
House heating6/29/2009
  Q: In Scandinavia a lot of new and refurnished houses are heated with an underfloor water distibution ...
  A: It will also depend on heat losses from the home. These arise from the following areas. Ground Roof ...
House heating6/28/2009
  Q: In Scandinavia a lot of new and refurnished houses are heated with an underfloor water distibution ...
  A: You are thinking entirely along the right lines. A thicker floor only delays the heat from getting ...
Nuclear Weapons6/19/2009
  Q: On which distance battleship could survive average nuclear explosion? Also, which effects explosion ...
  A: Nuclear weapons are very devastating at short ranges. A medium sized nuclear bomb would destroy ...
thermodynamics6/18/2009
  Q: what is the difference between internal energy and enthalpy?
  A: In the absence of an external field, the enthalpy may be defined, as it is generally known, by: H ...
rates of thermal transfer6/8/2009
  Q: Kevin. In using solar power (direct rays) to heat water by pumping it through .5 inch diameter ...
  A: It would be best to leave the water out. The problem is that water will evaporate and then condense ...
Metal expansion6/4/2009
  Q: EN 19 Shaft, 50mm dia, 8000rpm, 700mm long, 10 hour duty cycle with medium/heavy load (rotating load ...
  A: AS I said I cannot find a value for EN19 grade steel. You may be able to get it from the supplier. ...
steel roofsheeting6/3/2009
  Q: we are rollforming steel roofsheeting in 65meter lengths on site,the question of linear expansion ...
  A: Assuming it is ordinary carbon steel the length will increase by 10.8 X 10^-6 of the original length ...
coeficient of thermal expansion various mtl6/3/2009
  Q: I have a 29 foot long steel tube supporting a 29 foot long aluminum rafter with 29 feet of ...
  A: Steel 10.8, aluminum 23 and fibreglass 30 all X 10^-6 for every deg C. Note +50F = +28C So your ...
evaporation point of gold5/30/2009
  Q: My parents have been volunteering to go into areas devastated by the black saturday bushfires in ...
  A: Well a few facts first the temperature reached in fires rarely exceeds 1260 Deg C. ...
Heat transmission5/29/2009
  Q: How do you get a thermal equilibrium during heat transmission?
  A: Heat transmission requires there to be a hotter and a colder place so that net heat can be ...
loss of heat in water in Geothermal pumping5/20/2009
  Q: Can you entertain a question about loss of heat potential while pumping up hot water through a ten ...
  A: In general terms heat loss is dependant on three things. 1. Temperature difference. The greater the ...
Linear expansion of steel wagon wheel tyres5/17/2009
  Q: My father has a wagon wheel that he needs to tighten the steel tire(tire's dimensions are 4inch wide ...
  A: If the wheel is 2m in diameter and the fire is at 500C then the wheel will expand to 2.012m ...
Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics: Gibbs energy4/30/2009
  Q: Greetings. Sir, would you mind to explain to me why we need to define the residual gibbs ...
  A: In thermodynamics, the Gibbs free energy (IUPAC recommended name: Gibbs energy or Gibbs function) is ...
force on a gas4/29/2009
  Q: The question I sent was not a homework question.I am not taking any courses.I simply want to know ...
  A: This is a complex area and I have not time to go into the level of detail you require in addition ...
heat4/29/2009
  Q: Sorry, my home tongue is not English... I want to know how do the thermal inductance and ...
  A: You can detect infrared radiation by placing your hand (or any bit of skin) near (but not on, or ...
heat4/29/2009
  Q: Sorry, my home tongue is not English... I want to know how do the thermal inductance and ...
  A: I have not heard of thermal inductance. A decibel meter measures sound waves. Sound waves travel ...
Temperature stability4/17/2009
  Q: Can you please let me know upto what temperature copper( oxygen free) is stable mechanically. Say I ...
  A: The thing with most metals is to avoid temperatures at or even near the melting point as they tend ...
Expansion Rates of Cylindrical Metal4/16/2009
  Q: How does one calculate the bore growth (in thousandths of an inch) as it relates to rise in ...
  A: What actually happens when you heat a metal is that it expands in three dimensions uniformly. So the ...
vapor4/14/2009
  Q: if I have a pure oxygen gas how can i make a dense (thick) vapor of oxygen ?.......... thank you for ...
  A: You need oxygen under pressure in a a container. Then you need to cool this towards the liquid state ...
query on Fe2Cl64/8/2009
  Q: What are the products when you heat diironhexachloride, iron (3) chloride again or iron(2) chloride ...
  A: Iron(III) chloride has a relatively low melting point and boils at around 315 °C. The vapour ...
How do we know about direction of Magnetic field4/1/2009
  Q: I know that the magnetic field travels from the North To the South....My ? is how is it that we ...
  A: A magnet, if a bar or the earth has two poles and a non magnetic center. If to have two identical ...
geothermal abstract3/30/2009
  Q: I would really like to thank you for your previous answer. My name is Nicolae Gari, and I have a ...
  A: The problem here is that natural convection does not work very well in narrow pipes or holes. This ...
Volume of water changes with temperature3/29/2009
  Q: How to Design a laboratory experiment to investigate how the volume of a given amount of water ...
  A: You need a lot of water and a thin bore glass tube. Take a 1 liter flask and fit to it a rubber ...
sentry fireproof boxes3/28/2009
  Q: I was looking at a sentry fireproof safe box earlier. I'm not sure of the model. Anyway from the ...
  A: There are several ways they make boxes fire proof for a time. (note no box will remain fireproof for ...
time for water temperature to drop3/27/2009
  Q: My name is Nicolae Gari and I'm a student. Lets say I have a regular house room at temperature T1. ...
  A: Given a tank at T1 and a room at a lower temperature T2 provided you know the mass in the tank and ...
Can you please check my answers3/26/2009
  Q: I have solved these questions but not really sure if they have been solved correctly by me.I will be ...
  A: In the first question you have made an error in assuming that nitrate (NO3) splits into N and O it ...
Thermodynamics3/21/2009
  Q: Cooling heated, pressurized gas with water. A spherical container of 10 in^3 volume contains hot and ...
  A: To make it cheap and cheerful. Ignore the effect of the container and also the heat needed to get ...
linear expansion of steel3/18/2009
  Q: I am installing 25' steel I-beams to support the perpendicular wood beams under my house. I want to ...
  A: The linear coefficient of thermal expansion of steel is 12 x 10^-6 per °K. You have 7.62m of steel ...
need help with a question3/18/2009
  Q: I have a question plese help me out. A solid consists of a mixture of NaNO3 and Mg(NO3)2. When 6.50 ...
  A: The extent of freezing-point depression can be calculated by applying Clausius-Clapeyron relation ...
Cooling rates of immersed steel3/18/2009
  Q: If two pieces of steel were heated to red hot and immersed fully into different but identical large ...
  A: There would actually be very little difference between the two. The major mechanism of heat loss ...
heat loss calculations3/17/2009
  Q: I work with warehouse & logistics company. We are trying home-grown ways to block cold air coming ...
  A: I guess you have a forced air heating/circulating system in the warehouse or static radiators. In ...
Bio-mass Gasification Power Plant3/16/2009
  Q: Respected Sir, My name is Ali Asghar and I am a student of final year in B.S engineering. ...
  A: Step One:- Find a cheap, plentiful supply of easily collected and stored bio-mass. (Rice waste, ...
Spontaneity of a Reaction3/13/2009
  Q: I am trying to understand a question on my chemistry test, but my teacher cannot explain it. How do ...
  A: You really do not have enough information to determine the nature of the reaction. Wether a reaction ...
Science Project3/10/2009
  Q: I am trying to find a topic for my extra-credit science project. My science average at the moment is ...
  A: How about you investigate the efficiency of the lay-out and arrangement inside a domestic micro-wave ...
steam production3/8/2009
  Q: how many heat is needed to produce steam at 7 ATM from water at 40 Celsius degrees ? thanks Kim
  A: If you assume that you want to do this with 1 kg of water then you need to calculate three heats and ...
PV3/5/2009
  Q: good evening sir, i am venky. i asked you a question and you replied that this service is only for ...
  A: Sorry I did not have time to answer your original question. This link is excellent and if you follow ...
experimental errors3/4/2009
  Q: Concerning to gas properties study, it's correct to think that is molar volume V the measure more ...
  A: It will depend on the conditions. If you are working with a fixed volume then the volume can be ...
Dust into water2/28/2009
  Q: recently i saw a nasa experiment on their site which explained how they turned artificial lunar dust ...
  A: The moon is made up of many different types of rock just like the Earth is (without the sedimentary ...
Maximum temperature a structure is theoretically able to withstand.2/28/2009
  Q: This is for a project I am doing. Is it possible to shield a large area from extremly high ...
  A: The maximum temperature materials can stand without falling apart is in the region of 3500 deg C. ...
thermal expansion in a fuel hose/ pressure increases2/24/2009
  Q: Kevin, I have a question about thermal expansion of fuel in our fuel hoses here in Iraq. I have 500 ...
  A: The coefficient of thermal expansion for fuels is approx 950ppm per degree C. If your temperature ...
Properties of Water2/24/2009
  Q: I hope this is not too simple of a question. I know water has the property of high specific heat ...
  A: All matter has the capacity to absorb heat. I you apply heat (by convection, conduction or ...
Kelvin Scale2/20/2009
  Q: What are the disadvantages to using the Kelvin scale for temperatures, and also if it is absolute, ...
  A: Any scale for temperatures can be valid. I understand and use F, C, and K as I have used them all at ...
Combustion2/18/2009
  Q: While looking online for the heat of combustion for Magnesium, I came across two different numbers. ...
  A: The difference is between a mole of substance and a Kg of substance. A Kg I am sure you understand. ...
air heat capacity & Stanton number2/10/2009
  Q: I´m looking for values of the air heat capacity per unit of volume (express in J m-3 K-1) and values ...
  A: The heat capacity of dry air is 1.01 kJ kg-1 K-1. The density of dry air at 20C and 760 mm is 1.2047 ...
spherical combustion chamber1/31/2009
  Q: I am designing a replacement for the piston-based engine (Pat.pending 11/542,023) and am ...
  A: This is turbine engine technology about which I know little. All I can say is, that if it was me, I ...
magnetic1/26/2009
  Q: i wonder how strong would a magnetic field have to be in order to repel an ion gas like he+2 about ...
  A: An ion trap is a highly complex computer controlled electrical and magnetic force manipulation ...
magnetic1/26/2009
  Q: i wonder how strong would a magnetic field have to be in order to repel an ion gas like he+2 about ...
  A: This is impossible to set up. Charged gas ions are high energy, high velocity and tiny. They are ...
Fire1/25/2009
  Q: I am a fire instructor needing assistance in describing what the state of fire is? My students asked ...
  A: Well the four element theory was derived by thinkers not scientists. And they thought wrong. Their ...
pressure1/20/2009
  Q: Consider a U-tube whose arms are open to the atmosphere. Now water is poured into the U-tube from ...
  A: The height of the Oil (O) and Water (W) must be equal to the other leg 70 cm. Thus 70=O+W. They say ...
reversible process1/19/2009
  Q: sir i am trying to understand thermodynamics but not ableto understand one specific topic i,e ...
  A: Do not get to concerned about the exact definition. Many processes are effectively reversible (i.e. ...
entropy1/16/2009
  Q: Good evening sir, I am venky.My question is as follows. I know that entropy is a measure of ...
  A: Entropy is not deltaQ/T. Change of entropy deltaS is =deltaQ/T. Entropy S is given by Kb X lnOmega. ...
Heat loss over time in a cylinder1/14/2009
  Q: I've got a heat loss problem I've been searching my old thermo text books for an answer with no ...
  A: What you need here is the surface area of system. This will have a heat loss rate per unit area that ...
gravitu1/14/2009
  Q: 1..If a rocket is launched from appoint under the earth by 4 example 40 km did the energy consumed ...
  A: 1. This will need more energy than a surface launch. The extra energy will be that required to raise ...
heat loss1/10/2009
  Q: Will the heat gain in the room from an elc. oven after you have turned it off be the same with the ...
  A: The heat gained by the room will be the same it will just take longer for the oven to cool with the ...
Salt and Ice1/3/2009
  Q: Why does salt melt ice faster than just letting the ice melt by itself?
  A: Ice and water always exist together. There is always a small amount of water on solid ice. Salty ...
hydrocarbons12/29/2008
  Q: . i wanted to know a few reasons why Hydrocarbons are imporant..the only ones i could think off is ...
  A: It is true that we burn hydrocarbons to keep us warm but we also burn them to, make electricity and ...
Converting CO2 into oxygen and carbon?12/12/2008
  Q: Is it possible to get rid of excess CO2 on earth by splitting carbon dioxide into carbon and ...
  A: We know that there have been ice ages and periods where the world was a lot hotter than it is now, ...
Iron Furnace12/11/2008
  Q: I learned from a friend of mine that there used to be huge Iron furnaces fueled by charcoal that ...
  A: Iron is made from iron oxide which is found in the earth as an ore. In order to convert it to iron ...
Not-so-hot sparks can still ignite. Why?12/11/2008
  Q: The electrostatic sparks from a CRT TV screen, while they maybe a bit comfortable [or even painful], ...
  A: Sparks are very hot indeed. They have very high temperatures. That is why they ignite flammable ...
Questions about hydrogen flames.12/11/2008
  Q: I'm getting a bit confused about this http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyhydrogen "The maximum ...
  A: The maximum temperature of flames is always near the stoichiometric mix and usually slightly ...
Converting CO2 into oxygen and carbon?12/11/2008
  Q: Is it possible to get rid of excess CO2 on earth by splitting carbon dioxide into carbon and ...
  A: It is perfectly possible to split any combination of atoms back to their atomic form. So we can ...
thermal expansion12/1/2008
  Q: In 1702 Amontons discovered a linear volumetric expansion of any gas (of equivalent volume) to be ...
  A: As a general rule a gas expands by 1/273 of its volume for every degree C the temperature rises. ...
thermodynamics11/28/2008
  Q: Where can I find the physical properties of specific cooking oils? Specifically the volume ...
  A: Sorry none of my sources have this data. I guess folk just want to cook with the stuff! The best I ...
What is convective heat measured in?11/24/2008
  Q: The intensity of radiant heat [which is EM radiation] is measured in ...
  A: One question at a time. The induced convection of the air is the Venturi effect where a moving ...
steam11/23/2008
  Q: I am making woodpellets but I need to heat the sawdust hot enough to activate the lignin in the ...
  A: Steam will come off boiling water at 212F, way short of your 240F requirement. This means that you ...
thermodynamics11/22/2008
  Q: 1)Referring to the previous session;you said that when a piston experienced heat loss due to ...
  A: I can only answer your last question about mixing gases CO2 and dry air. Your assumption is wrong ...
What is convective heat measured in?11/20/2008
  Q: The intensity of radiant heat [which is EM radiation] is measured in ...
  A: Surface loss applies to solid surface. Flames radiate, mass transfer heat (hot exhaust gases) and ...
heat11/20/2008
  Q: I don't know if you can help me out with this one...I need to challenge my friend with a question on ...
  A: The heat required to boil water is 40.65 kJ per mol. A mol of water is 18 g. 2 kg of water has ...
thermodynamics11/19/2008
  Q: 1)Referring to the previous session;you said that when a piston experienced heat loss due to ...
  A: 1. The percentage of heat that is generated by friction will depend on the geometry of the system. ...
Magnesium Combustion11/18/2008
  Q: How much light is emitted by burning magnesium in air? ANSWER: Hi Ted, It is a difficult question ...
  A: The flame temperature for magnesium burning in air is quoted as 2500K. At this temperature there is ...
que11/18/2008
  Q: do you think the laws of thermodynamics will apply to antimatter without any variation?
  A: Tough one to guess. However the known laws of physics have applied to the generation, cooling and ...
heat11/18/2008
  Q: I don't know if you can help me out with this one...I need to challenge my friend with a question on ...
  A: Ask your friend to tell you how long it will take a 1kW kettle to boil off 2 kg of steam starting ...
colder bodies11/18/2008
  Q: Is it possible for an object to have temperature below -273 degree centigrade?. If it is not ...
  A: Temperature is an effect of motion in atoms. Atoms and molecules (collections of atoms) buzz about ...
Follow-up to dicyanoacetylene question11/17/2008
  Q: Sorry to bother you with another carbon-subnitride/ozone question. This is a follow-up question to ...
  A: You are assuming ideal burning conditions. Where oxidant and organic matter burn efficiently. This ...
Magnesium Combustion11/17/2008
  Q: How much light is emitted by burning magnesium in air?
  A: It is a difficult question to answer exactly as it will depend a lot on the geometry of the fire and ...
RF cooling?!11/17/2008
  Q: Just how can microwaves be used to cool something? Usually they heat things up. ...
  A: Not for years to come and never directly. It is a way to get to very cold temperatures like ~1K ...
thermodynamics11/16/2008
  Q: why two ice piece merges together when kept attached reason should be in context with thermodynamics
  A: Two pieces of ice in contact are in fact six pieces. This is because Ice and Water always exist ...
RF cooling?!11/15/2008
  Q: Just how can microwaves be used to cool something? Usually they heat things up. ...
  A: It is a near quantum effect. Specifically tuned radiation (RF) is used to dampen oscillation in a ...
delta H vs Q11/15/2008
  Q: I often see delta H and Q used interchangeably (i.e I have seen the equation Q = mass x specific ...
  A: As a general rule delta H is used for heats of formation and Q should be reserved for heat of ...
Heat transfer through pyrex glass11/11/2008
  Q: This is probably a new question for you!! We are trying to grow these little creatures called ...
  A: I think any screen has an effect. A good way to check this out is to place your hand above and below ...
thermodynamics11/8/2008
  Q: A force pushes a piston in a cylinder,compressing a gas adiabatically.Is the amount of force that is ...
  A: The critical temperature for a gas in dry air is fixed. So long as the gas is above that temperature ...
thermodynamics11/7/2008
  Q: A force pushes a piston in a cylinder,compressing a gas adiabatically.Is the amount of force that is ...
  A: When a piston experiences friction most of the force is lost as heat. This loss will be to the walls ...
perpetual motion machine11/5/2008
  Q: Is their any chance of a 100 percent efficient machine, that can generate more power than it uses? I ...
  A: Sorry, but there is absolutely no chance whatsoever. Honestly, just think about it for one moment. ...
water heater11/5/2008
  Q: how much temp. loss in my 300ltr hot water tank if a circulating pump operates 4 hrs per day in a ...
  A: Hard to say without a lot more tedious detail. The biggest hit will be when the pump first operates ...
combustion of petrol in I.C.E.11/4/2008
  Q: I am writing a Maths/Physics article using F1 as a starting point. For one example I use a value ...
  A: Sorry but I have no data on internal combustion engine efficiencies. It is know that partial ...
chemistry - hydrates11/3/2008
  Q: Zn(ClO3)2.xH2O cantains 21.5% zinc by mass. what is the value of X. Please do it step by step.
  A: This is a question about atomic mass. The atomic masses involved are Zn=65.38 Cl=35.45 O=16 H=1 So ...
chemistry11/1/2008
  Q: I'm having trouble with a prelab question. I would really appreciate if someone could answer this - ...
  A: Columns of liquid have a mass and in order to stay as a column and not collapse back into the ...
x-ray machine10/31/2008
  Q: I'm not sure if i'm in the correct area, but i thought i'd give it a shot anyways. So here it goes: ...
  A: If you look at the periodic table of the Elements and pick out Nb (niobium) then move to the left ...
Chemistry10/30/2008
  Q: When solid is heated, before melting(phase change),the kinetic energy increases.. May I know what ...
  A: As the solid or liquid under goes a phase change its potential energy is increasing as the new phase ...
Thermocouple Instrumentation of Aluminum10/28/2008
  Q: I have been struggling to find a consistent and solid method to attach 0.5 mm Type-K thermocouples ...
  A: Measuring surface temperatures is notoriously difficult. The best surface thermometers are flat and ...
Help Needed!10/27/2008
  Q: Hey Mr. Kevin , I need help with two problems. I tried doing them,,i got lost couple of times..i ...
  A: You use the fact that Momentum is always a constant. Momentum is Mass X Velocity. The momentum of ...
some momentum and energy10/27/2008
  Q: Hey Mr. Kevin, hope your doing great. I take AP physics and right now i am having a really hard time ...
  A: I will not solve this for you but here is what you must do. You use the laws of gravity to ...
Heating and freezing Bouncy Balls10/25/2008
  Q: I'm working on a science project about how temperature will affect the rebound on a regular rubber ...
  A: First you need a good solid floor surface near a wall. Fix a mark on the wall to drop the ball from. ...
thermodynamics10/21/2008
  Q: What are the examples can you think of that show thermodynamics properties in our everyday life?? ...
  A: Try this. Put a kilo of water at 14C in your electric kettle and bring it to the boil, just. Now ...
Chemistry 102 General Chemistry10/20/2008
  Q: How many kilocalories are required to change the temperature of 80.0g of water from 23.3 degree ...
  A: This sounds like a home work question so this is the help I will give. Each 1g of water takes 1 ...
Latent heat of fusion & specific heat of water10/15/2008
  Q: If you put ice(or more specifically snow) under pressure, does it alter the amount of heat required ...
  A: Solids and liquids are generally incompressible so pressure has little effect on latent heats or ...
Would octaoxygen with dicyanoacetylene make the hottest flame?10/14/2008
  Q: Dicyanoacetylene [C4N2] is the hottest burning fuel. However, the allotrope of oxygen used is just ...
  A: Thats a lot of questions! Here goes in the order asked. Flame mixes are difficult to predict but ...
Would octaoxygen with dicyanoacetylene make the hottest flame?10/14/2008
  Q: Dicyanoacetylene [C4N2] is the hottest burning fuel. However, the allotrope of oxygen used is just ...
  A: A pure stoichiometric flame is not the hottest, for kinetic reasons and under practical conditions, ...
Would octaoxygen with dicyanoacetylene make the hottest flame?10/10/2008
  Q: Dicyanoacetylene [C4N2] is the hottest burning fuel. However, the allotrope of oxygen used is just ...
  A: It is not due to the extra number of oxygen atoms but more due to the more reactive nature of ozone ...
physics10/4/2008
  Q: An aluminum cup weighing 120g contains 150g of hot water at temperature of 75ºC. What is the final ...
  A: This sounds like a homework question. You need to assume that there are no heat losses to the air ...
chemical effects on wood10/2/2008
  Q: working with wood and metal and to be honest I'm not sure who to ask for help, science is not one of ...
  A: Good effects can be got from a cool bunsen flame on wood also with a hot bunsen flame on metals. ...
Physic -- Heat10/2/2008
  Q: Heat one end of 2 similar metal rods of different thickness, which will allow heat to travel through ...
  A: More heat will pass down the thicker rod, as the equation shows, but heat will travell faster down ...
chemical effects on wood10/1/2008
  Q: working with wood and metal and to be honest I'm not sure who to ask for help, science is not one of ...
  A: An interesting question. First off PLEASE if you are going to use chemicals be very careful. You ...
A question about effiency9/29/2008
  Q: First of all, this is not a homework question, I repeat, it's not homework, I just need some ...
  A: The only difference I can see in your question is that in one case it is (1-Q) and the other has ...
scienceeee9/28/2008
  Q: .. i need you to help me understand the patterns in group 1-7 in the periodic table..what am i meant ...
  A: The atoms react in fixed proportions with each other. Hydrogen only has one attachments at a time, ...
universal gas constant9/28/2008
  Q: I would like to know what universal gas constant's significance is and what the different R values ...
  A: The universal Gas constant R is 8.314472 J x K^-1 x mol^-1. It is the Energy (J) in a gas per Kelvin ...
Hydrogen Fuel Cells9/26/2008
  Q: Sir I have a question about hydrogen fuel cells i want to know how they work; i mean our teacher ...
  A: A fuel cell works by oxidizing the fuel with air. The hydrogen is fed into the cell and split into ...
specific heat9/23/2008
  Q: i have a couple of questions about specific and latent heat, which i hope you can help me on. 1) ...
  A: The specific heat is the heat required to raise (or lower) the temperature of a mass. When a mass is ...
chemistry9/22/2008
  Q: what is the diferrence between ions and radicals
  A: Ions are charged positive or negative. Radicals have no charge but have very reactive electrons ...
water + sodium hydroxide + electric current => Hydrogen + Oxygen + ?9/9/2008
  Q: This experiment as we commonly know produces "brown's gas" or HH0. But, may I know the exact ...
  A: Well done on making your own hydrogen! Please be careful with it as when mixed with air it will ...
Thermo: Addition of steam to a tank9/7/2008
  Q: A well-insulated tank is of volume 70 cubic meters. Initially, it contains 25000 kg of water ...
  A: This looks a bit like a homework type question so I can only outline what you need to do. The ...
Thermodynamics in Space9/4/2008
  Q: If I wished to evaporate a potentially toublesome iron-composition asteroid, at a great distance ...
  A: Simplest to assume that our troublesome asteroid is pure iron. This will in any event give us a ...
water + sodium hydroxide + electric current => Hydrogen + Oxygen + ?9/4/2008
  Q: This experiment as we commonly know produces "brown's gas" or HH0. But, may I know the exact ...
  A: I have never heard of "Brown's gas" and cannot find it in the literature. It is certainly NOT the ...
latent heat8/21/2008
  Q: sir i hav few questions related to latent heat. In my text book it is given that latent heat ...
  A: It is best to think of latent heat of fusion (ice to water) as the energy needed by the ice to ...
Coefficient of volume for expansion of mercury8/11/2008
  Q: A glas thermometer contains 1 cubic centimetre of mercury. If the column of mercury is 0.5mm in ...
  A: Lets do step one Volume of a cylinder V. V=Pi r^2h. We have V=1cc, Pi=3.145, r=0.25mm (half ...
Coefficient of volume for expansion of mercury8/11/2008
  Q: A glas thermometer contains 1 cubic centimetre of mercury. If the column of mercury is 0.5mm in ...
  A: This looks like a homework question so I am not going to answer it for you. However, I will tell you ...
Convective to radiative heat, how does it morph?8/7/2008
  Q: Conversion of chemical (convection) to radiative (photonic) heat... What determines the rate at ...
  A: All bodies above 0.0 K give out heat as light. The higher the temperature of the body the more heat ...
Thermodynamics7/24/2008
  Q: I have a question about my hot tub. On a hot day the temperature can actually go above my comfort ...
  A: Kinda tough this one. Hot tubs generally run on a thermostat to control the tub temperature (that is ...
Nichrome wire melting temp?7/18/2008
  Q: Would 40 gauge Ni-Chrome Wire melt and break if heated to 2170 degrees Fahrenheit in an electric ...
  A: Ni-chrome wire typically melts at 2550 F and so would not melt at 2170F. The melting temperature is ...
Thermodynamics6/25/2008
  Q: I have 1m squared heat collectors 1 of copper and 1 of 5mm thick HDPE plastic. Could you please show ...
  A: The standard way to tackle this is to carry out two runs under identical conditions on each ...
Heat Loss6/23/2008
  Q: I recently purchased a 215 gallon 3 person hot tub. I have 2 options for electrical connection. ...
  A: On a cold winter night the jets alone will not supply sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the heat ...
Activation energy6/20/2008
  Q: Does activation energy depend on temperature? please explain!
  A: No. The activation energy is derived from the slope of a plot of rate of reaction v temperature. It ...
Arrhenious equation6/18/2008
  Q: Sir, What are the limitations and boundaries of the basic Arrhenius equation and where is it derived ...
  A: Rather than me write it all out for you can I recommend this excellent article on Wikipedia. ...
What material is best used in my cooling system?5/31/2008
  Q: i hope you will help me out with this one. Im try to make a cooling system for my new computer, its ...
  A: Ice is by far the best material to use as it holds more "cold" than any other easily available ...
Global Warming5/29/2008
  Q: I am a Research Associate from INDIA and carrying out my research on Global Warming. Actually I am ...
  A: Yes it is true. Sound is a vibration through a medium (air, water or land). Heat is also a vibration ...
universal gas constant5/16/2008
  Q: Could U please tell me why we show the universal gas constant by "R" ? It is very important to me. ...
  A: Generally speaking the person who first publishes a set of equations gets to choose what letters to ...
ICE5/8/2008
  Q: Why is it when I take a bottle of water out of the fridge it freezes but yet it is not frozen when I ...
  A: The phenomenon is known as supercooling. Many liquids can be cooled below their freezing points and ...
thermodynamics5/5/2008
  Q: Mark bought a cup of coffee inbetween classes, but when it arrives its too hot to drink and he asks ...
  A: It does make a difference. Hot bodies (the coffee) cool faster than colder bodies. So that if he ...
Gibbs free energy4/30/2008
  Q: Is Gibbs' free energy and delta internal energy the same? If not, then what is delta internal ...
  A: Gibbs free energy G is defined as G=U + pV - TS Where U is the internal energy, p is pressure, V is ...
Termodynamics4/28/2008
  Q: How many BTU's does it take to reaise one gallon of water one degree
  A: Oh boy! BTU's....Gallons and I suppose you mean one degree F? Ho Hum Let me do it my way first ...
Heat Capacity4/25/2008
  Q: I am looking to find the specific heat of humid air at a given temp and RH% at sea level.
  A: Dry air at 25oC and sea level has a heat capacity of 1.0035 J/g/K. Typical Room air is 1.012 under ...
Coloured-flame Alcohol Lamps4/24/2008
  Q: A friend of mine (not very net-savvy) wishes to produce alcohol lamps which burn with a coloured ...
  A: I am sorry I have never seen an alcohol lamp without a conventional wick. I can only think of what ...
thermodynamics4/22/2008
  Q: The Specific heat capacity of ice is 0.5cal/g/degrees Celcius. Suppose it remains at this until ...
  A: The equation you need is the heat to raise one g of ice from -273 to 0 (0.5 x 1 x 273) then add the ...
Fluid comprision4/18/2008
  Q: The comprission ratio for gasoline is much lower than for diesle.But what happens if the gas ...
  A: Any flammable liquid has a diesel ignition point. So if you increase the compression ratio on a ...
thermodynamics4/6/2008
  Q: how to find the final state of steam using the fact that Q=540kJ steam quality =0.8 P=200kPa and ...
  A: Use the tables to find the temperature of steam at 200kPa in oK. Assume the volume is fixed at 1 m3. ...
Pure Substance carbon dioxide4/2/2008
  Q: Carbon dioxide is been charged in a bottle as Pressure = 1800 psi Temperature = 70 deg F Bottle ...
  A: The critical temperature for CO2 is 31.1oC and your start temperature liquid CO2 will be present but ...
fabrication of Hydrolyser4/1/2008
  Q: my question simply is this: what is a hydrolyser?what is it used for?how is it designed? or better ...
  A: Hydrolysers are used in several different industries all for slightly different purposes. In essence ...
Enthalpy & internal energy/Delta E=Delta H3/31/2008
  Q: When water is exothermic, meaning it releases heat, making delta H negative. the enthalpy is lower ...
  A: You are cofusing heat (enthalpy) with temperature. They are not the same thing. As for the gases ...
alcohol evaporation3/27/2008
  Q: My husband and I can't agree. Can a glass that once held alcohol still have "alcohol residue" on ...
  A: The answer is quite complex. Alcohol is volatile and so escapes into the air all the time from ...
a Vacuum Chamber Battery concept3/12/2008
  Q: I was thinking about if vacuum chambers could be utilized to slowly let compressed air back in ...
  A: Oh air piston engines, not turbines. Yes even here the problem is keeping the temperature of the ...
a Vacuum Chamber Battery concept3/10/2008
  Q: I was thinking about if vacuum chambers could be utilized to slowly let compressed air back in ...
  A: Yes this is entirely possible. All that is required is to create an object whose density is less ...
a Vacuum Chamber Battery concept3/10/2008
  Q: I was thinking about if vacuum chambers could be utilized to slowly let compressed air back in ...
  A: I think that an air driven turbine such as used in an air driven car is not a heat engine as such. ...
a Vacuum Chamber Battery concept3/8/2008
  Q: I was thinking about if vacuum chambers could be utilized to slowly let compressed air back in ...
  A: I am not exactly clear what it is that you propose. If it is just a vacuum chamber into which air ...
Is a Carbon subnitride [dicyanoacetylene] fire non-toxic?3/4/2008
  Q: Dicyanoacetylene [carbon subnitride] produces that hottest type of fire. Does it burn clean, like ...
  A: Definitely not. The problem is that dicyanoactetylene contains two nitrogen atoms. These form NOx ...
Is a Carbon subnitride [dicyanoacetylene] fire non-toxic?3/2/2008
  Q: Dicyanoacetylene [carbon subnitride] produces that hottest type of fire. Does it burn clean, like ...
  A: The simple answer is no. As the material contains an enoumous amount of nitrogen when it burns in ...
thermodynamics2/28/2008
  Q: how can i use the clapeyron equation to work out the melting point at which a substance melts given ...
  A: You use this form of the equation. dP=L x dT/(T x dV) Where dP is the pressure difference (Delta ...
thermodynamics2/25/2008
  Q: i want to know more about chemical kinetetics.....can you explain more details for me about the rate ...
  A: In essence chemical reactions are caused by molecules of the reacting chemicals bumping into each ...
Universe as a thermodynamic system2/20/2008
  Q: can we assume the universe as a whole is a large ,closed and isolated thermodynamic system so that ...
  A: Wow what a question! We can assume anything we like...but is it realistic? In the overall order of ...
thermodynamics2/20/2008
  Q: a resistance R1 is connected in parrallel with a reisitance R2,what resistance R3 most be connected ...
  A: 1.The resistance of the two parallel resistors Re is equal to 1/R1+1/R2. 2.The resistance of these ...
Dissolving a substance2/20/2008
  Q: when a substance such as an ionic compound is dissolved, how is dissociation endothermic and ...
  A: In general in order to separate the ions one from another (+ from -) (dissolution) requires work. ...
heet capacity2/18/2008
  Q: the entherpy of formation of a compound Al2Cl6 from its element in their standard state,for the ...
  A: The heat of reaction -1073.4 is equal to the heat of formation of the starting materials 6Na + ...
What exactly are "flames"?2/16/2008
  Q: What exactly are "flames"? From what I've read about, it's where atoms are rearranging, with a net ...
  A: Lets start with incandescent gases. It is quite possible to excite a gas until it is incandescent. ...
solving this problem ?2/12/2008
  Q: i'm student from high education msc. (thermal engineering)engineering college , my quastion below . ...
  A: I am not going to do the question for you but here is the method. Assume that the compressor is 100% ...
Thermodynamics exp.2/7/2008
  Q: My teacher asked me to make up an experiment, using a small test chamber to react two chemical ...
  A: Step one you need an easily controlled and not too hot exothermic reaction. This one you can carry ...
thermodynamics2/5/2008
  Q: state and state the function of thermodynamics
  A: The fuction of thermodynamics is to study and understand the interaction of heat and matter. For ...
Latent heat...i think..1/17/2008
  Q: so i have a question on my physics worksheet and i can't figure out if I'm suppose to use a specific ...
  A: This is fluid dynamics and I am not really an expert. I think you need this form of the Berboulli ...
bowling water in 110 degrees?1/11/2008
  Q: i'm sebastien, is it posible that water in the boiling pot with potatoes or the kittle just with ...
  A: In an ordinary kettle or pot the temperature when the water is boiling will be 100C everywhere. The ...
thermodynamics1/8/2008
  Q: how 2nd law of thermodynamics shows the relation between entropy and spontaneity?
  A: In simple terms, the second law is an expression of the fact that over time, differences in ...
Napalm crossed with paintball1/6/2008
  Q: I have learned that mixing gasoilen and styrofome produses what I beleive to be napalm. Then I ...
  A: I think not. This is because when a fuel air mixture (diesel or gasolene) is compressed rapidly in a ...
equations of state1/5/2008
  Q: what the peng-robinson equations of state and how use it for calculation the termodynamics ...
  A: The Peng Robinson equation of state can be used to determine physical properties of substances such ...
Thermodynamics - refrigeration -air conditioning1/5/2008
  Q: Prof. Kevin, I am trying to build a better mouse trap (air conditioner) so to speak. I have ...
  A: Well I know very little about refrigeration systems so I cannot answer your last two questions. ...
calorimetry1/4/2008
  Q: "sir since you are expert in thermodynamics i have one question relatede to calorimetry 1) A ...
  A: I find this question and the answer given very confusing. The additions are 400g(5C) + 200g(10C) ...
Sound to Heat12/13/2007
  Q: Is it true that noise pollution can produce some heat in the atmosphere? Please explain..
  A: Yes it is true. Heat is transfered in three ways conduction, convection and radiation. In ...
how the nuclear explosion form the fireball?12/12/2007
  Q: Are the nuclear explosion fireball consist of fires and huge mushroom like-smoke?
  A: The fire-ball is actually mostly plasma. Plasma is a form of matter which is quite rare. The most ...
cremation12/9/2007
  Q: In the cremation process,are all of the human bodies including muscles and bones are vaporized or ...
  A: Burning organic matter is much the same if it is trees, animals or coal. The basic event is the ...
heat capecity12/8/2007
  Q: heat capecity hello I am a high school student and i want to ask you a question you know that ...
  A: The Heat Capacity Cp is both phase and temperature dependant. The Cp is the amount of energy that ...
fire and nuclear explosion12/6/2007
  Q: Can a very hot fire and an nuclear explosion vaporize humans bones and steel into vapour and atoms?
  A: Lets deal with the nuclear explosion first. The temperatures reached in, or near, a nuclear ...
help11/30/2007
  Q: please i would like to know if u could help me; i want to transport pvc powder from an overhead silo ...
  A: This is perfectly possible. It is called pneumatic (the p is silent and it is pronounced ...
Amount of melted ice11/25/2007
  Q: If i want to know how much ice melted in a system, how do i compute that? For example i add 5Kg of ...
  A: It starts with the Heat of Fusion of ice. That is the amount of heat needed to melt one kg of ice. ...
Why are magnetic field lines always depicted as pointing from north to south?11/18/2007
  Q: Southern magnetic energy is emitted from the side of a magnet taking in the lines of force. Northern ...
  A: It is always dangerous to argue from an analogy. You should only ever use an analogy as an ...
Most efficient heating10/27/2007
  Q: WHEN BURNING WOOD (in an oven); WE SEEK TO REDUCE OXYGEN; SUCH THAT IT BURNS LONGER; IS THERE A ...
  A: A given quantity of wood in a stove will always give out the same amount of heat. Restricting the ...
methane and ethane10/24/2007
  Q: 1-in the reaction of methane with chlorine why oxygen stops this reaction? 2- would you please show ...
  A: The reaction of Chlorine with methane is a free radical reaction. Under the influence of light (the ...

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